CN104411927A - 被包覆的颗粒过滤器、催化剂及具有所述过滤器和催化剂的设备 - Google Patents

被包覆的颗粒过滤器、催化剂及具有所述过滤器和催化剂的设备 Download PDF

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CN104411927A
CN104411927A CN201380033990.2A CN201380033990A CN104411927A CN 104411927 A CN104411927 A CN 104411927A CN 201380033990 A CN201380033990 A CN 201380033990A CN 104411927 A CN104411927 A CN 104411927A
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伯恩哈德·卡勒特
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),特别是壁流式过滤器,所述过滤器具有长度(L)。根据本发明,具有不同包覆体的至少两个区(4,5)被沿着所述长度提供。本发明还涉及一种催化剂(2),其中所述催化剂(2)用包覆体形成,所述包覆体具有作为下部包覆层的涂层包覆层,在所述下部包覆层上沉积钯。最后,本发明涉及一种用于排气,特别是柴油机机动车辆的排气,的净化的设备(1),所述设备(1)包括催化剂(2)和具有长度(L)的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),所述被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3)被放置于所述催化剂(2)的下游,其中所述颗粒过滤器(3)和所述催化剂(2)按照本发明被设计。

Description

被包覆的颗粒过滤器、催化剂及具有所述过滤器和催化剂的设备
本发明涉及一种被包覆的颗粒过滤器,特别是壁流式过滤器,所述过滤器具有一长度。
进一步地,本发明涉及一种催化剂,所述催化剂可以被排气流过。
最后,本发明涉及一种用于净化排气,特别是柴油动力机动车辆的排气,的设备,所述设备包括催化剂和具有一长度的被包覆的颗粒过滤器,所述被包覆的颗粒过滤器被布置在所述催化剂的下游。
操作期间,以汽油或柴油为燃料的机动车辆排放排气,所述排气可以包含多种对环境有害且损害健康的组分。这些组分包括碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)和氮的氧化物(NOx)。而且,在柴油动力机动车辆的情况中,烟灰颗粒被排放。
为了减少机动车辆的排气中的有害组分的排放至最大可能程度,立法者不断制定新的排气标准,所述标准指定了在排气的净化方面越来越多的严格的要求。因此,车辆和发动机制造者不得不在机动车辆的排气系统中提供净化设备,所述设备确保遵守适用的排气标准。
在大概二十年中,在在汽车工业方面已经有相当多的努力来净化在机动车辆的排气系统中的机动车辆排气。对于柴油动力机动车辆,由两个组件构成的净化设备被开发出来,所述设备可以被安装在排气系统中,或者被整合在这样的系统中。该净化装置被称为持续再生捕集系统(CRT系统)。第一组件包括催化剂,所述催化剂是被包覆的以便存在于排气中的一氧化氮(NO)被氧化为二氧化氮(NO2)。第二组件被布置于下游,所述第二组件被用作颗粒过滤器,并过滤掉存在于排气中的烟灰颗粒。凭借所述烟灰颗粒的燃烧,在颗粒过滤器处被过滤掉的烟灰颗粒被先前形成于催化剂处的NO或已经存在于排气中的NO转化,其中NO2被还原为NO。用该种类的设备,烟灰颗粒可以大体上适当地从柴油动力机动车辆的排气被移除。该类型的CRT系统可以被动地或自主地再生,前提是存在对于烟灰颗粒的燃烧必要的温度。此外,可以提供的是,颗粒过滤器可以通过例如在所述催化剂之前的燃料的注入和燃烧来加热颗粒过滤器并从而达到对于烟灰颗粒的燃烧的必要的温度而被主动地再生。当以走走停停的方式操作机动车辆时,这是首先必要的,因为这是城市交通中的经常情况。在这种情况下,颗粒过滤器通常达不到对于自主的烟灰烧尽所必要的温度。尽管CRT系统可以有效地从排气移除烟灰颗粒、一氧化碳和碳氢化合物,氮的氧化物,特别是高含量的NO2,仍然残留。
使用选择性催化还原(SCR)操作的排气净化设备也是已知的。在该类型的系统中,通常在置于排气系统中的催化剂之前注入尿素溶液。被注入的尿素溶液分解产生氨,氨在催化剂处与NO和NO2反应,以致NOx量被减少。典型地,为此目的,在净化设备的末端还提供slip催化剂,所述催化剂被用来转化过量的氨,否则氨将被排放。SCR系统通常被用在柴油动力机动车辆上,但这导致具有很多组件的净化设备的非常复杂的设计。
对于柴油动力机动车辆,从现有技术中已知,CRT系统不仅过滤掉烟灰颗粒,而且显著减少HC量和CO量。进一步地,NOx的总量的NO2比例被减少至最小。为此目的,与上游催化剂组合提供的颗粒过滤器的特定包覆体是必要的,这被公开在EP 2 335 809 A1中。即使事实上柴油动力机动车辆的排气的所有有害组分可以从而被移除,然而不利的是,由于NO2被还原为NO,NOx量保持几乎恒定。因此,尽管满足了提供对于NO2量的特定限制的现有排气标准,但并不满足也会规定对于NO量的更加严格限制的未来的排气标准。
本发明的目的是公开一种属于在前文中命名的类型的颗粒过滤器,所述颗粒过滤器以简单的方式构建,但其使得机动车辆,特别是柴油动力机动车辆,的排气的有效净化成为可能。
本发明的另一个目的是公开一种属于在前文中命名的类型的催化剂,所述催化剂使得有效的排气净化成为可能,特别是与下游颗粒过滤器协力工作时。
本发明的另一个额外的目的是公开一种属于在前文中命名的类型的设备,使用所述设备,机动车辆,特别是柴油动力机动车辆,的排气可以以尤其有效的方式被净化。
本发明的第一目的被这样达到:伴随着属于在前文中命名的类型的颗粒过滤器,以不同的方式被包覆的至少两个区沿着长度被提供。
凭借按照本发明提供的颗粒过滤器区域性的不同包覆体,可以创建过滤器上的不同区域,所述不同区域针对排气净化分别执行不同的功能,或者所述不同区域分别以选择性的方式从排气移除和/或转化特定组分。因此,用简单的设计,特别是用上游催化剂来移除机动车辆排气的很多对环境有害的组分是可能的。
原则上,可以提供任意数目的区,举例来说,三个或更多个区。然而,由于颗粒过滤器随后可能在浸蘸过程中被包覆,因此如果提供两个区,颗粒过滤器可以以特别简单的方式被包覆。为此目的,颗粒过滤器仅需要将其直至其长度的预先确定的部分浸蘸在浸浴(immersion bath)中,以便包覆第一区。颗粒过滤器接着被旋转180°并被再次浸蘸在不同的浸浴中以创建第二区中的包覆体,其中过滤器被浸蘸至覆盖尚未被包覆的长度。第二区从而被具体体现为至少部分减少NO的区。鉴于存在于第二区中或形成于第二区中的NO被至少部分地减少,这使得在第一区中催化燃烧烟灰颗粒成为可能。
特别优选的是,第一区具有包含铂和/或钯的包覆体。铂从而被用于将NO氧化为NO2,这对烟灰颗粒的燃烧是必要的。对比于铂,钯具有这样的作用:将NO2还原为NO。当同时存在时,可以提供的是,所述两种金属因此产生固有的相反的作用。尽管如此,实践中观察到优异的烟灰烧尽。对于在包覆体中组合使用铂和钯产生的这种优异的烟灰烧尽的准确的原因尚不清楚。可以想到的是,由于包覆体由溶胶或溶液产生,反应性金属颗粒被沉积,所述颗粒有效地充当了用于催化反应的微中心,其中,在单个中心处,NO至NO2的氧化反应或者相反方向的还原反应反复发生。然而,特别地,包覆体仅包含钯而不包含铂和/或其他金属也是可能的。用仅基于钯的这种方式(version)达到出奇好的结果是可能的。
进一步地,有利的是,如果第一区包括底部包覆层,所述底部包覆层具体体现为涂层(washcoat)包覆层,并且包含铂和/或钯的顶部包覆层被沉积在所述底部包覆层上。从而,涂层包覆层促进金属制成的包覆体或金属颗粒对颗粒过滤器的良好附着。就这一点而言,特别可以提供的是,用二氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化镧和可选地氧化铁形成涂层包覆层,或者所述涂层包覆层由二氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化镧和可选地氧化铁构成。该类型的底部包覆层已经证明对于颗粒过滤器的持久的装载是特别有利的。从而,有利的是,涂层包覆层主要是用二氧化钛和氧化铈包覆的,同时氧化镧和氧化铁可以以较小的量存在。特别地,可以提供的是,涂层包覆层包含多于20重量百分数(wt%)的二氧化钛和多于5wt%的氧化铈。
还优选的是,除了铂和/或钯,顶部包覆层本质上不包含任何其他过渡金属。所提及的两种金属元素对于实现按照本发明的效果是充分的。然而,显然可能存在生产相关的污染物。如果两种元素都存在,铂和钯相对于彼此的浓度从而被选定,以便铂的浓度优选地大于钯的浓度。在测试中,这被证明是有利的,并且可以被解释为烟灰颗粒的燃烧在功能方面是第一区中的主要焦点,并因此倚重于提供NO氧化的铂部分。
第二区的包覆体可以以任何符合期望的方式被具体体现,前提是按照本发明的效果,特别是NO被至少部分地减少,以便减少离开的排气中的NOx量的效果被实现。然而,相当出乎意料地被示出的是,第二区可以仅用一单层包覆体来具体体现。从而,第二区的包覆体可以包含二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化钒和氧化钨,或者可以由二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化钒和氧化钨构成。氧化钒和氧化钨还可以单独地或者共同地被氧化锰和/或氧化铜代替。如果必要,也可以存在至少一种稀土金属。第二区中此类型的单层(single-ply)包覆层确保有效的NO减少。
为了应用的特定目的,可以调整单个的包覆体区段的长度,或第一区和第二区的长度。有利的是,第一区的长度是第二区的长度的50%至200%。
本发明的第二个目的这样被达到:属于在前文中命名的类型的催化剂用一包覆体具体体现,所述包覆体具有作为底部包覆层的涂层包覆层,钯被沉积在所述涂层包覆层上。
按照本发明的催化剂的优势特别可以见于:催化剂与按照本发明的下游颗粒过滤器协力工作可以确保排气的有效的净化。特别是当催化剂被用于柴油动力机动车辆的排气系统中时,HC量、CO量和NO2量的减少在所述催化剂处被实现。碳氢化合物以及CO被氧化。同时,NOx的量以大约5%的幅度被减少。
优选地,相对于催化剂体积,在催化剂处的钯的浓度特别高,并且所述浓度优选地是多于150gm-3。这样高的浓度已经被证明对于排气净化是有利的。特别地,虽然有杂质,钯可以被提供为单一的金属。
优选地,提供的是,涂层包覆体包含氧化锆或主要由氧化锆构成。从而,可以提供的是,涂层包覆层包含多于50wt%的氧化锆,并且余量由氧化硅和氧化铝构成。
按照本发明的催化剂优选地与下游的颗粒过滤器一起使用,但是还可以被用于内燃发动机的排气的系统中,特别是柴油发动机的排气系统中,所述内燃发动机的排气的系统被排气流流过,其中颗粒过滤器和/或SCR设备被提供在排气系统中的催化剂之前。在该布置中,使用上游的颗粒过滤器和/或上游的SCR设备,旨在按照本发明的催化剂提供NO2减少,并且因此充当slip催化剂。
一般而言,催化剂可以被用在内燃发动机的排气系统中,特别是柴油发动机的排气系统中,以便减少排气系统中的NO2量,所述内燃发动机的排气系统被排气流流过。
如果在属于在前文中命名的类型的设备中,颗粒过滤器和催化剂按照本发明被具体体现,则本发明的另一个目的被达到。
从而,还可以可能地在催化剂处提供区包覆体,其中不同的区可以用相同材料但以不同浓度被包覆。
用按照本发明的设备获得的优势可见于:HC量、CO量和烟灰颗粒可以从柴油动力机动车辆的排气被有效地移除,并且,进一步地,可见于:离开的排气中的NOx量也被显著减少。总之,有效的排气净化因此被确保。
如果NOx储存催化剂被布置催化剂的上游,是有利的.
本发明的额外的特征、益处和效果由下文中描述的示例性实施方案可见。从而被参考的附图示于下方:
图1是按照本发明的设备的示意图;
图2是关于柴油动力机动车辆的排气中的NOx量的减少的图表。
在图1中,图示说明了按照本发明的设备1的示意性的设计。设备1被典型地布置在示意性地揭示的柴油动力机动车辆的排气系统中。设备1本质上包括两个组件,即催化剂2和在流动的排气的方向上布置在所述催化剂2下游的颗粒过滤器3。颗粒过滤器3属于壁流式类型。这意味着过滤器用在排气的流动的方向上延伸的多个平行的通道来具体体现,其中在颗粒过滤器3的末端的所述通道被轮流闭合。然而,由于所述过滤器是用在内部通道区域中的多孔壁结构来具体体现的,流动的排气可以通过过滤器,以便排气首先进入通道,随后经过通道壁,并且最后再次在所述过滤器的末端离开。壁流式类型的这样的组件典型地由陶瓷制成,并且同样地,所述壁流式类型的这样的组件在现有技术已知。然而,按照本发明的概念并不限于类似的过滤器,而是如果颗粒过滤器3由可以经受直至大约500℃的排气温度的不同的材料(举例来说,金属编结物、金属泡沫体(foams)或绒头织物(fleeces))构成,按照本发明的概念也可以被使用。
催化剂2包括气体可透过的金属箔的基本结构或者特别是包括开孔的(open-pore)陶瓷和涂层包覆层的基本结构,所述涂层包覆层具有多于50wt%的氧化锆以及作为余量的氧化硅和氧化铝,其中氧化硅量超过氧化铝量。本质上由钯构成的顶部包覆层被沉积在该底部涂层包覆层上。钯的浓度是多于150gm-3
如所提及的,布置在催化剂2的下游的颗粒过滤器3属于壁流式类型并且包括第一区4和跟随在下游的第二区5。颗粒过滤器3具有长度L,其中所述第一区4延伸覆盖长度L1,而第二区5延伸覆盖长度L2。在示意性的示例性实施方案中,长度L1、L2组合以形成(总)长度L。然而,还可以被提供的是,第一区4被布置在与第二区5相距一距离处,其中区4、5之间的区域和区4、5本身可以被包覆。第一区4包括具体体现为涂层包覆层的底部包覆层。该底部包覆层包括一组合物,所述组合物具有多于20wt%的氧化钛和多于5%的氧化铈。举例来说,底部包覆层的剩余部分是由氧化镧以及,可选地,氧化铁形成。除污染物外,仅由铂和钯构成的顶部包覆层被沉积在底部包覆层或者涂层包覆层上。举例来说,铂的浓度从而是大约等于直至2000gm-3。举例来说,钯的浓度典型地小于铂的浓度,并且等于直至1500gm-3。相反地,第二区5仅包括单一的包覆层,所述包覆层由二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化钒和钨构成。二氧化钛量典型地大于60wt%。氧化铁、氧化钒和氧化钨优选地各自以直至10wt%的量存在。氧化钒和氧化钨还可以单独地或者共同地被氧化锰和/或氧化铜代替,其中这些可替换的组分的量被相应调整。进一步地,至少一种稀土金属还有利地以直至2wt%的量存在。
在图1中图示说明的设备1中,催化剂2主要被用于氧化HC量和将CO氧化为CO2。催化剂2还可以被作为NO2slip催化剂来单独使用。尽管没有图示说明,可以提供的是,设备1额外地包括所谓HC配量(dosing)系统。HC配量系统被用于根据燃烧所述燃料的需要,注入来自机动车辆油箱(tank)的燃料,以便加热颗粒过滤器3,并且因此引入颗粒过滤器3的主动再生。如果提供HC配量系统,燃料的注入发生在催化剂2和颗粒过滤器3之前。进一步地,还可能的是,图1中图示说明的设备1包括NOx储存催化剂,所述NOx储存催化剂将氮的氧化物短暂地与钡化合物或钾化合物键合,并且所述NOx储存催化剂也是用贵金属(例如铂)包覆的。NOx储存催化剂随后被优选地布置在催化剂2之前。总体来说,NOx催化剂和颗粒过滤器3凭借HC注入而被定期再生。
针对排气净化,基于发动机测试标准,研究或测试如图1中图示说明的并具有HC配量系统的设备1。所述测试在OM 904LA梅赛德斯奔驰(Mercedes Benz)实用车辆发动机上执行。从而得到下方表1中可见的测得的值。
表1 排气值
正如从表1可见的,显著减少欧洲瞬态循环(European Transit Cycle)(ETC)和欧洲稳态循环(European Stationary Cycle)(ESC)中的原始排放是可能的。特别地,从表1可以足见,CO量和HC量两者都可以被大大减少。同样的情况还适用于烟灰颗粒(PM),所述烟灰颗粒本质上被完全地滤掉。最后,NOx量也被显著减少,其中NO2量和NO量两者均被减少。不同于现有技术,NOx的整体含量以及NO2和NO的含量以成比例的方式被各自独立地减少。这在图2中针对对于发动机的不同负荷水平和覆盖进入气体的不同温度范围的进一步的测试被图示说明。
催化剂2和颗粒过滤器3已经能够存在于交付的机动车辆的排气系统中,或者还可能被升级(retrofit)。在两种情况下,如果排气系统中的催化剂2和颗粒过滤器3被装在使用阻尼垫的排气系统上,或一般地,被装在使用阻尼元件的排气系统上,其证明是有利的。如果催化剂2被用作或被升级为slip催化剂,如果基础主体被放射状地延伸且是气体不可透过的侧板包围,其是有利的。优选地由钢制成的所述侧板允许排气系统中催化剂2的简单的附接。为此目的,仅需要切开排气系统,并且插入催化剂2。突出在排气系统之后的侧板被再次连接并且允许例如使用围绕排气系统导向的夹具的紧固。

Claims (17)

1.被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),特别是壁流式过滤器,所述过滤器具有长度(L),其特征在于,至少两个区(4,5)沿着所述长度(L)被提供,所述两个区以不同的方式被包覆。
2.如权利要求1所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,第一区(4)和第二区(5)被提供,其中所述第二区(5)是至少NO减少区(5)。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述第一区(4)具有包含铂和/或钯的包覆体。
4.如权利要求3所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述第一区(4)包括底部包覆层,所述底部包覆层具体体现为涂层包覆层,并且在所述底部包覆层上沉积包含铂和/或钯的顶部包覆层。
5.如权利要求4所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述涂层包覆层是用二氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化镧,以及,可选地,氧化铁形成的,或者由二氧化钛、氧化铈、氧化镧,以及,可选地,氧化铁构成。
6.如权利要求5所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述涂层包覆层包含多于20wt%的二氧化钛和多于5wt%的氧化铈。
7.如权利要求4至6之一所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,除了铂和/或钯,所述顶部包覆层不包含任何其他过渡金属。
8.如权利要求4至7之一所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,存在铂和钯,并且铂的浓度优选地大于钯的浓度。
9.如权利要求1至8之一所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述第二区(5)用单层包覆体具体体现。
10.如权利要求9所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述第二区(5)的所述包覆体包含二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化钒和氧化钨,或者由二氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化钒和氧化钨构成,其中氧化钒和氧化钨可以用氧化锰和/或氧化铜代替。
11.如权利要求1至10之一所述的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),其特征在于,所述第一区(4)的长度(L1)是所述第二区(5)的长度(L2)的50%至200%。
12.催化剂(2),所述催化剂(2)可以被排气流过,其特征在于,所述催化剂(2)用一包覆体具体体现,所述包覆体包括作为底部包覆层的涂层包覆层,钯被沉积在所述底部包覆层上。
13.如权利要求12所述的催化剂(2),其特征在于,所述涂层包覆层包含氧化锆,或者主要由氧化锆构成。
14.如权利要求12或13所述的催化剂(2)在内燃发动机的排气系统中,特别是柴油发动机的排气系统中的应用,所述催化剂(2)被排气流流过,其中颗粒过滤器和/或SCR设备被提供于所述排气系统的所述催化剂(2)之前。
15.如权利要求12或13所述的催化剂(2)在内燃发动机的排气系统中,特别是柴油发动机的排气系统中,以减少所述排气系统中的NO2量的应用,所述催化剂(2)被排气流流过。
16.用于净化排气,特别是柴油动力机动车的排气的设备(1),所述设备(1)包括催化剂(2)和具有长度(L)的被包覆的颗粒过滤器(3),所述颗粒过滤器(3)被布置在所述催化剂(2)的下游,其特征在于,所述颗粒过滤器(3)按照权利要求1至11之一具体体现,并且所述催化剂(2)按照权利要求12或13具体体现。
17.如权利要求14所述的设备(1),其特征在于,NOx存储催化剂被布置于所述催化剂的上游。
CN201380033990.2A 2012-04-26 2013-04-26 被包覆的颗粒过滤器、催化剂及具有所述过滤器和催化剂的设备 Pending CN104411927A (zh)

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