CN104359429B - Contact area measurement system based on image measuring technique - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法,该方法包括以下步骤:光源提供光线后,调整光线范围并将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场;加载接触体,形成接触区域;利用相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像;分析所述接触部位图像,进行边界识别,确定接触宽度并计算出接触体间的接触面积。本申请还公开了一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统,该系统与接触体相配合,用于测量接触体间的接触面积,该系统包括:背光模块、图像采集模块和接触面积识别模块。该方法及系统具有非接触、高精度、连续和可满足高温环境测量等优点,可以自动化的完成各种工况下接触面积的测量。
The present application discloses a method for measuring contact area based on image measurement technology. The method includes the following steps: after the light source provides light, adjust the light range and scatter the light to provide a uniform light field for the contact body; load the contact body to form a contact area ;Using the camera to shoot the contact body loaded under the uniform light field, collecting the image of the contact part; analyzing the image of the contact part, identifying the boundary, determining the contact width and calculating the contact area between the contact bodies. The application also discloses a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology, the system cooperates with contact bodies to measure the contact area between contact bodies, the system includes: backlight module, image acquisition module and contact area recognition module . The method and system have the advantages of non-contact, high precision, continuous and high-temperature environment measurement, and can automatically complete the measurement of the contact area under various working conditions.
Description
技术领域technical field
本申请涉及工程结构设计和图像测量领域,具体地说,是涉及一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统。This application relates to the fields of engineering structure design and image measurement, in particular, it relates to a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology.
背景技术Background technique
接触在工程应用中十分常见,如两个齿轮之间的啮合、轧钢机的轧辊轧制钢板的过程、车轮在钢轨上的滚动以及桥梁滚座的接触等。Contact is very common in engineering applications, such as the meshing between two gears, the process of rolling a steel plate by the rolls of a rolling mill, the rolling of a wheel on a rail, and the contact of a bridge roller seat, etc.
两个物体的接触形式分为点接触和线接触,前者如球体与平面间的接触,后者如圆柱体与平面之间的接触,两种接触模型如图1所示。为了研究接触结构的力学行为,例如测量接触体的接触强度,研究人员需要测量接触体间的接触面积。由于接触区域是被遮挡起来无法直接观测的,因而接触面积的测量变得十分困难。The contact form of two objects is divided into point contact and line contact. The former is like the contact between a sphere and a plane, and the latter is like the contact between a cylinder and a plane. The two contact models are shown in Figure 1. In order to study the mechanical behavior of contact structures, such as measuring the contact strength of contact bodies, researchers need to measure the contact area between contact bodies. Since the contact area is blocked and cannot be directly observed, the measurement of the contact area becomes very difficult.
测量接触面积方法的发展历程历经两个阶段,第一阶段的代表方法是压痕法与划痕法,这类方法通过观察接触体在接触过程中留下的痕迹测量接触面积,具体是在两物体接触加载后进行卸载,通过观察和测量被压物体因受压变形而残留的压痕与划痕的几何尺寸来计算接触面积。该类方法存在着两点明显的缺陷:其一,压痕法与划痕法因为连续加卸载的实验方式造成无法连续测量;其二,其测量分辨率很低,当接触面积比较小时,压痕与划痕经常会观测不到。The development of the method of measuring the contact area has gone through two stages. The representative methods of the first stage are the indentation method and the scratch method. These methods measure the contact area by observing the traces left by the contact body during the contact process. The object is unloaded after contact loading, and the contact area is calculated by observing and measuring the geometric dimensions of the indentation and scratches left by the compressed object due to compression deformation. There are two obvious defects in this type of method: first, the indentation method and the scratch method cannot be continuously measured due to the continuous loading and unloading experimental method; second, the measurement resolution is very low. When the contact area is relatively small, the indentation method cannot Marks and scratches are often not visible.
为了解决上述两种方法的缺陷,测量接触面积方法发展至第二阶段,其代表是压力纸法和压电薄膜法,这类方法在两个接触体之间放置传感器,将接触物体的接触面积转换为其他信息来进行测量。压力纸法是将两片压力纸(一片内部充满染色剂胶囊,一片上附有显色剂)放置在接触体之间,当物体接触受压时,染色剂胶囊破裂,在有显色剂的一层压力纸上接触部分会显为红色,最后通过测量红色区域面积来计算接触面积。压电薄膜法是在两接触物体间放入电子传感器或敏感栅,当物体接触受压时接触区域会产生电信号,通过分析电信号产生的位置就可以测量得到接触面积。这一类测量接触面积的方法解决了压痕法与划痕法不能连续测量的问题,并将测量精度大大提高。但是这类新方法也存在着自身的问题:其一,压力纸与压电薄膜无法使用在高温等极端实验环境中;其二,在接触区域布置传感介质有可能会改变界面的性质,从而改变接触区域的局部力学性质,影响实验结果的真实性。由此看来,目前已有的接触面积测量方法或者测量环境要求较高,或者测量精度较差,难以满足各种接触面积的测量需求。In order to solve the defects of the above two methods, the method of measuring the contact area has been developed to the second stage, which is represented by the pressure paper method and the piezoelectric film method. In this method, a sensor is placed between two contact bodies, and the contact area of the contact object is measured. Convert to other information for measurement. The pressure paper method is to place two pieces of pressure paper (one is filled with dye capsules, and the other is attached with a color developer) between the contact bodies. The contact area on a layer of pressure paper will appear red, and finally the contact area is calculated by measuring the area of the red area. The piezoelectric film method is to place an electronic sensor or a sensitive grid between two contacting objects. When the object is contacted and pressed, the contact area will generate an electrical signal. The contact area can be measured by analyzing the position where the electrical signal is generated. This type of method for measuring the contact area solves the problem that the indentation method and the scratch method cannot be continuously measured, and greatly improves the measurement accuracy. However, this new method also has its own problems: first, pressure paper and piezoelectric film cannot be used in extreme experimental environments such as high temperature; second, the arrangement of sensing media in the contact area may change the properties of the interface, thereby Change the local mechanical properties of the contact area and affect the authenticity of the experimental results. From this point of view, the existing contact area measurement methods either have high requirements for the measurement environment, or have poor measurement accuracy, and are difficult to meet the measurement requirements of various contact areas.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提出了一种能够满足不同环境下使用的接触面积连续测量方法,同时设计并实现了相应的测量系统。该方法基于图像测量技术,通过采集接触部位的图像并对其进行分析来获取接触面积,实现了连续的高精度测量。基于此方法搭建的测量系统操作简单,低消耗,数据处理可以自动化完成。针对现有测量接触面积的技术和方法中存在的无法满足高温环境下的测量、无法连续观测、影响接触体本身力学性质、精度不高等缺点,本发明提出了一种能够满足不同环境下使用的接触面积连续测量方法,同时提供了相应的测量系统。The invention proposes a continuous measurement method for the contact area that can be used in different environments, and simultaneously designs and implements a corresponding measurement system. Based on image measurement technology, the method acquires the contact area by collecting and analyzing the images of the contact parts, and realizes continuous high-precision measurement. The measurement system built based on this method is simple in operation, low in consumption, and the data processing can be completed automatically. Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing techniques and methods for measuring the contact area, such as the inability to meet the measurement in high-temperature environments, the inability to observe continuously, the influence of the mechanical properties of the contact body itself, and the low accuracy, the present invention proposes a method that can meet the needs of different environments. The continuous measurement method of the contact area and the corresponding measurement system are provided at the same time.
本发明提供了一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法,该方法包括以下步骤:The invention provides a method for measuring contact area based on image measurement technology, the method comprising the following steps:
光源提供光线后,调整光线范围并将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场;After the light source provides light, adjust the light range and scatter the light to provide a uniform light field for the contact body;
加载接触体,形成接触区域;Loading the contact body to form a contact area;
利用相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像;Use the camera to shoot the contact body loaded under the uniform light field, and collect the image of the contact part;
分析所述接触部位图像,进行边界识别,确定接触宽度并计算出接触体间的接触面积。The image of the contact part is analyzed, the boundary is identified, the contact width is determined and the contact area between the contact bodies is calculated.
优选地,所述光源提供光线后,调整光线范围并将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场,进一步为:所述光源提供光线后,利用移动光圈调整照射范围,利用白幕将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场。Preferably, after the light source provides the light, adjust the light range and scatter the light to provide a uniform light field for the contact body, further: after the light source provides the light, use the moving aperture to adjust the irradiation range, use the white screen to scatter the light, Provide a uniform light field for the contact body.
优选地,所述分析所述接触部位图像,进行边界识别,确定接触宽度以及接触体间的接触面积,进一步为:Preferably, the analyzing the image of the contact part, performing boundary recognition, determining the contact width and the contact area between the contact bodies, further includes:
当接触体为球体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为圆形,确定的接触宽度为接触区域的直径d,接触面积等于π×(d/2)2;When the contact body is a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube, the contact area is circular, the determined contact width is the diameter d of the contact area, and the contact area is equal to π×(d/2) 2 ;
当接触体为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为长方形,接触面积等于确定的接触宽度乘以圆柱体的长度。When the contact body is a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube, the contact area is a rectangle, and the contact area is equal to the determined contact width multiplied by the length of the cylinder.
本发明还提供一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统,该系统与接触体相配合,用于测量接触体间的接触面积,该系统包括:背光模块、图像采集模块和接触面积识别模块,其中,The present invention also provides a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology. The system cooperates with the contact body to measure the contact area between the contact bodies. The system includes: a backlight module, an image acquisition module and a contact area identification module, in,
所述背光模块,与所述接触体相耦接,用于为所述接触体提供均匀光场;The backlight module, coupled to the contact body, is used to provide a uniform light field for the contact body;
所述接触体,分别与所述背光模块和所述图像采集模块相耦接,用于在所述背光模块的光场中形成接触面积,并被所述图像采集模块采集到接触部位图像;The contact body is respectively coupled with the backlight module and the image acquisition module, and is used to form a contact area in the light field of the backlight module, and the image of the contact part is collected by the image acquisition module;
所述图像采集模块,分别与所述接触体和所述接触面积识别模块相耦接,用于采集到接触体的接触部位图像并发送至所述接触面积识别模块;The image acquisition module is respectively coupled to the contact body and the contact area recognition module, and is used to collect the contact part image of the contact body and send it to the contact area recognition module;
所述接触面积识别模块,与所述图像采集模块相耦接,用于接收所述图像采集模块发送的接触部位图像进行边界识别得到接触宽度并计算出接触体间的接触面积。The contact area identification module is coupled with the image acquisition module, and is used to receive the image of the contact part sent by the image acquisition module to perform boundary identification to obtain the contact width and calculate the contact area between the contact bodies.
优选地,所述背光模块,包括:光源、移动光圈和白幕,其中,Preferably, the backlight module includes: a light source, a moving aperture and a white screen, wherein,
所述光源,与所述移动光圈相耦接,用于提供光线;The light source is coupled to the moving aperture and used to provide light;
所述移动光圈,分别与所述光源和所述白幕相耦接,用于调整所述光源的照射区域;The moving aperture is respectively coupled to the light source and the white screen, and is used to adjust the irradiation area of the light source;
所述白幕,分别与所述移动光圈和所述接触体相耦接,用于将所述光线进行散射发送至所述接触体,同时该白幕还用作白色背景。The white screen is respectively coupled with the moving aperture and the contact body, and is used to scatter the light to the contact body, and at the same time, the white screen is also used as a white background.
优选地,所述图像采集模块中进一步还设有相机,该相机分别与所述接触体和所述接触面积识别模块相耦接,用于采集到接触体的接触部位图像发送至所述接触面积识别模块。Preferably, the image acquisition module is further provided with a camera, the camera is respectively coupled with the contact body and the contact area recognition module, and is used to collect the image of the contact part of the contact body and send it to the contact area Identification module.
优选地,所述接触体,进一步为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体;或进一步为球体与立方体形成的接触体。Preferably, the contact body is further a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube; or is further a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube.
优选地,所述接触体,进一步为石墨圆柱与石墨方砖形成的接触体;或进一步为石墨球与石墨方砖形成的接触体。Preferably, the contact body is further a contact body formed by graphite cylinders and graphite square bricks; or further is a contact body formed by graphite balls and graphite square bricks.
与现有技术相比,本申请所述的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,该方法及系统具有非接触、高精度、连续和可满足高温环境测量等优点,可以自动化的完成各种工况下接触面积的测量,达到了如下效果:Compared with the prior art, the contact area measurement method and system based on image measurement technology described in this application has the advantages of non-contact, high precision, continuous and high-temperature environment measurement, and can automatically complete various The measurement of the contact area under these working conditions achieves the following effects:
1)本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,可以将测量系统与被测量物体隔绝开来,这样解决了高温等极端条件下下无法测量接触面积的问题;1) The contact area measurement method and system based on image measurement technology provided by the present invention can isolate the measurement system from the object to be measured, thus solving the problem that the contact area cannot be measured under extreme conditions such as high temperature;
2)本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,实现了连续拍摄的测量方式,同时也实现了加载过程中的实时采集;2) The contact area measurement method and system based on the image measurement technology provided by the present invention realizes the measurement mode of continuous shooting, and also realizes the real-time acquisition in the loading process;
3)本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,测量精度可达到亚像素级别。3) The contact area measurement method and system based on the image measurement technology provided by the present invention, the measurement accuracy can reach the sub-pixel level.
附图说明Description of drawings
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解,构成本申请的一部分,本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请,并不构成对本申请的不当限定。在附图中:The drawings described here are used to provide a further understanding of the application and constitute a part of the application. The schematic embodiments and descriptions of the application are used to explain the application and do not constitute an improper limitation to the application. In the attached picture:
图1为点接触和线接触示意图;Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of point contact and line contact;
图2为本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法流程示意图;Fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of the contact area measurement method based on the image measurement technology provided by the present invention;
图3为本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统结构示意图;Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology provided by the present invention;
图4为石墨线接触标定图片;Fig. 4 is the calibration picture of graphite line contact;
图5为石墨线接触实验采集图像及对其边界识别后的接触体轮廓;Figure 5 is the image collected by the graphite line contact experiment and the contact body profile after its boundary identification;
图6为石墨线接触半宽随载荷变化曲线;Fig. 6 is the variation curve of graphite line contact half-width with load;
图7为高温环境下石墨点接触实验采集图像及对其边界识别后接触体轮廓;Figure 7 is the image collected from the graphite point contact experiment in a high temperature environment and the contour of the contact body after its boundary is identified;
图8为高温环境下石墨点接触半径随载荷变化曲线。Fig. 8 is the curve of graphite point contact radius changing with load under high temperature environment.
具体实施方式detailed description
如在说明书及权利要求当中使用了某些词汇来指称特定组件。本领域技术人员应可理解,硬件制造商可能会用不同名词来称呼同一个组件。本说明书及权利要求并不以名称的差异来作为区分组件的方式,而是以组件在功能上的差异来作为区分的准则。如在通篇说明书及权利要求当中所提及的“包含”为一开放式用语,故应解释成“包含但不限定于”。“大致”是指在可接收的误差范围内,本领域技术人员能够在一定误差范围内解决所述技术问题,基本达到所述技术效果。此外,“耦接”一词在此包含任何直接及间接的电性耦接手段。因此,若文中描述一第一装置耦接于一第二装置,则代表所述第一装置可直接电性耦接于所述第二装置,或通过其他装置或耦接手段间接地电性耦接至所述第二装置。说明书后续描述为实施本申请的较佳实施方式,然所述描述乃以说明本申请的一般原则为目的,并非用以限定本申请的范围。本申请的保护范围当视所附权利要求所界定者为准。Certain terms are used, for example, in the description and claims to refer to particular components. Those skilled in the art should understand that hardware manufacturers may use different terms to refer to the same component. The specification and claims do not use the difference in name as a way to distinguish components, but use the difference in function of components as a criterion for distinguishing. As mentioned throughout the specification and claims, "comprising" is an open term, so it should be interpreted as "including but not limited to". "Approximately" means that within an acceptable error range, those skilled in the art can solve the technical problem within a certain error range and basically achieve the technical effect. In addition, the term "coupled" herein includes any direct and indirect electrical coupling means. Therefore, if it is described that a first device is coupled to a second device, it means that the first device may be directly electrically coupled to the second device, or indirectly electrically coupled through other devices or coupling means. connected to the second device. The subsequent description of the specification is a preferred implementation mode for implementing the application, but the description is for the purpose of illustrating the general principle of the application, and is not intended to limit the scope of the application. The scope of protection of the present application should be defined by the appended claims.
以下结合附图对本申请作进一步详细说明,但不作为对本申请的限定。The present application will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it is not intended to limit the present application.
实施例一:Embodiment one:
本实施例以测量石墨材料制成的圆柱型构件与方砖之间的接触面积为例,对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细说明,具体实施方式如下:In this embodiment, taking the measurement of the contact area between the cylindrical member made of graphite material and the square brick as an example, the specific implementation of the present invention is described in detail, and the specific implementation is as follows:
如图3所示本实施例提供一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统,该系统与接触体302相配合,用于测量接触体间的接触面积,包括:背光模块301、图像采集模块303和接触面积识别模块304。As shown in Figure 3, this embodiment provides a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology, the system cooperates with the contact body 302, and is used to measure the contact area between the contact bodies, including: a backlight module 301, an image acquisition module 303 and contact area identification module 304 .
背光模块301的作用是为接触体302提供一个均匀的光场,该模块由光源3011、移动光圈3012、白幕3013三部分组成。光源3011的作用在接触体302的背面提供光线。移动光圈3012利用两个可以移动的遮挡物体组成,可以合理的调整光源的照射区域。白幕3013的作用有两个,第一是要将光源3011射出的光线进行散射,将光线散射的原因是使拍摄的图片中接触体轮廓更加清晰,因为在测量过程中,拍摄区域需要光线强度分布均匀的光场,对于类似LED灯提供的直线光源来说,无论如何调整光源位置与光线强度都无法满足要求,而将光线散射后便可达到这种效果;第二个作用是要起到一种白色背景布的作用,使得相机拍摄的接触区域色差明显,轮廓更加清晰。对于白幕3013有两个要求,首先材料性质分布不均匀,这里的材料性质分布不均匀是指材料并非各向同性,组成白幕的材料中夹杂着杂质或者不均匀团块使得光在透过白幕的时候会发生散射,这样可以满足将光线散射的要求,其次是物体颜色为白色,可以满足其作为白色背景布的要求。The function of the backlight module 301 is to provide a uniform light field for the contact body 302 . The function of the light source 3011 is to provide light on the back side of the contact body 302 . The moving aperture 3012 is composed of two movable blocking objects, which can reasonably adjust the irradiation area of the light source. The white screen 3013 has two functions. The first is to scatter the light emitted by the light source 3011. The reason for scattering the light is to make the outline of the contact body in the photographed picture clearer, because in the measurement process, the photographed area needs light intensity Evenly distributed light field, for the linear light source provided by LED lamps, no matter how you adjust the light source position and light intensity, it cannot meet the requirements, and this effect can be achieved by scattering the light; the second function is to play The function of a white background cloth makes the color difference of the contact area captured by the camera obvious and the outline clearer. There are two requirements for the white screen 3013. First, the distribution of material properties is uneven. The uneven distribution of material properties here means that the material is not isotropic. Scattering will occur when the screen is white, which can meet the requirements of scattering light, and secondly, the color of the object is white, which can meet the requirements of it as a white background cloth.
接触体302,分别与背光模块301和图像采集模块303相耦接,用于在背光模块301的均匀光场中形成接触面积,并被图像采集模块303采集到接触部位图像。接触体302进一步为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体;或进一步为球体与立方体形成的接触体。本实施例中接触体302为石墨圆柱与石墨方砖形成的接触体,接触体间形成线接触。当然这里不对接触体302的形式作具体限定,接触体302还可以是三角型椎体和平面形成的接触体,也可以是椭圆柱与平面形成的接触体,具体的依实际情况而定。The contact body 302 is coupled to the backlight module 301 and the image acquisition module 303 respectively, and is used to form a contact area in the uniform light field of the backlight module 301 , and the image acquisition module 303 collects an image of the contact part. The contact body 302 is further a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube; or further a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube. In this embodiment, the contact body 302 is a contact body formed by a graphite cylinder and a graphite square brick, and a line contact is formed between the contact bodies. Of course, the form of the contact body 302 is not specifically limited here. The contact body 302 can also be a contact body formed by a triangular pyramid and a plane, or a contact body formed by an elliptical cylinder and a plane, depending on the actual situation.
图像采集模块303,分别与接触体302和接触面积识别模块304相耦接,用于采集到接触体302的接触部位图像并发送至接触面积识别模块304。本实施例中图像采集模块303中进一步设置了相机3031,进一步的相机3031为IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机。图像采集模块303的作用:对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行连续拍摄,获得数字图像信息。在对接触体302进行拍摄之前,要先调整模块中使用的相机与镜头,为了满足后处理计算时的要求,需要将接触体整体特征部分(比如圆柱体或球体的一半以上的部分)容纳进图片之中。在选定拍摄区域之后,调整焦距,使接触区域呈现出清晰的像。因为相机3031采集图片的分辨率单位是像素,所以在图像调整清晰后需在接触区域进行标定,使采集图片的分辨率单位转化为标准长度单位。焦距调整完毕后,在接触体302轮廓整体可以识别的前提下尽可能将光圈调大,这样可以增大白幕3013背景的光强大小,使接触体302与背景灰度差别更加明显,便于识别。在相机镜头调整完毕后,设定好相机采集速度便可在实验的过程中对图像进行实时采集。The image collection module 303 is coupled to the contact body 302 and the contact area identification module 304 respectively, and is used to collect the contact site image of the contact body 302 and send it to the contact area identification module 304 . In this embodiment, a camera 3031 is further provided in the image acquisition module 303, and the further camera 3031 is an IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera. The function of the image acquisition module 303: to continuously photograph the contact body loaded under the uniform light field to obtain digital image information. Before shooting the contact body 302, the camera and lens used in the module must be adjusted first. In order to meet the requirements of post-processing calculation, it is necessary to accommodate the entire characteristic part of the contact body (such as more than half of a cylinder or sphere) into the in the picture. After selecting the shooting area, adjust the focus so that the contact area presents a clear image. Because the resolution unit of the picture collected by the camera 3031 is a pixel, it is necessary to calibrate the contact area after the image is adjusted to be clear, so that the resolution unit of the collected picture is converted into a standard length unit. After the focal length is adjusted, the aperture should be adjusted as large as possible on the premise that the outline of the contact body 302 can be recognized as a whole. This can increase the light intensity of the background of the white screen 3013, making the gray difference between the contact body 302 and the background more obvious and easy to identify. After the camera lens is adjusted, the camera acquisition speed can be set to collect images in real time during the experiment.
接触面积识别模块304,与图像采集模块303相耦接,用于接收图像采集模块303发送的接触部位图像并进行边界识别得到接触宽度,并计算出接触体间的接触面积,本实施例中为圆柱体和立方体的接触,其接触区域是一个长方体,测得的接触宽度乘以圆柱体的长度就可以计算出接触面积。接触面积识别模块304作用是将图像采集模块中采集的图像进行边界识别。在图像中,边界代表着一个特征区域的终点和另一个特征区域的起点。边界所分开区域的内部特征或属性是一致的,而不同区域的内部特征或属性是有较大差异的,边界识别正是利用物体和背景在某种图像特性上的差异来实现的。这种差异包括灰度、颜色等。边界识别实际上就是检测图像特性发生变化的位置。本发明中的边界特征是图像的灰度值,边界亮一侧的灰度值比较大,边界另一侧灰度值小,边界的一边是灰度值较大区域的终点,另一边是灰度值较小区域的起点。相机3031拍摄图像为灰度图像,将拍摄图像读入软件中,可以得到每一个像素点的灰度值,接触体部分灰度低,而白幕3013灰度值高,边界两侧灰度值差别非常大。在将边界识别之后,便可以得到接触体轮廓,轮廓的“连通”部分便是接触物体的接触区域,通过得到的接触区域宽度便可以得到接触体间的接触面积(接触体有上下两个,位于上方的接触体和下方接触体的接触区域实际上是一个,对图像进行边界识别的时候,会识别出上方接触体的轮廓与下方接触体的轮廓,两个轮廓之间会有一个重叠区域是连通在一块儿的,这个连通部分就是两个接触体的接触区域)。The contact area identification module 304 is coupled with the image acquisition module 303, and is used to receive the image of the contact part sent by the image acquisition module 303 and perform boundary identification to obtain the contact width, and calculate the contact area between the contact bodies. In this embodiment, it is For the contact between a cylinder and a cube, the contact area is a cuboid, and the contact area can be calculated by multiplying the measured contact width by the length of the cylinder. The function of the contact area recognition module 304 is to recognize the boundary of the image collected by the image collection module. In images, boundaries represent the end of one feature region and the start of another feature region. The internal features or attributes of the areas separated by the boundary are consistent, but the internal features or attributes of different areas are quite different. The boundary recognition is realized by using the difference in certain image characteristics between the object and the background. This difference includes grayscale, color, etc. Boundary recognition is really all about detecting where changes in image properties occur. The boundary feature in the present invention is the gray value of the image. The gray value on the bright side of the boundary is relatively large, and the gray value on the other side of the boundary is small. One side of the boundary is the end point of the region with a larger gray value, and the other side is the gray value. The starting point of the region with a small value. The image captured by the camera 3031 is a grayscale image, and the captured image is read into the software to obtain the grayscale value of each pixel. The grayscale value of the contact part is low, while the grayscale value of the white screen 3013 is high, and the grayscale value on both sides of the boundary The difference is huge. After the boundary is identified, the contour of the contact body can be obtained. The "connected" part of the contour is the contact area of the contact object. The contact area between the contact bodies can be obtained through the obtained contact area width (there are two contact bodies, upper and lower. The contact area of the upper contact body and the lower contact body is actually one. When performing boundary recognition on the image, the contour of the upper contact body and the lower contact body will be recognized, and there will be an overlapping area between the two contours are connected together, and this connected part is the contact area of the two contact bodies).
本实施例还提供一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法,如图2所示,该方法包括以下步骤:This embodiment also provides a contact area measurement method based on image measurement technology, as shown in Figure 2, the method includes the following steps:
步骤201:光源提供光线,调整光线范围并将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场;Step 201: the light source provides light, adjusts the light range and scatters the light, and provides a uniform light field for the contact body;
步骤202:加载接触体,形成接触区域;Step 202: loading a contact body to form a contact area;
步骤203:利用相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像;Step 203: Use a camera to photograph the contact body loaded under a uniform light field, and collect an image of the contact part;
步骤204:分析所述接触部位图像,进行边界识别,确定接触宽度,并计算出接触体间的接触面积。Step 204: Analyzing the image of the contact part, identifying the boundary, determining the contact width, and calculating the contact area between the contact bodies.
步骤204中还可以得到接触体间的接触半宽随加载的载荷变化曲线。In step 204, the contact half-width between the contact bodies can also be obtained as a function of load variation curve.
步骤201,进一步为:所述光源提供光线后,利用移动光圈调整照射范围,利用白幕将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场。Step 201 is further: after the light source provides light, use the moving aperture to adjust the irradiation range, use the white screen to scatter the light, and provide a uniform light field for the contact body.
步骤203,进一步为:Step 203, further:
利用IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像。The IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera is used to shoot the contact body loaded under the uniform light field, and the image of the contact part is collected.
步骤204,进一步为:Step 204, further:
当接触体为球体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为圆形,确定的接触宽度为接触区域的直径d,接触面积等于π×(d/2)2;When the contact body is a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube, the contact area is circular, the determined contact width is the diameter d of the contact area, and the contact area is equal to π×(d/2) 2 ;
当接触体为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为长方形,接触面积等于确定的接触宽度乘以圆柱体的长度。本实施例中的石墨圆柱的尺寸为Φ50×60mm,石墨方砖的尺寸为100×100×60mm。加载设备是MTS810材料性能试验机。在本实施例前,首先搭设背光模块中的光源3011、移动光圈3012、白幕3013,在本实施例中,光源3011使用LED灯,移动光圈3012使用低碳钢块组成,白幕3013适用普通A4白纸。当背光模块301各部分搭建完成后在环境箱外部用三脚架架设IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机。When the contact body is a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube, the contact area is a rectangle, and the contact area is equal to the determined contact width multiplied by the length of the cylinder. The size of the graphite cylinder in this embodiment is Φ50×60 mm, and the size of the graphite square brick is 100×100×60 mm. The loading equipment is MTS810 material performance testing machine. Before this embodiment, first set up the light source 3011, moving aperture 3012, and white curtain 3013 in the backlight module. A4 white paper. After the construction of each part of the backlight module 301 is completed, an IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera is set up on a tripod outside the environmental chamber.
在将相机架设完毕后,进入图像采集模块303。调整相机焦距将石墨端面拍摄清晰,并将带有刻度的标定纸粘贴在圆柱端面,此时拍摄一张图片用于标定物面分辨率,石墨接触体302的标定图片如图4所示。拍摄完成后,将粘贴的标定纸摘下,并将相机光圈调至最大。相机调试完毕后,开启试验机进行加载,加载速度为0.1mm/min,同时开启高分辨率相机的图像采集系统,采集速度为0.2fps。当载荷达到50KN时,同时停止试验机加载和相机图像采集。After the camera is set up, enter the image acquisition module 303 . Adjust the focal length of the camera to take a clear picture of the graphite end surface, and paste a calibration paper with scale on the cylinder end surface. At this time, a picture is taken to calibrate the resolution of the object surface. The calibration picture of the graphite contact body 302 is shown in FIG. 4 . After shooting, take off the pasted calibration paper and adjust the camera aperture to the maximum. After the camera is debugged, turn on the testing machine for loading at a loading speed of 0.1mm/min, and at the same time turn on the image acquisition system of the high-resolution camera at an acquisition speed of 0.2fps. When the load reaches 50KN, stop the testing machine loading and camera image acquisition at the same time.
本实施例图像采集结束后,将本实施例所采集的图像导入接触面积识别模块304,利用软件对图像中接触体边界进行识别。经过边界识别后得到的图像,接触体轮廓显示为白色,而剩余区域显示为黑色,石墨圆柱边界与石墨砖轮廓交点即为两者接触点,本实施例采集的图像及对图像进行边界识别后的接触体轮廓如图5所示,两个接触点之间的部分为石墨圆柱与石墨砖的接触宽度,通过得到的接触宽度可以得到石墨线接触的接触面积。图6为通过本实施例获得的石墨接触体连续加载过程中接触半宽的变化结果。After the image collection in this embodiment is completed, the image collected in this embodiment is imported into the contact area identification module 304, and software is used to identify the boundary of the contact body in the image. In the image obtained after boundary identification, the outline of the contact body is displayed in white, while the remaining area is displayed in black. The intersection point between the boundary of the graphite cylinder and the outline of the graphite brick is the contact point between the two. The image collected in this embodiment and the image after boundary identification The profile of the contact body is shown in Figure 5. The part between the two contact points is the contact width between the graphite cylinder and the graphite brick. The contact area of the graphite line contact can be obtained by obtaining the contact width. Fig. 6 is the change result of the contact half-width during the continuous loading process of the graphite contact body obtained by this embodiment.
实施例二:Embodiment two:
本实施例以测量高温环境中石墨材料制成的球形构件与方砖之间的接触面积为例,对本发明在高温环境中具体实施方式进行详细说明。In this embodiment, taking the measurement of the contact area between a spherical member made of graphite material and a square brick in a high-temperature environment as an example, the specific implementation of the present invention in a high-temperature environment is described in detail.
如图3所示本实施例提供一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量系统,该系统与接触体302相配合,用于测量接触体间的接触面积,包括:背光模块301、图像采集模块303和接触面积识别模块304。As shown in Figure 3, this embodiment provides a contact area measurement system based on image measurement technology, the system cooperates with the contact body 302, and is used to measure the contact area between the contact bodies, including: a backlight module 301, an image acquisition module 303 and contact area identification module 304 .
背光模块301的作用是为接触体302提供一个均匀的光场,该模块由光源3011、移动光圈3012、白幕3013三部分组成。光源3011的作用在接触体302的背面提供光线。移动光圈3012利用两个可以移动的遮挡物体组成,可以合理的调整光源的照射区域。白幕3013的作用有两个,第一是要将光源3011射出的光线进行散射,将光线散射的原因是使拍摄的图片中接触体轮廓更加清晰,因为在测量过程中,拍摄区域需要光线强度分布均匀的光场,对于类似LED灯提供的直线光源来说,无论如何调整光源位置与光线强度都无法满足要求,而将光线散射后便可达到这种效果;第二个作用是要起到一种白色背景布的作用,使得相机拍摄的接触区域色差明显,轮廓更加清晰。对于白幕3013的要求与实施例一中相同。The function of the backlight module 301 is to provide a uniform light field for the contact body 302 . The function of the light source 3011 is to provide light on the back side of the contact body 302 . The moving aperture 3012 is composed of two movable blocking objects, which can reasonably adjust the irradiation area of the light source. The white screen 3013 has two functions. The first is to scatter the light emitted by the light source 3011. The reason for scattering the light is to make the outline of the contact body in the photographed picture clearer, because in the measurement process, the photographed area needs light intensity Evenly distributed light field, for the linear light source provided by LED lamps, no matter how you adjust the light source position and light intensity, it cannot meet the requirements, and this effect can be achieved by scattering the light; the second function is to play The function of a white background cloth makes the color difference of the contact area captured by the camera obvious and the outline clearer. The requirements for the white screen 3013 are the same as those in the first embodiment.
接触体302,分别与背光模块301和图像采集模块303相耦接,用于在背光模块301的均匀光场中形成接触面积,并被图像采集模块303采集到接触部位图像。接触体302进一步为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体,或进一步为球体与立方体形成的接触体。本实施例中接触体302为石墨球与石墨方砖形成的接触体,接触体间形成点接触。当然这里不对接触体302的形式作具体限定,接触体302还可以是三角型椎体和平面形成的接触体,也可以是椭圆柱与平面形成的接触体,具体的依实际情况而定。The contact body 302 is coupled to the backlight module 301 and the image acquisition module 303 respectively, and is used to form a contact area in the uniform light field of the backlight module 301 , and the image acquisition module 303 collects an image of the contact part. The contact body 302 is further a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube, or a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube. In this embodiment, the contact body 302 is a contact body formed by graphite balls and graphite square bricks, and a point contact is formed between the contact bodies. Of course, the form of the contact body 302 is not specifically limited here. The contact body 302 can also be a contact body formed by a triangular pyramid and a plane, or a contact body formed by an elliptical cylinder and a plane, depending on the actual situation.
图像采集模块303,分别与接触体302和接触面积识别模块304相耦接,用于采集到接触体302的接触部位图像并发送至接触面积识别模块304。本实施例中图像采集模块303中进一步设置了相机3031,进一步的相机3031为IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机。图像采集模块303的作用:对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行连续拍摄,获得数字图像信息。在对接触体302进行拍摄之前,要先调整模块中使用的相机与镜头,为了满足后处理计算时的要求,需要将接触体整体特征部分(比如圆柱体或球体的一半以上的部分)容纳进图片之中。在选定拍摄区域之后,调整焦距,使接触区域呈现出清晰的像。因为相机3031采集图片的分辨率单位是像素,所以在图像调整清晰后需在接触区域进行标定,使采集图片的分辨率单位转化为标准长度单位。焦距调整完毕后,在接触体302轮廓整体可以识别的前提下尽可能将光圈调大,这样可以增大白幕3013背景的光强大小,使接触体302与背景灰度差别更加明显,便于识别。在相机镜头调整完毕后,设定好相机采集速度便可在实验的过程中对图像进行实时采集。The image collection module 303 is coupled to the contact body 302 and the contact area identification module 304 respectively, and is used to collect the contact site image of the contact body 302 and send it to the contact area identification module 304 . In this embodiment, a camera 3031 is further provided in the image acquisition module 303, and the further camera 3031 is an IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera. The function of the image acquisition module 303: to continuously photograph the contact body loaded under the uniform light field to obtain digital image information. Before shooting the contact body 302, the camera and lens used in the module must be adjusted first. In order to meet the requirements of post-processing calculation, it is necessary to accommodate the entire characteristic part of the contact body (such as more than half of a cylinder or sphere) into the in the picture. After selecting the shooting area, adjust the focus so that the contact area presents a clear image. Because the resolution unit of the picture collected by the camera 3031 is a pixel, it is necessary to calibrate the contact area after the image is adjusted to be clear, so that the resolution unit of the collected picture is converted into a standard length unit. After the focal length is adjusted, the aperture should be adjusted as large as possible on the premise that the outline of the contact body 302 can be recognized as a whole. This can increase the light intensity of the background of the white screen 3013, making the gray difference between the contact body 302 and the background more obvious and easy to identify. After the camera lens is adjusted, the camera acquisition speed can be set to collect images in real time during the experiment.
接触面积识别模块304,与图像采集模块303相耦接,用于接收图像采集模块303发送的接触部位图像并进行边界识别得到接触宽度,并计算出接触体间的接触面积(本实施例中像为球体和立方体的接触,接触宽度实际上就是接触区域(圆形)的直径d,π×(d/2)2即为接触区域面积)。接触面积识别模块304作用是将图像采集模块中采集的图像进行边界识别。在图像中,边界代表着一个特征区域的终点和另一个特征区域的起点,边界所分开区域的内部特征或属性是一致的,而不同区域的内部特征或属性是有较大差异的,边界识别正是利用物体和背景在某种图像特性上的差异来实现的。这种差异包括灰度、颜色等。边界识别实际上就是检测图像特性发生变化的位置。相机3031拍摄图像为灰度图像,将拍摄图像读入软件中,可以得到每一个像素点的灰度值,接触体部分灰度低,而白幕3013灰度值高,边界两侧灰度值差别非常大。在将边界识别之后,便可以得到接触体轮廓,轮廓的“连通”部分便是接触物体的接触区域,通过得到的接触区域宽度便可以得到接触体间的接触面积(接触体有上下两个,位于上方的接触体和下方接触体的接触区域实际上是一个,对图像进行边界识别的时候,会识别出上方接触体的轮廓与下方接触体的轮廓,两个轮廓之间会有一个重叠区域是连通在一块儿的,这个连通部分就是两个接触体的接触区域)。The contact area identification module 304 is coupled with the image acquisition module 303, and is used to receive the contact site image sent by the image acquisition module 303 and perform boundary identification to obtain the contact width, and calculate the contact area between the contact bodies (such as in this embodiment) For the contact between a sphere and a cube, the contact width is actually the diameter d of the contact area (circle), and π×(d/2) 2 is the area of the contact area). The function of the contact area recognition module 304 is to recognize the boundary of the image collected by the image collection module. In the image, the boundary represents the end point of a feature area and the starting point of another feature area. The internal features or attributes of the area separated by the boundary are consistent, but the internal features or attributes of different areas are quite different. Boundary recognition It is achieved by using the difference between the object and the background in certain image characteristics. This difference includes grayscale, color, etc. Boundary recognition is really all about detecting where the properties of an image change. The image captured by the camera 3031 is a grayscale image, and the captured image is read into the software to obtain the grayscale value of each pixel. The grayscale value of the contact part is low, while the grayscale value of the white screen 3013 is high, and the grayscale value on both sides of the boundary The difference is huge. After the boundary is identified, the contour of the contact body can be obtained. The "connected" part of the contour is the contact area of the contact object. The contact area between the contact bodies can be obtained through the obtained contact area width (there are two contact bodies, upper and lower. The contact area of the upper contact body and the lower contact body is actually one. When performing boundary recognition on the image, the contour of the upper contact body and the lower contact body will be recognized, and there will be an overlapping area between the two contours are connected together, and this connected part is the contact area of the two contact bodies).
本实施例还提供一种基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法,如图2所示,该方法包括以下步骤:This embodiment also provides a contact area measurement method based on image measurement technology, as shown in Figure 2, the method includes the following steps:
步骤201:光源提供光线,调整光线范围并将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场;Step 201: the light source provides light, adjusts the light range and scatters the light, and provides a uniform light field for the contact body;
步骤202:加载接触体,形成接触区域;Step 202: loading a contact body to form a contact area;
步骤203:利用相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像;Step 203: Use a camera to photograph the contact body loaded under a uniform light field, and collect an image of the contact part;
步骤204:分析所述接触部位图像,进行边界识别,确定接触宽度,继而计算出接触体间的接触面积。Step 204: Analyzing the image of the contact part, performing boundary recognition, determining the contact width, and then calculating the contact area between the contact bodies.
步骤204中还可以得到接触体间的接触半宽随加载的载荷变化曲线。In step 204, the contact half-width between the contact bodies can also be obtained as a function of load variation curve.
步骤201,进一步为:所述光源提供光线后,利用移动光圈调整光线范围,利用白幕将光线散射,为接触体提供均匀光场。Step 201 is further: after the light source provides light, adjust the light range by moving the aperture, and use the white screen to scatter the light to provide a uniform light field for the contact body.
步骤203,进一步为:Step 203, further:
利用IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机对处于均匀光场下受载的接触体进行拍摄,采集接触部位图像。The IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera is used to shoot the contact body loaded under the uniform light field, and the image of the contact part is collected.
步骤204,进一步为:Step 204, further:
当接触体为球体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为圆形,确定的接触宽度为接触区域的直径d,接触面积等于π×(d/2)2;When the contact body is a contact body formed by a sphere and a cube, the contact area is circular, the determined contact width is the diameter d of the contact area, and the contact area is equal to π×(d/2) 2 ;
当接触体为圆柱体与立方体形成的接触体时,接触区域为长方形,接触面积等于确定的接触宽度乘以圆柱体的长度。When the contact body is a contact body formed by a cylinder and a cube, the contact area is a rectangle, and the contact area is equal to the determined contact width multiplied by the length of the cylinder.
本实施例中的石墨球直径40mm,石墨方砖及加载设备与实施例一中相同。加温设备为MTS8651环境箱。为了确保拍摄图像的质量,环境箱观察窗使用耐1600℃高温的超白石英玻璃。在测量前,需要在环境箱内搭设背光模块中的光源3011、移动光圈3012、白幕3013。在本实施例中,光源3011使用500摄氏度耐高温灯,移动光圈3012则由石棉包裹的低碳钢块组成,白幕3013则使用陶瓷纤维制成的耐高温纸。当光源模块各部分搭建完成后在环境箱外部用三脚架架设IPX-16M3-L高分辨率相机。The diameter of graphite balls in this embodiment is 40mm, and the graphite square bricks and loading equipment are the same as those in Embodiment 1. The heating equipment is MTS8651 environment box. In order to ensure the quality of the captured images, the observation window of the environmental chamber uses ultra-clear quartz glass that can withstand high temperatures of 1600 °C. Before the measurement, it is necessary to set up the light source 3011 in the backlight module, the moving aperture 3012 and the white curtain 3013 in the environmental chamber. In this embodiment, the light source 3011 uses a 500-degree high-temperature-resistant lamp, the moving aperture 3012 is composed of a low-carbon steel block wrapped with asbestos, and the white curtain 3013 is made of high-temperature-resistant paper made of ceramic fibers. After the construction of each part of the light source module is completed, set up the IPX-16M3-L high-resolution camera with a tripod outside the environmental chamber.
在将相机架设完毕后,进入图像采集模块。打开耐高温灯,将事先准备好的标定物表面与接触面对齐,调整相机焦距将标定物表面拍摄清晰,此时拍摄一张图片用于标定物面分辨。拍摄完成后,将标定物取出,并将相机光圈调至最大。相机调试完毕后,打开环境箱加温装置,将温度升至200℃。待环境箱温度稳定时,开启试验机进行加载,加载速度为0.1mm/min,同时开启高分辨率相机的图像采集系统,采集速度为0.2fps。当载荷达到12KN时,同时停止试验机加载和相机图像采集。After setting up the camera, enter the image acquisition module. Turn on the high-temperature-resistant lamp, align the surface of the calibration object prepared in advance with the contact surface, adjust the focal length of the camera to take a clear picture of the surface of the calibration object, and take a picture at this time for calibration object surface resolution. After shooting, take out the calibration object and adjust the camera aperture to the maximum. After the camera is debugged, turn on the heating device of the environmental chamber and raise the temperature to 200°C. When the temperature of the environmental chamber is stable, turn on the testing machine for loading at a loading speed of 0.1mm/min, and at the same time turn on the image acquisition system of the high-resolution camera at an acquisition speed of 0.2fps. When the load reaches 12KN, stop the testing machine loading and camera image acquisition at the same time.
本实施例中在高温条件下进行接触面积识别模块流程与实施例一相同,图7为高温实验采集的图像及对图像进行边界识别后的接触体轮廓,图8为通过实验获得的石墨接触体连续加载过程中接触半径的变化结果。In this embodiment, the flow of the contact area recognition module under high temperature conditions is the same as that of Embodiment 1. Figure 7 shows the image collected by the high temperature experiment and the contact body profile after the boundary recognition of the image, and Figure 8 shows the graphite contact body obtained through the experiment. Variation results of the contact radius during continuous loading.
与现有技术相比,本申请所述的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,该方法及系统具有非接触、高精度、连续和可满足高温环境测量等优点,可以自动化的完成各种工况下接触面积的测量,达到了如下效果:Compared with the prior art, the contact area measurement method and system based on image measurement technology described in this application has the advantages of non-contact, high precision, continuous and high-temperature environment measurement, and can automatically complete various The measurement of the contact area under these working conditions achieves the following effects:
本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,可以将测量系统与被测量物体隔绝开来,这样解决了高温下无法测量接触面积的问题;本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,实现了连续拍摄的测量方式,同时也实现了加载过程中的实时采集;本发明提供的基于图像测量技术的接触面积测量方法及系统,测量精度可达到亚像素级别。The contact area measurement method and system based on image measurement technology provided by the present invention can isolate the measurement system from the object to be measured, thus solving the problem that the contact area cannot be measured at high temperature; the contact area based on image measurement technology provided by the present invention The area measurement method and system realizes the measurement mode of continuous shooting, and also realizes the real-time acquisition during the loading process; the contact area measurement method and system based on the image measurement technology provided by the present invention, the measurement accuracy can reach the sub-pixel level.
上述说明示出并描述了本申请的若干优选实施例,但如前所述,应当理解本申请并非局限于本文所披露的形式,不应看作是对其他实施例的排除,而可用于各种其他组合、修改和环境,并能够在本文所述申请构想范围内,通过上述教导或相关领域的技术或知识进行改动。而本领域人员所进行的改动和变化不脱离本申请的精神和范围,则都应在本申请所附权利要求的保护范围内。The above description shows and describes several preferred embodiments of the present application, but as mentioned above, it should be understood that the present application is not limited to the form disclosed herein, and should not be regarded as excluding other embodiments, but can be used in various Various other combinations, modifications and environments, and can be modified by the above teachings or the technology or knowledge in the related field within the scope of the application concept described herein. However, modifications and changes made by those skilled in the art do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present application, and should all be within the protection scope of the appended claims of the present application.
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