CN104360478B - Nested double-adaptive optical system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nested double-adaptive optical system which comprises a telescope, a beam shrinking system, a beacon light source, a spectroscope, two wavefront detectors, two wavefront correctors, two wavefront controllers, an imaging system and the like. The method is characterized by mainly comprising an inner channel adaptive optical system and an outer channel adaptive optical system, wherein the inner channel adaptive optical system is adopted to correct internal dynamic aberration disturbance caused by factors such as internal airflow movement, foundation vibration and the like, the outer channel adaptive optical system is used to correct atmospheric turbulence, and secondary correction is carried out on residual signals corrected by the inner channel adaptive optical system. The present invention has a smaller residual signal variance than that of a conventional adaptive optics system that corrects both internal dynamic aberration disturbances and atmospheric turbulence.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a self-adaptive optical system, in particular to a nested double-self-adaptive optical system which can overcome the defect of insufficient correction capability when the conventional self-adaptive optical system is simultaneously influenced by external atmospheric turbulence disturbance and dynamic and large-amplitude internal aberration disturbance and improve the system performance, and belongs to the technical field of self-adaptive optics.
Background
Adaptive optics is an excellent technique for detecting and correcting wavefront aberrations in optical systems in real time. The basic principle is that a wavefront sensor is adopted to measure wavefront aberration, and a control signal of a wavefront corrector is calculated through a certain control algorithm to adjust the surface shape of the wavefront corrector, so that aberration is compensated. Astronomical observations were the first area of successful application of adaptive optics techniques, with the aim of eliminating wavefront distortions caused by atmospheric turbulence. With the development of the technology, it is also commonly used for laser beam adjustment, free space optical communication and improvement of human vision. In addition to atmospheric turbulence, systems are often subject to dynamic aberrations (internal disturbances) due to internal airflow movement and foundation vibrations. The former generally has the characteristics of low disturbance frequency, large amplitude, and the like, compared with the atmospheric turbulence.
The conventional adaptive optics system mainly comprises a wavefront sensor, a wavefront controller and a wavefront corrector. At present, a conventional adaptive optical system is generally adopted to correct internal disturbance and atmospheric turbulence simultaneously, but when the internal disturbance is high in intensity and high in frequency, the correction effect cannot meet the requirement due to the fact that the suppression capability of the system on the internal disturbance is insufficient. For example, to meet the requirement of large field of view in astronomical observations, Dicke proposed a multi-layer conjugate adaptive optics system as early as 1988, (r. Dicke, "Phase-coherent detection of light receiving errors and the light correction," advancement. j.198, 605-615 (1975)) which detects atmospheric turbulence in layers of corresponding heights using wavefront detectors located at different altitudes and performs compensation correction using a plurality of wavefront correctors conjugated to the layers. In addition, in order to overcome the problem of insufficient correction caused by the contradiction between the large stroke and the high spatial resolution of the wavefront corrector, the musjie et al, the institute of optoelectronics and technology of the academy of sciences in China, proposed an invention patent named as "a dual wave front corrector adaptive optics system" (application number 200510011422. X). Large low-order aberrations and relatively small high-order aberrations are respectively delivered to a wavefront corrector with large stroke and low spatial frequency and a wavefront corrector with small stroke and high spatial frequency for correction. However, compared with the conventional AO system, the complexity of the two types of multi-wavefront corrector structural systems is increased mainly in order to use wavefront correctors with different correction capacities to cope with wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence with different characteristics, and the influence on internal disturbance is lack of targeted design.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the problems that the conventional adaptive optical system is insufficient in correction capability when large-amplitude internal dynamic aberration disturbance exists are solved, and the influence of the internal disturbance and atmospheric turbulence is eliminated by adopting a nested double-adaptive optical system to work cooperatively. The system consists of a set of independent inner channel self-adaptive optical system specially used for correcting the internal aberration disturbance and a set of outer channel self-adaptive optical system used for correcting the atmospheric turbulence aberration disturbance and simultaneously carrying out secondary correction on the correction residual signal of the inner channel self-adaptive optical system.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a nested double-adaptive optical system mainly comprises a telescope, a beacon light source, a spectroscope, two wavefront detectors, two wavefront correctors, two wavefront controllers and an imaging system; the self-adaptive optical system is characterized in that the beacon light source, the first wavefront corrector, the first wavefront detector and the first wavefront controller form an inner channel self-adaptive optical system, and the working wavelength of the inner channel self-adaptive optical system is lambda1(ii) a The second wavefront corrector, the second wavefront detector and the second wavefront controller form an outer channel adaptive optical system, and the working wavelength of the outer channel adaptive optical system is lambda2(ii) a The beacon light is influenced by aberration disturbance inside the system, a residual wavefront signal corrected by the first wavefront corrector reaches the second spectroscope, part of energy enters the outer channel adaptive optical system after being reflected, the other part of energy enters the first wavefront detector after being transmitted, information detected by the first wavefront detector is input to the first wavefront controller, and a control voltage signal of the first wavefront corrector is obtained after control calculation, so that closed-loop correction of the internal disturbance of the inner channel adaptive optical system is completed; the telescope receiving is subjected to atmospheric turbulenceThe affected target light is reflected by the first beam splitter and enters the outer channel adaptive optical system after passing through the beam-shrinking system, the affected target light and the corrected residual wavefront of the inner channel adaptive optical system are superposed and then reach the second front corrector, the corrected residual wavefront signal reaches the third beam splitter, one part of energy is reflected and then enters the imaging system, the other part of energy is transmitted and then enters the second wavefront detector, information detected by the second wavefront detector is input into the second wavefront controller, and a control voltage signal of the second wavefront corrector is obtained after control calculation, so that the outer channel adaptive optical system performs closed-loop correction on atmospheric turbulence and secondary correction on internal disturbance; the two channel self-adaptive optical systems can work independently, and if the inner channel self-adaptive optical system is not provided, the inner aberration disturbance is unified and corrected by the outer channel self-adaptive optical system; if the two channels work simultaneously, the residual wavefront corrected by the inner channel adaptive optical system and the atmospheric turbulence aberration disturbance enter the outer channel adaptive optical system together for further correction to form a nested structure.
Further, the control calculation is realized by the following steps:
step (1), establishing a transfer function model of each part of the system by a mechanism analysis or system identification method; assuming that the transfer functions of the wave-front detector, the wave-front controller and the wave-front corrector are respectively W(s), C (z) and D(s); the actual system is a discrete time sampling system, a control signal of the digital wavefront controller needs to be converted into a continuous signal through a zero-order retainer, and meanwhile, the deformation action of the wavefront controller can be simulated by the zero-order retainer;
step (2), setting respective sampling frequencies of an inner channel adaptive optical system and an outer channel adaptive optical system;
step (3), according to the working principle of the nested double-adaptive optical system, a control structure model of the system is established, and an expression of a final correction residual signal of the system is deduced;
step (4), according to the detection information of the wave-front detector, calculating the power spectrum of the atmospheric turbulence and the internal disturbance, and estimating the signal-to-noise ratio in the internal and external channel adaptive optical systems;
and (5) calculating the optimal control parameter of the wavefront controller, so that the residual signal variance is minimum on the premise that the system works stably.
Further, the working sampling frequencies of the inner channel adaptive optics system and the outer channel adaptive optics system can be different.
Further, the wavefront sensor comprises a curvature sensor, a Hartmann shack type sensor.
Further, the wavefront corrector comprises a piezoelectric ceramic continuous deformation reflector, a liquid crystal spatial modulator, a micro-electromechanical film deformation reflector or a Bimorph deformation reflector.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the inner channel self-adaptive optical system specially corrects low-frequency large-amplitude internal aberration disturbance, and the outer channel self-adaptive optical system corrects the superposition of residual wave front and atmospheric turbulence aberration wave front of the inner channel self-adaptive optical system, so that the defect that the conventional self-adaptive optical system cannot meet the requirement of correction effect due to insufficient inhibition capacity when large-amplitude dynamic internal aberration exists is overcome.
(2) The inner and outer channel adaptive optical systems work independently, and whether the inner channel adaptive optical system is used or not can be selected according to the condition of the actual working environment, so that the system structure can be flexibly adjusted to adapt to the change of the external environment on the basis of not changing the original system.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a nested dual adaptive optical system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a control system of a nested adaptive optics system according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a simplified control system block diagram;
FIG. 4 is an internal dynamic aberration perturbation;
FIG. 5 is an external atmospheric turbulence aberration disturbance;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of a conventional adaptive optics system correcting a residual signal;
fig. 7 shows the corrected residual signal according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific embodiments.
As shown in FIG. 1, a nested dual adaptive optical system comprises a telescope 1, a beam reducing system 2, a beacon light source 3, a first spectroscope 4, a second spectroscope 6 and a third spectroscope 10, a first wavefront corrector 5, a second wavefront corrector 9, a first wavefront detector 7 and a second wavefront detector 11, a first wavefront controller 8 and a second wavefront controller 12, an imaging system 13 and the like, and is characterized in that the beacon light source 3, the first wavefront corrector 5, the first wavefront detector 7 and the first wavefront controller 8 form an inner channel adaptive optical system with the working wavelength of lambda1(ii) a The second wavefront corrector 9, the second wavefront detector 11 and the second wavefront controller 12 form an outer channel adaptive optics system, and the working wavelength of the outer channel adaptive optics system is lambda2. The beacon light is affected by aberration disturbance inside the system, a residual wavefront signal corrected by the first wavefront corrector 5 reaches the second spectroscope 6, part of energy enters the outer channel adaptive optical system after being reflected, the other part of energy enters the first wavefront detector 7 after being transmitted, information detected by the first wavefront detector 7 is input into the first wavefront controller 8, and a control voltage signal of the first wavefront corrector 5 is obtained after control calculation, so that closed-loop correction of the internal disturbance by the inner channel adaptive optical system is completed. The telescope 1 receives target light affected by atmospheric turbulenceAfter passing through the beam-shrinking system 2, the reflected wave enters the outer channel adaptive optical system through the first beam splitter 4, the wave reaches the second front wave corrector 9 after being superposed with the corrected residual wave front of the inner channel adaptive optical system, the corrected residual wave front signal reaches the third beam splitter 10, one part of energy enters the imaging system 13 after being reflected, the other part of energy enters the second wave front detector 11 after being transmitted, the information detected by the second wave front detector 11 is input into the second wave front controller 12, and the control voltage signal of the second wave front corrector is obtained after the wave control calculation, so that the outer channel adaptive optical system performs closed-loop correction on atmospheric turbulence and secondary correction on internal disturbance. The two channels work independently, and if the inner channel self-adaptive optical system is not provided, the inner aberration disturbance is unified and corrected by the outer channel self-adaptive optical system; if the two channels work simultaneously, the residual wavefront corrected by the inner channel adaptive optical system and the atmospheric turbulence aberration disturbance enter the outer channel adaptive optical system together for further correction to form a nested structure. The control voltage calculation of the wavefront corrector needs to comprehensively consider the conditions of a system signal-to-noise ratio, a working sampling frequency, controller parameters and the like, and only under the appropriate working condition, the nested double-adaptive optical system can obtain a better correction effect than a conventional adaptive optical system. The principles and methods for selecting suitable operating conditions are described below in conjunction with the figures.
Fig. 2 shows a control block diagram of a nested adaptive optics system. Each component in the inner dotted frame forms an inner channel self-adaptive optical system which is mainly used for correcting inner aberration disturbance rinThe components in the rest outer dotted line frames form an outer channel self-adaptive optical system which is mainly used for correcting outer atmospheric turbulence disturbance ratmAnd e1The superimposed value of (a). To clearly illustrate the nesting relationship of the two channels, a brief control block diagram is given in fig. 3. n is the measurement noise of the first wavefront sensor 7 and the second wavefront sensor 11, respectively, y is the compensation amount of the system, and e is the residual signal after the final correction of the system. The transfer functions of the first and second wavefront sensors are W1(s) and W(s). The Delay module and the Delay1 module respectively represent the inside and the outsideThe transfer functions of the time delay caused by data reading, control voltage calculation and the like in the two-channel adaptive optics system are respectively L(s) and L1(s), s is the Laplace operator. The controllers are discrete in form, and the transfer functions of the first wavefront controller 8 and the second wavefront controller 12 are C (z) and C, respectively1(Z), Z being a Z transform operator. The zero order keeper ZOH simulates the deformation behavior of the DM and converts discrete signals into continuous signals.
The transfer functions of the components of the system are respectively as follows:
wherein, T and T1Respectively the sampling time of the outer channel adaptive optics system and the sampling time of the inner channel adaptive optics system. Outer and inner channel adaptive optics open loop transfer functions G(s) and G1(s) are respectively:
G(s)＝W(s)L(s)C(s)D(s) (5)
G1(s)＝W1(s)L1(s)C1(s)D1(s) (6)
inner channel self-adaptive optical system correction residual error e1Comprises the following steps:
since the two channels have similarities, the input to the outer channel adaptive optics system is considered as e1And ratmAnd summing, the final corrected residual signal of the system is:
thus, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of,
is easy to obtainatm，n，rin，n1Transfer function S to output residual signal eatm(f)，Natm(f)，Sin(f) And Nin(f) Respectively as follows:
assuming that two are uncorrelated, the total residual signal variance of the system is:
wherein,respectively representing disturbances rinAnd ratmIs measured.Respectively representing noise n1And a power spectral density function of n.
From the result of equation (14), S can be calculatedatm(f)、Natm(f)、Sin(f) And Nin(f) The proper bandwidth enables the system to minimize the variance of the total correction residual signal under different conditions of atmospheric turbulence disturbance, internal aberration disturbance and signal-to-noise ratio, and further the working sampling frequency of the two-channel adaptive optics system and the parameters of the controller can be determined. The results of a nested dual adaptive optical system correcting both internal aberration disturbances and external atmospheric turbulence disturbances are given below:
the internal aberration disturbance is zero by a mean value and varianceIs excited by white Gaussian noise omega with a cut-off frequency f0Is generated by a first order low pass filter. For the atmospheric turbulence conforming to the Kolmogorov statistical law characteristic, Fried constant r05.2cm, Greenwood frequency. Definition ofThe ratio of the variance of the internal aberration disturbance and the external atmospheric turbulence disturbance represents the relative magnitude of the internal disturbance and the average power of the atmospheric turbulence. The detection noise is assumed to be white gaussian noise with a mean value of zero. Signal-to-noise ratio SNR of inner channel adaptive optical systeminOuter channel adaptive optics SNR of 50atm6. Table 1 shows the comparison of the correction effect of a nested dual adaptive optical system and a conventional single adaptive optical system. Wherein, the sampling frequencies of the inner channel and the outer channel are Fs respectively1＝2000Hz、Fs2500Hz, conventional AO System sampling frequency Fs＝500Hz。
TABLE 1Fs1＝2000Hz，Fs2＝500Hz，FsCompare the correction effect of conventional AO with nested double AO (1) at 500Hz
The invention has not been described in detail and is part of the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art.
Claims (4)
1. A nested double-adaptive optical system comprises a telescope (1), a beam-reducing system (2), a beacon light source (3), a first spectroscope (4), a second spectroscope (6), a third spectroscope (10), a first wavefront detector (7), a second wavefront detector (11), a first wavefront corrector (5), a second wavefront corrector (9), a first wavefront controller (8), a second wavefront controller (12) and an imaging system (13); the method is characterized in that: the beacon light source (3), the first wavefront corrector (5), the first wavefront detector (7) and the first wavefront controller (8) form an inner channel adaptive optical system, and the working wavelength of the inner channel adaptive optical system is lambda1(ii) a The second wavefront corrector (9), the second wavefront detector (11) and the second wavefront controller (12) form an outer channel adaptive optical system, and the working wavelength of the outer channel adaptive optical system is lambda2(ii) a The beacon light is influenced by aberration disturbance inside the system, a residual wavefront signal corrected by the first wavefront corrector (5) reaches the second spectroscope (6), part of energy enters the outer channel adaptive optical system after being reflected, the other part of energy enters the first wavefront detector (7) after being transmitted, the residual wavefront signal is detected by the first wavefront detector (7), and the first wavefront controller (8) obtains a control signal (5) of the first wavefront corrector through control calculation according to the detection information, so that closed-loop correction of the inner channel adaptive optical system on the internal disturbance is completed; the telescope (1) receives target light influenced by atmospheric turbulence, the target light passes through the beam-shrinking system (2), is reflected by the first beam splitter (4) and enters the outer channel self-adaptive optical system, the signal is superposed with the residual wave front corrected by an inner channel adaptive optical system and then reaches a second wave front corrector (9), the residual wave front signal after correction reaches a third beam splitter (10), one part of energy enters an imaging system (13) after reflection, the other part of energy enters a second wave front detector (11) after transmission, the corrected residual wave front signal is detected by the second wave front detector (11), the second wave front controller (12) obtains a control voltage signal of the second wave front corrector (9) after control calculation according to the detection information, therefore, closed-loop correction of the outer channel adaptive optical system on the atmospheric turbulence and secondary correction of internal disturbance are completed.
2. A nested dual adaptive optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the control calculation is realized by the following steps:
step (1), establishing a transfer function model of each part of the system by a mechanism analysis or system identification method;
step (2), setting respective sampling frequencies of an inner channel adaptive optical system and an outer channel adaptive optical system;
step (3), according to the working principle of the nested double-adaptive optical system, a control structure model of the system is established, and a final residual signal correction expression of the system is deduced;
step (4), according to the detection information of the wave-front detector, calculating the power spectrum of the atmospheric turbulence and the internal disturbance, and estimating the signal-to-noise ratio in the internal and external channel adaptive optical systems;
and (5) calculating the optimal control parameter of the wavefront controller according to the characteristics of the internal disturbance and the atmospheric turbulence and the signal-to-noise ratio characteristics of the internal and external channel adaptive optical systems and the result in the step (3), so that the residual signal variance of the system is minimum on the premise of stable operation.
3. A nested dual adaptive optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the first and second wavefront detectors include a curvature sensor or a hartmann shack type sensor.
4. A nested dual adaptive optical system according to claim 1, wherein: the first wavefront corrector and the second wavefront corrector comprise piezoelectric ceramic continuous deformation reflectors or Bimorph deformation reflectors.
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