CN108871944A - A method of utilizing the full surface local train of three axis sample dynamic of digital image processing techniques measurement sand and its uniformity - Google Patents
A method of utilizing the full surface local train of three axis sample dynamic of digital image processing techniques measurement sand and its uniformity Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
- G06T7/0004—Industrial image inspection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0284—Bulk material, e.g. powders
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
- G01N2203/0647—Image analysis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0682—Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle
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- G06T2207/30108—Industrial image inspection
- G06T2207/30132—Masonry; Concrete
Abstract
It is a kind of that using three axis sample dynamic of digital image processing techniques measurement sand, the method for surface local train and its uniformity belongs to soil test technique field entirely, it is realized based on small-sized triaxial tester, utilize external high-speed industrial camera, to speckle treated three axis specimen surfaces carry out test overall process shooting, overall process image data is acquired;Trial image is pre-processed using PS, and intercepts the parts of images in the comprehensive field rectangular image of sample as band is calculated, the area data of each calculation block is calculated using DIC image processing techniques, finally obtains the central point actual displacement of each calculation block.According to the central point actual displacement of obtained each calculation block, local train is calculated.According to gained each local train of sample body is calculated, sample body bulk strain develops uniformity during differentiating test.The apparatus that the present invention uses is simple, test operation is convenient and can reduce the interference during tested to sample, while the method that can accurately measure each local train of sample again.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to soil test technique fields, are related to the survey that geotechnological dynamic triaxial test sample strain develops uniformity
Amount method more particularly to a kind of become using the three full surface allergic effect of axis sample dynamic of digital image processing techniques measurement sand and its
The method of even property.
Background technique
In sand dynamic triaxial test, due between rigid sample cap and pedestal and sample there are restrictions of the frictional force,
In sample stress loading procedure, sample end stress and middle section are inconsistent, develop so as to cause the strain of sample body entirety
Unevenly.Meanwhile during dynamically load, since the factors such as loading frequency, infiltration coefficient influence, sample is caused integrally to strain
Development it is uneven.Currently, general traditional dynamic triaxial test equipment, using external displacement meter, measurement accuracy is low, installation
Position determines must be comprising the change between load bar, interior external force snesor, sample cap, filter paper and permeable stone in measurement result
Shape is also squeezed and deformed comprising the initial contact between them and its between sample, calculates sample entirety with its measurement result
Mean strain, this is clearly inaccuracy and is unreasonable.
Currently, many scholars have been with regard to having done relevant research in the above problem, typically using inside pressure chamber or
A certain amount of local displacement meter is directly installed in sample body, the certain local strains of sample body is measured, uses more method:
Linear displacement transducer (LVDT), cantilevered local displacement meter (Cantilever-LDT), local displacement meter (LDT) etc..But
Contact arrangement can be arranged in the setting of these sensors in sample body, due to the presence of these optional equipments, influence test
It carries out and measurement, main influence has:First is that the introducing of sensor can interfere sample body strain in test loading procedure
Development, either axial strain or radial strain can all be disturbed;Second is that strain development is more during dynamically load
Rapidly, the development of radial strain can interfere the measurement accuracy and precision of local displacement meter;Third is that for development of deformation to larger
The case where when, such methods measurement be it is inaccurate, for the operating condition of test of large deformation, such methods are not applicable;Fourth is that
The measure setup of local displacement meter can only measure certain local strained situations, cannot carry out each position to comprehensive field of sample
Local measurement, it is not comprehensive enough accurate to cause to measure;Fifth is that due to needing to lead to testing equipment structure using a large amount of equipment
Complexity, test operation difficulty increase, and experimentation cost increases.
It can be seen that needing one kind at present does not influence sample strain development, and each part of sample can be accurately measured comprehensively and is become
The method of shape.
Summary of the invention
The shortcomings that it is an object of the invention to overcome the prior art and method and deficiency, provide a kind of apparatus it is simple,
Test operation is convenient and can reduce the interference during tested to sample, while can accurately measure each local train of sample again
Method, solve the problems, such as the big change of sample body under each local deformation measurement in full surface, current intelligence under sample body current intelligence
The problem and differentiation loading frequency of shape measurement, method for making sample etc. strain the problem for developing uniformity and influencing on sample.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme is that:
It is a kind of to be become using the three full surface allergic effect of axis sample dynamic of digital image processing techniques measurement sand and its uniformity
Method, this method shoot the speckle printed on sample come the deformation process of trace simulation sample, then by high-speed industrial camera
Captured speckle image is analyzed using advanced digital image processing techniques-DIC, obtains sample body integrally each office
The deformation in portion, test process operation difficulty is low, and later image processing technique is at low cost, analyzes result validity and with a high credibility,
Measurement process will not disturb sample, while can also carry out the analysis of the other parameters such as radial strain.This method is based on test dress
Realization is set, experimental rig includes small-sized triaxial instrument 1, high-speed industrial camera 8, computer 9 etc..Specifically comprise the following steps:
(1) sample 6 is prepared using 1 equipment of small-sized triaxial instrument.
(2) speckle processing is carried out to latex film 5.
(3) sample 6 installed, ventilated, be saturated, consolidated, and connect loading device.
(4) external lighting apparatus is set up, illumination setting is carried out to sample 6.Make specimen surface uniform illumination, surface speckle
It is more clear, contour line is clearly more demarcated, improves picture quality.
(5) high-speed industrial camera 8 is set up.
(6) loading procedure and image acquisition procedure are triggered simultaneously, is tested.
(7) test data and trial image are obtained, and is post-processed.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) speckle image processing technology is applied for the first time differentiates in the full surface strain measurement of three axis of dynamic and strain uniformity.
The measurement method does not need in addition to design and develop the equipment for carrying out comprehensive local measurement to sample body, utilizes high-speed industrial camera
It can be carried out the measurement of full surface local deformation with existing Conventional compact triaxial apparatus.
(2) the measurement method operating procedure is simple, avoids interference of the outer sensor to sample deformation, saves dissipate in real time
Spot image is conducive to observe and analyze again after the end of the test entire test process.Meanwhile a needle is avoided during the test
Parts certain to sample body carry out the limitation of strain measurement.
(3) present invention can be measured accurately for the speckle image saved using advanced Digital Image Processing algorithm
The axial deformation of sample body part and radial deformation, the method are applicable not only to small deformation measurement and apply also for large-deformation measuring,
Accurately and reliably method and measurement means are provided to strain the selection of standard, soil dynamics and sand liquefaction has been pushed to study
Development has good promotional value.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is testing equipment and acquisition equipment drawing.
Fig. 2 is testing equipment and sample body speckle image.
Fig. 3 is image processing techniques selection range schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is DIC image processing techniques algorithm principle figure.
Fig. 5 is test materials grading curve figure.
Fig. 6 is each 11 central point shift value timeamplitude map of calculation block.
In figure:1 small-sized triaxial instrument;2 connecting shafts;3 sample caps;4 permeable stones;5 latex films;6 samples;7 specimen mounts;8 is high
Fast industrial camera;9 computers;10 high-speed data acquisition lines;11 calculate band;12 calculation blocks;13 refer to sub-district;14 targets
Area.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with example, the present invention is described in detail:
A method of the full surface allergic effects change of three axis sample dynamics and its uniformity being measured using digital image processing techniques,
Realize that experimental rig includes high-speed industrial camera 8, computer 9 and high-speed data acquisition line 10 based on small-sized triaxial tester 1.Tool
Body includes the following steps:
(1) 1 testing equipment of small-sized triaxial instrument is used, is pressed《Earthwork test rule》(SL237-1999) conventional methods in
Three axis samples 6 are prepared, the present embodiment is completed using sand and tests, sand gradation is as shown in Figure 5.
(2) surface whole audience speckle is carried out to latex film 5 using spray painting (black and white) to handle.The first uniform black matrix of spray,
After drying, then random spray white speckle.Black basecoat makes imaging clearly, and edge is obvious, so that latex film 5 and background reflectance are bright
It is aobvious, so that sample 6 and the gray value of its peripheral portion is equipped with obvious transition in margin location, meets the condition of step edge;White with black
Spot contrast is high, and gray value difference is big, is easy to later image analysis, improves measuring accuracy.
(3) it presses《Earthwork test rule》(SL237-1999) conventional methods install sample 6 in.Sample 6 pushes up
Permeable stone 4 is placed in portion and bottom respectively, and latex film 5 is nested with outside sample 6, and sample 6 is placed in specimen mount 7, pacifies
Sample cap 3 is set, latex film 5 is bound, completes installation.Ventilation is saturated, consolidation, and connecting shaft 2 is connect with hydraulic loading system.
(4) external servicing lighting is set up, illumination setting is carried out to sample body.Make sample body surface uniform illumination, makes
Sample body surface speckle is more clear, and sample body contour line is clearly more demarcated, improves picture quality.
(5) high-speed industrial camera 8 is set up, and is connect it with computer 9 using high-speed data acquisition line 10, adjusts high speed work
The camera lens of industry camera 8, focuses to sample body, adjusts exposure rate.Meanwhile image acquisition procedure is debugged, acquisition parameter is set
Including acquiring image pixel, acquisition frame rate.
(6) loading procedure and image acquisition procedure are triggered simultaneously, and high frequency acquires overall process trial image to off-test, obtains
Take trial image.
(7) trial image is pre-processed using PS, is obtained 6 comprehensive rectangular images of sample (such as Fig. 3);Interception is along length
Image in each 15 ° of arc lengths of axis direction center line or so, referred to as calculating band 11.It is carried out at layering to band 11 is calculated
Reason, band is equally divided into L layers (being divided into 20 layers in the present embodiment), and the specific number of plies determines according to actual conditions, obtains L block meter altogether
Block 12 is calculated, each 12 gray value data of calculation block is obtained by related algorithm program, utilizes DIC image processing techniques analytical calculation
The area data of each calculation block 12, for one of (such as Fig. 4), calculating process is as follows:
One calculation block 12 is divided into N block square region, each square region is known as referring to sub-district 13, with one of them
For sub-district 13, which is P (X0,Y0), any point Q (X, the Y) in addition to central point, this is with reference to son
The pixel in area 13 is (2M+1) * (2M+1), and M can be according to picture quality (pixel height) Rational choice, it is assumed that with reference to sub-district
It is deformed into linear.
Computing Principle as shown in Figure 4, single order shape function coefficient vector, as shown in formula (1):
Then coordinate after any point Q point deformation in region, as shown in formula (2), (3):
U indicates deformation front and back P point abscissa shift value;V indicates deformation front and back P point ordinate shift value.
Using domain search algorithm is closed on, target sub-district 14 is found, calculates phase relation using normalized covariance correlation function
Number extreme value, iterates to calculate by tentative calculation repeatedly, finds target sub-district 14, and the target sub-district 14 and above-mentioned reference 13 pixel of sub-district are believed
Same or similar, acquisition central point P (X', Y') coordinate is ceased, the Displacement calculation based on gradient for introducing grey scale change is utilized
Method calculates the sub-district neutral displacement.Using the above method, the displacement D of 13 central point of sub-district can be referred in the hope of N block, to acquiring
It respectively is displaced D with reference to sub-district 13, is displaced S using the central point that formula (4) calculate the final calculation block 12.
Wherein, S indicates a certain 12 central point actual displacement of calculation block;N indicates to refer to the number of sub-district 13;DiIndicate certain
With reference to 13 central point actual displacement of sub-district.
According to above-mentioned calculating process, the central point actual displacement of available each calculation block 12.Calculated result such as Fig. 6 institute
Show, 20 pieces of calculation blocks 12 are amounted in the present embodiment and corresponding each block central point is displaced time-history curves.
(8) the central point actual displacement of each calculation block 12 obtained according to step (7) calculates part by formula (5) and answers
Become:
Wherein, ε indicates strain value;S1、S2Indicate the actual displacement of 12 central point of calculation block of corresponding topical;H is two innings
Portion's central point initial position relative displacement.
According to each local train of sample body 6, differentiate that integrally strain develops uniformity for it.
Embodiments of the present invention above described embodiment only expresses, but it cannot be understood as special to the present invention
The limitation of the range of benefit, it is noted that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise,
Various modifications and improvements can be made, these are all belonged to the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of method for measuring the full surface strain of three axis sample dynamics and its uniformity using digital image processing techniques, special
Sign is that this method is realized based on small-sized triaxial tester (1), and speckle image processing method is applied for the first time in the dynamic full table of three axis
Face strain measurement and strain uniformity differentiate, are not required to outer sensor, avoid its interference to sample deformation, and can accurately survey
The axial deformation and radial deformation, this method for measuring sample body part specifically include following steps:
1) three axis samples (6) are prepared using small-sized triaxial instrument (1);
2) processing of surface whole audience speckle is carried out to latex film (5);
3) sample (6) top and bottom is placed permeable stone (4) respectively, and is nested with latex film (5) outside sample (6), by sample
(6) it is placed on specimen mount (7), disposes sample cap (3), bind latex film (5), complete installation;Sample (6) is led to
Connecting shaft (2) is connect by gas, saturation, consolidation with hydraulic loading system;
4) external servicing lighting is set up, illumination setting is carried out to sample (6), makes sample (6) surface uniform illumination;
5) high-speed industrial camera (8) are set up, and is connect it with computer (9) using high-speed data acquisition line (10), adjust high speed
The camera lens of industrial camera (8), to sample (6) to defocused adjustment exposure rate;Meanwhile image acquisition procedure is debugged, setting acquisition ginseng
Number;
6) loading procedure and image acquisition procedure are triggered simultaneously, and high frequency acquires overall process trial image to off-test, obtains examination
Test image;
7) trial image is pre-processed using PS, obtains sample (6) field rectangular image comprehensively, intercepts along long axis direction center
Image in the arc length of each certain angle of line or so is as calculating band (11);It is carried out at layering to band (11) are calculated
Band is equally divided into L layers, obtained L block calculation block (12), and obtain the gray value data of each calculation block (12) by reason, benefit
The area data of each calculation block (12) is analyzed with DIC image processing techniques;
The calculating process of one of calculation block (12) is as follows:
One calculation block (12) is divided into N block square region, the fast number of the square region is according to measuring point and measurement essence
Degree requires to choose, and each square region is known as referring to sub-district (13), and one of central point with reference to sub-district is P (X0,Y0), it removes
The outer any point Q (X, Y) of central point, which is (2M+1) * (2M+1), and M chooses according to picture quality;Side
Coordinate after any point Q point deformation in shape region, as shown in formula (2), (3):
Wherein, U indicates deformation front and back P point abscissa shift value;V indicates deformation front and back P point ordinate shift value;
It using domain search algorithm is closed on, finds target sub-district (14), calculates related coefficient using normalized covariance correlation function
Extreme value, by tentative calculation repeatedly iterate to calculate, find target sub-district (14), the target sub-district (14) and it is above-mentioned with reference to sub-district (13) as
Prime information is same or similar, obtains central point P (X', Y') coordinate, utilizes the sub-pix position based on gradient for introducing grey scale change
It moves algorithm and calculates the sub-district neutral displacement;It in aforementioned manners, can be right in the hope of N block with reference to the displacement D of sub-district (13) central point
It acquires each reference sub-district 13 and is displaced D, the central point for utilizing formula (4) to calculate the final calculation block 12 is displaced S;
Wherein, S indicates a certain 12 central point actual displacement of calculation block;N indicates to refer to the number of sub-district 13;DiIndicate certain reference
13 central point actual displacement of sub-district;
According to above-mentioned calculating process, the central point actual displacement of available each calculation block 12, calculated result as shown in fig. 6,
Amount to 20 pieces of calculation blocks 12 in the present embodiment and corresponding each block central point is displaced time-history curves;
8) the central point actual displacement of each calculation block (12) obtained according to step 7) calculates local train by formula (5):
Wherein, ε indicates strain value;S1、S2Indicate the actual displacement of calculation block (12) central point of corresponding topical;H is two parts
Central point initial position relative displacement.
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CN109307643A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-02-05 | 重庆大学 | The method of rock whole field deformation is observed under the conditions of a kind of seepage flow |
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CN110441142A (en) * | 2019-07-20 | 2019-11-12 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of method of Digital image technology measurement three axis specimen surface membrane penetration of sandy gravel |
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CN113793331A (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2021-12-14 | 湖南华城检测技术有限公司 | Strain measurement method based on digital image |
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