CN104332636A - 一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN104332636A
CN104332636A CN201410481652.1A CN201410481652A CN104332636A CN 104332636 A CN104332636 A CN 104332636A CN 201410481652 A CN201410481652 A CN 201410481652A CN 104332636 A CN104332636 A CN 104332636A
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秦海英
倪华良
迟洪忠
何燕
王娟
陈凯建
季振国
刘嘉斌
何垚橙
王烨润
高森
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Wei Ying
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Abstract

本发明提出一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法。该方法是将竹子、松木的屑粉或者边角料等在缺氧气氛下高温煅烧,然后浸没到含过渡金属离子溶液中保持1~1000分钟后取出,缺氧气氛高温煅烧;再浸没到强氧化性溶液,使竹炭或木炭石墨结构充分氧化为氧化石墨;然后取出置于缺氧气氛下500~1000℃高温煅烧0.01~0.5小时即可。本发明所制备的石墨烯为多孔结构,具备良好的透水透气特性,能实现电极反应所需要的快速质量传导要求;过渡金属纳米颗粒牢牢地附着在石墨烯孔道内壁,与传导进来的水、气和电子反应,构成无数的微三相反应区,极大地增加了反应活性面积,具备优异的催化反应活性。

Description

一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于电化学催化领域,具体涉及一种用于质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂的制备方法,尤其是一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法。 
背景技术
燃料电池是一种直接将储存在燃料中的化学能转变为电能的能量转换装置,由于其无需经过卡诺循环,能量密度和能量转换效率高,是一种新型的绿色能源技术。燃料电池根据电池使用的电解质的性质不同,可分为五类:以氢氧化钾为电解质的碱性燃料电池,以浓磷酸为电解质的磷酸燃料电池,以全氟或部分氟化磺酸型质子交换膜为电解质的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC),以熔融锂-钾碳酸盐或锂-钠碳酸盐为电解质的熔融碳酸盐燃料电池,和以固体氧化物为氧离子导体的固体氧化物燃料电池。PEMFC与其他类型的燃料电池相比,具有室温快速启动和可按负载要求快速改变输出功率的优点,是电动车、军事装备等各种便携式电源和移动式电源的最佳候选电源技术之一。 
目前,虽然常温下工作的PEMFC的结构设计和制备技术方面已经取得了很多进展,但是,与已经实用化的蓄电池相比,PEMFC商业化的难度还很大。关键需要研究解决的问题之一是其通常以贵金属材料为催化剂,寻找新的价格较低的高效非贵金属催化剂对于降低催化剂成本具有重要意义。 
通常的质子交换膜燃料电池电极往往通过催化剂颗粒与碳粉混合并结合适当的导电粘结剂将催化剂颗粒与碳粉混合在一起,绝大部分的催化剂颗粒被包埋在粘结剂内部,无法接触到氧气和质子及电子。采用此类制备方法所获得的电极仅仅在电极与质子交换膜接触的表面的那部分催化剂能够获得电子、氧气以及从质子交换膜传来的质子从而实现氧气的还原反应,才是真正有效的三相催化反应区。未能与质子交换膜接触的催化剂颗粒无法参与催化反应。由此造成极大的材料浪费,并且严重限制了三相催化反应区,无法显著提高电极的催化活性。 
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法。 
该方法具体是: 
步骤(1).将竹子、松木的屑粉或者边角料等在缺氧气氛下在500~1500℃下高温煅烧0.5~100小时后,得到自生多孔性竹炭或木炭;
步骤(2).将步骤(1)得到的自生多孔性竹炭或木炭浸没到浓度0.01~10 mol/L的含过渡金属离子溶液中保持1~1000分钟;然后取出该竹炭或木炭置于缺氧气氛下500~1000℃高温煅烧0.5~100小时;
所述的含过渡金属离子溶液中过渡金属离子为Fe、Co或Ni离子;
步骤(3).将步骤(2)处理后的竹炭或木炭浸没到强氧化性溶液,使步骤(2)处理后的竹炭或木炭石墨结构充分氧化为氧化石墨;然后取出竹炭或木炭置于缺氧气氛下500~1000℃高温煅烧0.01~0.5小时,得到石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米颗粒的复合材料。
所述的强氧化性溶液为钠硝酸、硫酸、高锰酸钾与双氧水的混合溶液;其中钠硝酸、硫酸、高锰酸钾与双氧水的质量体积比为1~3g:20~100 mL:3~10g:50~100mL; 
通过上述步骤所制备得到的石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米颗粒的复合材料,可作为多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂;其中石墨烯为多孔结构,孔径在0.5~2000 纳米范围,孔道具有各向同性,通孔占所有孔道比例的60﹪以上,盲孔所占比例在40﹪以下;其中过渡金属纳米颗粒尺寸在2~100 纳米范围,且相互重叠的颗粒占总颗粒比例的20﹪以下;过渡金属纳米颗粒附着在石墨烯孔道内壁,而非堆积在孔道中。
本发明具有的有益效果是: 
1、石墨烯具有超高导电性,有利于迅速导走电极产生的电子,保障良好的电传导;2、本发明所制备的石墨烯为多孔结构,具备良好的透水透气特性,能实现电极反应所需要的快速质量传导要求;3、过渡金属纳米颗粒牢牢地附着在石墨烯孔道内壁,与传导进来的水、气和电子反应,构成无数的微三相反应区,极大地增加了反应活性面积,具备优异的催化反应活性;4、使用竹木屑或者边角料作为原料,来源丰富、成本节约且环保无毒。
附图说明
图1为本发明石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的透射电子显微镜图; 
图2为本发明石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的高分辨透射电子显微镜图;
图3为本发明石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂与商业Pt/C的线性伏安曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步的分析。 
实施例1. 
(1)自生多孔性竹炭或木炭制备:将竹子、松木的屑粉或者边角料等在缺氧气氛下高温(1500摄氏度)煅烧0.5小时。
(2)铁纳米颗粒制备:将步骤(1)制得的竹炭或木炭浸入含铁离子的溶液(浓度0.01 mol/L)保持1000分钟,取出该竹炭或木炭并再次放入缺氧气氛下高温(1000摄氏度)煅烧0.5小时。 
(3)多孔石墨烯的制备:将步骤(2)制得的该竹炭或木炭浸入强氧化性溶液24小时,使石墨结构充分氧化为氧化石墨;取出该竹炭或木炭在缺氧气氛下高温(1000摄氏度)煅烧0.01小时。 
上述强氧化性溶液为1g 钠硝酸、46 mL硫酸、6g高锰酸钾和80mL双氧水的混合溶液。 
实施例2. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的过渡金属离子溶液为含镍离子的溶液。
实施例3. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的过渡金属离子溶液为含钴离子的溶液。
实施例4. 
其它同实施例1,步骤(1)的煅烧条件为500摄氏度煅烧100小时;步骤(2)的煅烧条件为500摄氏度煅烧100小时;步骤(3)的煅烧条件为500摄氏度煅烧0.5小时。
实施例5. 
其它同实施例1,步骤(1)的煅烧条件为800摄氏度煅烧10小时;步骤(2)的煅烧条件为800摄氏度煅烧10小时;步骤(3)的煅烧条件为800摄氏度煅烧0.1小时。
实施例6. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的铁离子溶液浓度为1mol/L,保持时间为100分钟。
实施例7. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的铁离子溶液浓度为10mol/L,保持时间为1分钟。
实施例8. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的强氧化性溶液为3g 钠硝酸、20 mL硫酸、3g高锰酸钾和100mL双氧水的混合溶液。
实施例9. 
其它同实施例1,所浸入的强氧化性溶液为2g 钠硝酸、100 mL硫酸、10g高锰酸钾和50mL双氧水的混合溶液。
为了评价本发明多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂制备的可行性和过渡金属纳米粒子在石墨烯多孔网络中的形态及分布,本发明利用高分辨透射电子显微镜对多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合材料进行表征。通过高分辨透射电子显微镜观察发现,图1显示石墨烯为多孔网络结构,孔径在0.5~2000 纳米范围,这种结构使得石墨烯本身具有极大的比表面积,可以更好的吸附纳米粒子。在石墨烯网络中均匀分布大量的过渡金属纳米颗粒,颗粒尺寸在2~50 纳米范围,且相互重叠的颗粒占总颗粒比例的20﹪以下。图2显示纳米颗粒内部晶格排列规则,结晶性良好。纳米颗粒周围的石墨烯片层数约为1~5层。 
为了考察本发明多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的电催化性能,将本发明所制备的催化剂直接作为阴极与常用阳极装配为质子交换膜燃料电池,在常温下测试电池功率密度、寿命、极化等性能,如表1所示。可见本发明所制备的多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂具有与商业Pt/C催化剂相当甚至更优的催化活性和稳定性。 
表1 电池性能测试结果 
采用线性伏安法测试本多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂对氧气的还原活性并与商业Pt/C催化剂进行对比,结果如图3所示。本多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂不仅在C1’处具有与商业Pt/C催化剂相当的氧化还原电位和电流,并在CII,CIV处额外地出现氧化还原峰,表明本多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂具有商业Pt/C催化剂所不具备的额外的催化还原能力。
上述实施例并非是对于本发明的限制,本发明并非仅限于上述实施例,只要符合本发明要求,均属于本发明的保护范围。 

Claims (3)

1.一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤:
步骤(1).将竹子、松木的屑粉或者边角料等在缺氧气氛下在500~1500℃下高温煅烧0.5~100小时后,得到自生多孔性竹炭或木炭;
步骤(2).将步骤(1)得到的自生多孔性竹炭或木炭浸没到浓度为0.01~10 mol/L的含过渡金属离子溶液中保持1~1000分钟后,取出该竹炭或木炭置于缺氧气氛下500~1000℃高温煅烧0.5~100小时;
步骤(3).将步骤(2)处理后的竹炭或木炭浸没到强氧化性溶液,使步骤(2)处理后的竹炭或木炭石墨结构充分氧化为氧化石墨;然后取出竹炭或木炭置于缺氧气氛下500~1000℃高温煅烧0.01~0.5小时,得到石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米颗粒的复合材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)所述的含过渡金属离子溶液中过渡金属离子为Fe、Co或Ni离子。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种多孔石墨烯负载过渡金属纳米复合催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(3)所述的强氧化性溶液为钠硝酸、硫酸、高锰酸钾与双氧水的混合溶液;其中钠硝酸、硫酸、高锰酸钾与双氧水的质量体积比为1~3g:20~100 mL:3~10g:50~100mL。
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