CN104342362B - 太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置及垃圾综合处理方法 - Google Patents

太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置及垃圾综合处理方法 Download PDF

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CN104342362B
CN104342362B CN201410500464.9A CN201410500464A CN104342362B CN 104342362 B CN104342362 B CN 104342362B CN 201410500464 A CN201410500464 A CN 201410500464A CN 104342362 B CN104342362 B CN 104342362B
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方银娥
潘远来
梁智飞
曹小联
陈宗良
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Abstract

本发明公开一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置及垃圾综合处理方法,包括太阳能温室、预处理池、贮料池,所述预处理池连接贮料池,所述贮料池连接太阳能温室。作为一种优选方案,在太阳能温室中设置有用于堆肥处理餐厨垃圾的好氧堆肥池和厌氧发酵池,所述厌氧发酵池连接所述贮料池,所述好氧堆肥池连接所述厌氧发酵池。本发明在常规厌氧消化技术的基础上结合太阳能温室,逐步提高物料浓度,实现厌氧消化装置的快速平稳启动;厌氧消化产生的沼渣,根据其含水率按比例添加秸秆混匀后进行堆肥处理,既有效消纳沼渣,又可以形成堆肥产品供园林绿化使用。该综合处理方法具有运行能耗低,有机负荷高,消化残余物处理费用低,原料循环利用率高等特点。

Description

太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置及垃圾综合处理方法
技术领域
本发明涉及环保领域,具体涉及一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置及垃圾综合处理方法。
背景技术
当今世界,能源问题已成为人类社会普遍关注的焦点和必须解决的重大难题。各种垃圾处理也成为世界性难题。生物厌氧发酵处理垃圾的技术,不仅能够很环保的处理垃圾,变废为宝,而且能生产出清洁能源——沼气,既满足日益增长的能源需求,又解决了大量垃圾处理的难题。餐厨垃圾处理一直是我国废弃物处理处臵及循环利用的薄弱环节,早在70年代末80年代初,餐厨垃圾一直在没有任何处理的情况下作为饲料或肥料自用,造成生态链和食物链的恶性循环,诱发各种疾病的产生。进入二十一世纪,餐厨垃圾开始作为一种生物质能源被人们提及,但对于这种既有开发价值,又不能广泛利用的废弃物,我国一直没有相关的处理技术标准与资源利用设备化的普及。面对如此状况,开发适合中国国情的餐厨垃圾清洁能源利用技术与方法是国内市场化应用的需求,是国家环保政策的倾向。
餐厨垃圾具有有机物含量高、油脂含量高的特点,含大量油脂、胆固醇,极富营养,是细菌、病毒繁殖的瘟床,近十年内城市餐厨垃圾大部分被一些养猪户作为饲料,有偿地被城郊“养猪户”毫无处理地加以“充分利用”,喂饲“垃圾猪”,而废弃油脂则被回收提炼后掺入食用油中出售或销往各类饮食店档。没有经过处理的餐厨垃圾喂养的“垃圾猪”,不但容易引起动物感染等10余种传染性疾病,而且病原寄生在猪的体内繁衍,以食物链的形态进入人体,易造成人体感染病毒,如口蹄疫、肝炎等,可能引起传染性疾病爆发。餐厨垃圾中的废弃油脂被一些不法商贩回收提炼,制成“潲水油”,掺入食用油中出售,被人们食用。而“潲水油”中含有大量的致癌物质,这严重危害到人们的身体健康。通过开展餐厨垃圾的资源化利用,实现清洁能源的转化,彻底切断城市“垃圾猪”、“潲水油”源头,解决餐厨垃圾的二次污染、食品安全、社会生态环境和市民身体健康危害等问题。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少在一定程度上解决上述技术问题。
本发明的首要目的是提供一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置。
本发明的进一步目的是提供一种太阳能垃圾综合处理方法。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,包括太阳能温室、预处理池、贮料池,所述预处理池连接贮料池,所述贮料池连接太阳能温室。
作为一种优选方案,太阳能温室中设置好氧堆肥池和厌氧发酵池,所述厌氧发酵池连接所述贮料池,所述好氧堆肥池连接所述厌氧发酵池。
作为一种优选方案,还包括沼气加压储存罐,所述沼气加压储存罐连接所述厌氧发酵池。
作为一种优选方案,所述预处理池采用多级全自动分选成套化池和粉碎制浆池。
作为一种优选方案,所述沼气加压储存罐采用干燥剂和冷凝器。
作为一种优选方案,所述沼气加压储存罐采用沼气脱硫器。
作为一种优选方案,所述太阳能温室采用屋顶太阳能板。
一种垃圾综合处理方法,采用上述所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置实现,所述方法包括如下步骤:
S1.餐厨垃圾预处理:分选和粉碎制浆;
S2.进入贮料池充分混合;
S3.在太阳能温室中进行厌氧发酵和堆肥处理;
S4.得到堆肥产品。
作为一种优选方案,所述步骤S3中进行堆肥处理包括以下步骤:
S31.在贮料池中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼渣进入好氧堆肥池,加入秸秆作物充分混合后进行堆肥处理。
S32.在贮料池中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼液回流至贮料池循环使用。
作为进一步的优选方案,所述步骤S31中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼气进入沼气加压储存罐,脱水脱硫储存。
与现有技术相比,本发明技术方案的有益效果是:
(1)本发明采用屋顶太阳能板方式集热保温。厌氧发酵和堆肥处理池被放置在太阳能温室内,利用太阳能对反应器进行保温。在无外加热源的情况下,夏季可实现高温发酵,春、秋季实现中温发酵,冬季实现常温发酵。从而有效解决了发酵和堆肥的温度问题,并大大提高了其能效比。
(2)本发明厌氧消化产生的沼渣,根据其含水率按比例混合加入秸秆,控制混合物含水率55~65%后进行堆肥处理,既有效消纳沼渣,又可以形成堆肥产品供园林绿化使用。
(3)本发明具有运行能耗低,有机负荷高,消化残余物处理费用低,原料循环利用率高等特点。
附图说明
图1是本发明餐厨垃圾综合处理装置的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明的作进一步的说明。但本发明的实施方式并不因此限定于以下实施例。除非特别说明,本发明采用的材料和加工方法为本技术领域常用材料和加工方法。
如图1所示,一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,包括太阳能温室1,预处理池2,贮料池3,厌氧发酵池4,好氧堆肥池5,沼气加压储存罐6。
预处理池2连接贮料池3,贮料池3连接太阳能温室1;其中,好氧堆肥池5和厌氧发酵池4设置于太阳能温室1中,厌氧发酵池4连接贮料池3,好氧堆肥池5连接厌氧发酵池4;沼气加压储存罐6连接厌氧发酵池4。
首先,餐厨垃圾的预处理主要采用多级全自动分选成套化池和粉碎制浆池。多级全自动分选预处理池能有效地将餐厨垃圾中不被生物降解的成分自动分选出来,同时可将餐厨垃圾中直径0.25mm的砂砾碎片分离出来,保证餐厨垃圾资源化处理过程的顺利进行与最终产物的质量。多级全自动分选预处理池具有稳定、耐腐、抗冲击和自动化程度高的特点。经过分选完后的垃圾有机组分进行粉碎、制浆。
然后,餐厨垃圾经过预处理后在贮料池中充分混合,通过给料泵输送,采用厌氧发酵罐底部进料、上部溢流出料的方式运行。厌氧发酵池中设机械搅拌设施,进行间歇搅拌,搅拌周期选6h。每次搅拌持续30min,搅拌强度为20r/min。
最后,所产沼气经脱水脱硫后加压储存,也可就地利用。厌氧消化过程中产生的沼液回流至贮料池。厌氧消化产生的沼渣与秸秆作物根据配比充分混合后进行堆肥处理,调节堆肥物料初始含水率至60.11%左右,碳氮比约为26.1,形成堆肥产品。
厌氧发酵是废物在厌氧条件下通过微生物的代谢活动而被稳定化,同时伴有甲烷和CO2产生。液化阶段主要是发酵细菌起作用,包括纤维素分解菌和蛋白质水解菌,产酸阶段只要是醋酸菌起作用,产甲烷阶段主要是甲烷细菌,他们将产酸阶段产生的产物降解成甲烷和CO2同时利用产酸阶段产生的氢将CO2还原成甲烷。厌氧发酵的影响因素有:原料配比,厌氧发酵的碳氮比以20—30为宜,当碳氮比在35时产期量明显下降;温度在35—40℃为宜;pH值对于甲烷细菌来说,维持弱碱环境是绝对必要的,它的最佳pH范围为6.8—7.5,pH值低,它使CO2大增,大量水溶性有机物和H2S产生,硫化物含量的增加抑制了甲烷菌的生长,可以加石灰调节pH,但是调整pH的最好方法是调整原料的碳氮比,因为底质中用以中和酸的碱度主要是氨氮,底质含氮量越高,碱度越大,当VFA(挥发性脂肪酸)>3000时,反应会停止。在构建厌氧发酵池和好氧堆肥池时,在外部配套太阳能温室,太阳能保温室采用屋顶太阳能板方式集热保温。在无外加热源的情况下,夏季可实现高温发酵,春、秋季实现中温发酵,冬季实现常温发酵。从而有效解决了发酵和堆肥的温度问题,提高了能效比。
图中,描述位置关系仅用于示例性说明,不能理解为对本专利的限制;显然,本发明的上述实施例仅为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,包括太阳能温室、预处理池、贮料池,所述预处理池连接贮料池,所述贮料池连接太阳能温室,所述太阳能温室中设置好氧堆肥池和厌氧发酵池,所述厌氧发酵池连接所述贮料池,所述好氧堆肥池连接所述厌氧发酵池。
2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,还包括沼气加压储存罐,所述沼气加压储存罐连接所述厌氧发酵池。
3.根据权利要求 1 所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,所述预处理池采用多级全自动分选成套化池和粉碎制浆池。
4.根据权利要求 2 所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,所述沼气加压储存罐采用干燥剂和冷凝器。
5.根据权利要求2所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,所述沼气加压储存罐采用沼气脱硫器。
6.根据权利要求 1 所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置,其特征在于,所述太阳能温室采用屋顶太阳能板。
7. 一种垃圾综合处理方法,其特征在于,采用权利要求 1-6 任一项所述的太阳能餐厨垃圾综合处理装置实现,所述方法包括如下步骤:
S 1. 餐厨垃圾预处理:分选和粉碎制浆;
S 2. 进入贮料池充分混合;
S 3. 在太阳能温室中进行厌氧发酵和堆肥处理,
S 4. 得到堆肥产品。
8.根据权利要求7所述的垃圾综合处理方法,其特征在于所述步骤S3中进行堆肥处理包括以下步骤:
S 31. 在贮料池中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼渣进入好氧堆肥池,加入秸秆作物充分混合后进行堆肥处理 ;
S 32. 在贮料池中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼液回流至贮料池循环使用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的垃圾综合处理方法,其特征在于所述步骤S31中充分混合的餐厨垃圾进入厌氧发酵池后,产生的沼气进入沼气加压储存罐,脱水脱硫储存。
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