CN104285021B - 适于飞机的改进的热声部分 - Google Patents

适于飞机的改进的热声部分 Download PDF

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CN104285021B
CN104285021B CN201280060466.XA CN201280060466A CN104285021B CN 104285021 B CN104285021 B CN 104285021B CN 201280060466 A CN201280060466 A CN 201280060466A CN 104285021 B CN104285021 B CN 104285021B
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porous layer
thermoacoustic
outermost side
noise
characteristic impedance
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CN104285021A (zh
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王同安
J·W·马克森
A·富斯
D·C·霍尼克
J·菲勒
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Gulfstream Aerospace Corp
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Abstract

本文提供适于飞机的用于沿着声路径减小从声源所产生的噪声的热声部分的实施例。所述热声部分包括具有第一特性声阻抗的第一多孔层。第二多孔层邻近第一多孔层设置并具有大于所述第一特性声阻抗的第二特性声阻抗。所述热声部分配置成沿着声路径定位,使得来自于声源的噪声的至少一部分被引导通过第一多孔层到达第二多孔层以便促进噪声吸收。

Description

适于飞机的改进的热声部分
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2011年12月8日提交的序列号为13/314,954的美国非临时申请的优先权。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及降低飞机噪声,以及更具体地涉及热声部分(thermal-acousticsections),其包括布置在一起以便降低飞机噪声的多层多孔层。
背景技术
飞机通常具有其结构和/或舱室内部饰板的各个部分,所述部分包括热声封装,以便热隔离并降低例如通过发动机、机身上方的湍流边界层等从机身外侧传递到舱室内以及向内引导到飞机舱室内的噪声。例如,具有金属机身的飞机通常具有间置于机身框架内的热-声纤维材料层。纤维材料有助于热隔离并降低通过机身到达飞机舱室的噪声,给乘客提供更安静、更舒适和更理想的环境。
近来,通过减小飞机重量来提高燃料效率以及降低排放的努力已经导致质量更低和刚性更高的飞机结构的发展,诸如像适于机身的复合材料结构等。质量更低和刚性更高的结构在结构上是非常有效的,但遗憾的是导致通过机身传递到飞机舱室的噪声显著增加。例如,当复合材料机身和传统机身两者都利用等同的传统热声封装时,在封装于复合材料机身内的飞机舱室内的由外界噪声导致的噪声水平可约为10dB或大于在封装于传统金属机身内的飞机舱室内的噪声水平。
因此,理想的是提供一种适于飞机的具有改进的降低噪声效果的热声封装。此外,理想的是提供一种适于飞机的热声封装,其进一步降低通过机身传递到飞机舱室等的噪声。此外,从随后的详细描述和所附权利要求、结合附图和本背景技术将明了本发明的其它所需特征和特性。
发明内容
本文提供适于飞机的用于降低噪声的热声部分。根据一个示例性实施例,提供适于飞机的热声部分,用于沿着声路径减小从声源所产生的噪声。热声部分包括具有第一特性声阻抗的第一多孔层。第二多孔层邻近第一多孔层设置并具有大于所述第一特性声阻抗的第二特性声阻抗。热声部分配置成沿着声路径定位,使得噪声的至少一部分被引导通过第一多孔层到达第二多孔层以便促进噪声吸收。
根据另一个示例性实施例,提供适于飞机的用于沿着声路径减小从声源所产生噪声的热声部分。热声部分包括形成热声堆叠部的多个并列布置的多孔层。热声堆叠部具有第一最外侧部分,第二最外侧部分,以及设置于第一和第二最外侧部分之间的中央部分。热声堆叠部配置成沿着声路径定位,使得来自所述声源的噪声入射到第一最外侧部分。第一最外侧部分具有第一相对高的特性声阻抗,其有效地将噪声的大部分反射远离热声堆叠部,并允许噪声的被传递部分进入热声堆叠部。热声堆叠部具有从所述第一最外侧部分向中央部分逐渐减小的特性声阻抗以及从中央部分向第二最外侧部分逐渐增大的特性声阻抗,以改善热声堆叠部的传递损耗。
根据另一个示例性实施例,提供适于飞机的用于沿着声路径减小从声源所产生噪声的热声部分。所述热声部分包括第一多孔层和邻近第一多孔层设置的第二多孔层。第一多孔层处于在第一压缩百分比下的第一压缩状态,使得所述第一多孔层具有第一吸声系数,所述第一吸声系数为第一多孔层在第一预定频率范围内的第一最大吸声值的约95%或更大,和/或所述第二多孔层处于在第二压缩百分比下的第二压缩状态,使得所述第二多孔层具有第二吸声系数,所述第二吸声系数为第二多孔层在第二预定频率范围内的第二最大吸声值的约95%或更大。热声部分配置成沿着声路径定位,使得噪声的至少一部分被引导通过第一多孔层到达第二多孔层以便促进噪声吸收。
附图说明
在下文将结合以下的附图对本发明进行描述,其中相同的附图标记指代相同的元件,以及其中:
图1是根据示例性实施例的代表性飞机的局部截面前视图;
图2是图1中所示飞机的放大局部截面视图,其包括间置于机身形成部(buildup)内的热声部分;
图3是根据示例性实施例的热声部分的截面视图;
图4是表示吸声系数随着用于形成根据图3所示示例性实施例的热声部分的组合多孔层压缩百分比变化的曲线图;
图5是根据另一示例性实施例的热声部分的截面视图;以及
图6是根据另一示例性实施例的热声部分的截面视图。
具体实施方式
下面的详细描述在本质上仅仅是示例性的,而并非意旨限制本发明或本发明的应用和用途。此外,决不意旨受到在前面的背景技术或下面的具体实施方式部分所呈现的任何理论的约束。
本文预期的各个实施例涉及适于飞机的用于降低噪声的热声部分。本文所教导的示例性实施例提供热声部分,所述热声部分包括多个并列布置的多孔层,所述多孔层优选以彼此直接接触的关系堆叠在一起以便形成热声堆叠部。热声堆叠部沿着声路径定位,例如定位在飞机机身和舱室内部面板之间,以便降低通过机身传递到飞机舱室的噪声。备选地,所述热声堆叠部可布置于飞机中的其它地方,以便降低不希望的噪声,例如,吸收不希望的噪声。
在一个示例性实施例中,热声堆叠部具有第一最外侧部分,第二最外侧部分,以及设置于第一和第二最外侧部分之间的中央部分。热声堆叠部配置成使得沿着声路径传递的噪声入射到第一最外侧部分,所述第一最外侧部分具有相对高的特性声阻抗。如本文所用,“特性声阻抗”被限定为针对均匀介质的密度和声速的乘积。对于多孔材料而言,特性声阻抗由若干参数来确定,所述参数包括密度,流阻,声速,孔隙度,扭曲性等。在两种材料之间界面处的任何阻抗不匹配导致噪声能量的一部分被反射回到入射声场。两种材料之间的阻抗不匹配程度越高,则越多的能量将被反射以及更少的能量将被传递。如果第一材料具有较高的声阻抗,则在空气和第一材料之间界面处的阻抗不匹配导致入射噪声的大部分从介质界面反射,仅允许噪声的一部分被传递到介质内。因此,沿着声路径传递的大部分噪声将远离热声堆叠部从第一最外侧部分的界面反射回来(例如,在远离飞机舱室的方向上反射),仅允许噪声的一部分被传递到热声堆叠部内。
热声堆叠部配置成具有从所述第一最外侧部分向中央部分逐渐减小的特性声阻抗以及从中央部分向第二最外侧部分逐渐增大的特性声阻抗。通过热声堆叠部的特性声阻抗的逐渐减小和增大有利于噪声的被传递部分从第一最外侧部分通过所述中心部分到达第二最外侧部分。此外,中央部分的较低特性声阻抗意味着形成部在捕获热声部分内部的声音能量方面更加有效,使得声音能量被更有效地吸收。在一个示例性实施例中,第二最外侧部分具有第二相对高的特性声阻抗,其优选地导致到达第二最外侧部分的噪声被传递部分朝向所述第一最外侧部分反射回来。因此,噪声的被传递部分再次通过中央部分,从而进一步吸收和降低噪声。
在一个示例性实施例中,多层并列布置的多孔层包括沿第一最外侧部分设置的第一多孔层,沿第二最外侧部分设置的第二多孔层,以及沿中央部分设置的第三多孔层。所述第一、第二和/或第三多孔层被压缩到相应的预定压缩百分比,使得将经受压缩的层的吸声作用基本上最大化。多孔层的最大吸声值的确定进一步详细描述如下。通过增加第一、第二和/或第三多孔层的吸声特性,改善了热声堆叠部的吸声效果,增强了噪声通过热声堆叠部时噪声的被传递部分的吸收和降低。据信不受到理论的限制,将多孔层压缩到相应的预定压缩百分比增加贯穿多孔层的曲折空气路径的复杂性。通过多孔层传递的大部分噪声优选地沿着曲折的空气路径行进。因此,增加曲折空气路径的复杂性本质上增加了空气路径的长度,从而导致噪声的被传递部分通过热声堆叠部行进更大的距离,有效地改善了噪声的吸收和降低。
参照图1,提供根据示例性实施例的飞机10的局部截面前视图。飞机10具有封装飞机舱室14的机身12。机身12可以是金属机身,复合材料机身等。发动机16邻近机身12,发动机16沿着机翼18设置以便驱动飞机10。在操作过程中,例如由发动机16、机身12外表面20上方的湍流空气流等在机身12的外侧产生噪声。
如图2中所示,在一个示例性实施例中,在机身外侧产生的噪声的一部分沿着由单向箭头22所示的声路径通过机身12朝向飞机舱室14行进。在该实施例中,机身12包括多个框架24。隔离器28用于将舱室内部面板30(诸如顶蓬32、封闭板34等)附连到框架24。热声部分36位于机身12的框架24和舱室内部面板30之间。声层38位于热声部分36和舱室内部面板30之间,所述声层38例如可由弹性体或类似材料制成,用于阻挡噪声。
热声部分36具有多层并列布置的多孔层40,其包括被堆叠在一起以形成热声堆叠部47的外侧多孔层42、中间多孔层44和内侧多孔层46。虽然热声堆叠部47被示为具有三层多孔层,但是将意识到的是,热声堆叠部可包括多于三层的多孔质层或少于三层的多孔层,但是将具有至少两层多孔层。例如,设置于声空间200和墙裙面板48之间的热声部分136被示为具有由五层多孔层140形成的热声堆叠部147,墙裙面板48是通常位于乘客座椅(未示出)扶手下方的舱室内部面板30。
适用于多孔层40的材料的一些非限制性实例包括但不限于:开孔泡沫,诸如聚酰胺泡沫、三聚氰胺泡沫等;纤维材料,诸如连续纤维毡或垫、用树脂粘结的纤维等;毡状材料或类似物;以及它们的组合。优选地,每层多孔层40具有形成于其中的多个曲折的空气路径,并具有约85体积百分比(vol.%)或更大、更优选约为95vol.%或更大、并且最优选约97vol.%或更大的孔隙度。
参照图3,热声部分236具有热声堆叠部247,其包括设置于第一外侧结构250和第二外侧结构252之间的多层并列布置的多孔层240。至少一层多孔层240、以及优选的多于一层的多孔层240处于压缩状态,以便优选地将层的吸声效果最大化。
具体地,图4以曲线图示出吸声系数随着根据示例性实施例的多孔层压缩百分比进行的变化。垂直轴(Y)代表多孔层的吸声系数,其在选定的频率范围内加权平均,而水平轴(X)代表多孔层的压缩百分比。在该实例中,所选定的频率范围是用于计算语言干扰级(Speech Interference Level,SIL)的频率范围,其包括如本领域内公知的第三倍频带,并覆盖从约800赫兹至约5000赫兹第三倍频带的频率范围。吸声系数的范围从0.0到1.0,其中1.0是理想的吸声器。多孔层的压缩百分比的范围从0到100%。曲线50以曲线图示出多孔层的吸声系数随压缩比变化的关系实例。然而,应该意识到的是,曲线50对于不同等级和类型的多孔层将是不同的。如图所示,多孔层在相应的约35%的压缩百分比下具有约为0.75的最大吸声值52。此外,在相应的30%和52%的压缩百分比下最大吸声值52的95%约为0.71。
参照图3和图4,在一个示例性实施例中,至少一个多孔层240处于在一定压缩百分比下的压缩状态,使得所述多孔层具有一定的吸声系数,所述吸声系数为在选定频率范围内的最大吸声值52的约95%或更大,优选约为97%或更大,并且最优选约99%或更大。例如且如图4中所示,如果曲线50代表至少一层多孔层240在选定频率范围(例如SIL)内的吸声系数,则对于约0.75的最大吸声值52的约95%或更大的吸声系数而言,所述层将处于压缩百分比从约30%至约52%的压缩状态。
参照图5,热声部分336包括多层并列布置的多孔层340,其堆叠到一起以便形成配置成增强吸声作用的热声堆叠部347。多层并列布置的多孔层340包括第一多孔层351,第二多孔层352,第三多孔层353,第四多孔层354,和第五多孔层355。所述多层多孔层340中的一层或多层可处于如上所论述的压缩状态。热声堆叠部347定位成使得沿着声路径22传递的噪声分别行进通过第一多孔层351,第二多孔层352,第三多孔层353,第四多孔层354,和第五多孔层355。
在一个示例性实施例中,热声堆叠部347布置成使得所述特性声阻抗从第一多孔层351通过热声堆叠层347到第五多孔层355逐渐增加。如本文所用,“特性声阻抗逐渐增加”可理解成意味着特性声阻抗对于每个相邻层而言在限定方向上更高。例如,第二多孔层352具有高于第一多孔层351的特性声阻抗,所述第三多孔层353具有高于第二多孔层352的特性声阻抗,第四多孔层354具有高于第三多孔层353的特性声阻抗,以及第五多孔层355具有高于第四多孔层354的特性声阻抗。优选地,第一多孔层351具有低于5000帕·秒/米的相对低的特性声阻抗,更优选约为400至约500帕·秒/米的特性声阻抗,这大致是飞机内部舱室中空气的特性声阻抗。第一多孔层351的相对低的特性声阻抗有助于将从第一多孔层351反射的噪声量最小化,允许被传递的大部分噪声382行进通过热声堆叠部347以便被吸收。
参照图6,在另一个示例性实施例中,热声部分436包括多层并列布置的多孔层440,其堆叠在一起以便形成配置成增强声音传递损耗的热声堆叠部447。多层并列布置的多孔层440包括第一多孔层451,第二多孔层452,第三多孔层453,第四多孔层454,和第五多孔层455,上述这些多孔层配置成增强吸收,如在前面的段落中关于图5中所示的热声堆叠部347所论述的那样。此外,多个并列布置的多孔层440包括第六多孔层456,第七多孔层457和第八多孔层458。所述多个并列布置的多孔层440的一层或多层可处于如上所论述的压缩状态。
在该实施例的一个具体实例中,热声部分436设置于第一外侧结构470和第二外侧结构472之间,所述结构示为复合结构。但是应当理解的是,第一和/或第二外侧结构470和472可以是金属结构,塑料结构,或其它结构。第八多孔层458沿所述热声堆叠部447的第一最外侧部分474设置,以及第五多孔层455沿热声堆叠部447的第二最外侧部分476设置。如图所示,热声堆叠部447的中央部分478至少包括第一和第二多孔层451和452。
热声堆叠部447被定位成使得沿着声路径22传递的噪声入射到第一最外侧部分474。在一个示例性实施例中,第一最外侧部分474具有第一相对高的特性声阻抗,使得噪声480的大部分反射远离热声堆叠部447,仅允许噪声的被传递部分482进入热声堆叠部447。优选地,所述第一最外侧部分474的第一特性声阻抗约为250,000帕·秒/米或更大,更优选约为350,000帕·秒/米或更大,最优选约为500,000帕·秒/米或更大。
热声堆叠部447具有从第一最外侧部分474到中央部分478逐渐减小的特性声阻抗以及从中心部分478到第二最外侧部分476的逐渐增加的特性声阻抗。如本文所用,“特性声阻抗逐渐减小”可理解成意味着特性声阻抗对于每个相邻层而言在限定方向上更小。具体地,第七多孔层457的特性声阻抗低于第八多孔层458的特性声阻抗,第六多孔层456的特性声阻抗低于第七多孔层457的特性声阻抗低等等。类似地且如上所解释的那样,第一多孔层451的第一特性声阻抗低于第二多孔层452的第二特性声阻抗等等。因此,在通过热声堆叠部447的特性声阻抗上的逐渐减小和增加有利于捕获第一和第二外侧结构470和472之间的噪声能量,并当声能在第一和第二外侧结构470和472之间反弹时提高热声堆叠部447的吸声作用。
在一个示例性实施例中,第二最外侧部分476具有第二相对高的特性声阻抗,使得到达第二最外侧部分476的噪声的被传递部分482基本上朝向所述第一最外侧部分474反射回来,以便在热声堆叠部447内被进一步吸收和反复反射,从而进一步降低噪声。优选地,所述第二最外侧部分476的第二特性声阻抗约为250,000帕·秒/米或更大,更优选约为350,000帕·秒/米或更大,以及最优选约为500,000帕·秒/米或更大。通过将噪声的大部分482反射远离热声堆叠部447,仅允许噪声的被传递部分482进入热声堆叠部447,并且通过将噪声在所述第一和第二最外侧部分474和476之间且通过中央部分478来回反射而将噪声的被传递部分482基本上吸收在热声堆叠部447内,离开热声堆叠部447的噪声被传递部分422显著降低,从而改善了通过热声堆叠部447的噪声传递损耗。
在一个示例性实施例中,所述第二、第三、第四,第五多孔层452-455的空中重量(aerial weight)(每单位面积的重量)在朝向第二最外侧部分476的方向上对于每一层逐渐增加,以及第六、第七、第八多孔层456-458的空中重量在朝向第一最外侧部分474的方向上对于每一层逐渐增加。在这方面,重量分布集中在具有最低特性阻抗的中心部分多孔层中的某一层上(例如,第一多孔层451),且重量分布从所述第一外侧结构470到第二外侧结构472更平衡。也就是说,如果第一外侧结构470的空中重量大于所述第二外侧结构472的空中重量(例如,机身的空中重量是舱室内部封闭板空中重量的约3倍高),则第二,第三,第四和第五多孔层452-455的每一层的空中重量将在朝向第二最外侧部分476的方向上逐渐增加,以及多孔层452-455的组合空中重量将大于多孔层456-458的组合空中重量,其中对于所述层456-458的每一层而言,空中重量在朝向第一最外侧部分474的方向上逐渐增加。发明人已经发现通过平衡围绕具有最低特性声阻抗的中央部分多孔层的重量,可进一步增强通过热声部分436的噪声传递损耗。
因此,对适于飞机的用于降低噪声的热声部分进行了描述。各个实施例包括多层并列布置的多孔层,其根据特性声阻抗、压缩百分比、空中重量、或它们的组合布置于热声堆叠部内,以提高吸收效果和/或噪声传递损耗。
尽管已经在前面详细描述中提出了示例性实施例,但应该意识到存在大量的变型。还应当意识到的是,一个示例性实施例或多个示例性实施例仅仅是实例,且并不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围、应用或配置。相反,前面的详细描述将给本领域的技术人员提供用于实施本发明的一个示例性实施例的方便指南(road map)。应当理解的是,在不脱离如在所附的权利要求中提出的本发明范围的情况下,可对在示例性实施例中所述的元件功能和布置方面进行各种改变。

Claims (6)

1.一种适于飞机的用于沿着声路径减小从声源所产生的噪声的热声部分,所述热声部分包括:
形成热声堆叠部的多个并列布置的多孔层,所述热声堆叠部具有第一最外侧部分,第二最外侧部分,以及设置于所述第一和第二最外侧部分之间的中央部分,其中所述热声堆叠部配置成沿着所述声路径定位,使得来自所述声源的所述噪声入射到所述第一最外侧部分,其中所述第一最外侧部分具有第一相对高的特性声阻抗,其有效地将所述噪声的大部分反射远离所述热声堆叠部,并允许所述噪声的被传递部分进入所述热声堆叠部,并且其中所述热声堆叠部具有从所述第一最外侧部分向所述中央部分逐渐减小的特性声阻抗以及从所述中央部分向所述第二最外侧部分逐渐增大的特性声阻抗,以促进通过所述热声堆叠部的所述噪声的所述被传递部分的传递损耗。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热声部分,其中所述多个并列布置的多孔层包括沿所述第一最外侧部分设置的第一多孔层,沿所述第二最外侧部分设置的第二多孔层,以及沿所述中央部分设置的第三多孔层,并且其中所述第一多孔层具有第一特性声阻抗,所述第二多孔层具有第二特性声阻抗,以及所述第三多孔层具有小于所述第一和第二特性声阻抗的第三特性声阻抗。
3.根据权利要求2所述的热声部分,其中所述第一多孔层处于在第一压缩百分比下的第一压缩状态,使得所述第一多孔层具有第一吸声系数,所述第一吸声系数为所述第一多孔层在第一预定频率范围内的第一最大吸声值的95%或更大,所述第二多孔层处于在第二压缩百分比下的第二压缩状态,使得所述第二多孔层具有第二吸声系数,所述第二吸声系数为所述第二多孔层在第二预定频率范围内的第二最大吸声值的95%或更大,和/或所述第三多孔层处于在第三压缩百分比下的第三压缩状态,使得所述第三多孔层具有第三吸声系数,所述第三吸声系数为所述第三多孔层在第三预定频率范围内的第三最大吸声值的95%或更大。
4.根据权利要求2所述的热声部分,其中所述第一多孔层具有第一空中重量,所述第二多孔层具有大于所述第一空中重量的第二空中重量,以及所述第三多孔层具有小于所述第二空中重量的第三空中重量。
5.根据权利要求1所述的热声部分,其中所述第二最外侧部分具有第二相对高的特性声阻抗,其有效地将所述噪声的所述被传递部分的至少一部分反射回来通过所述热声堆叠部。
6.根据权利要求1所述的热声部分,还包括:
第一外侧结构;以及
第二外侧结构,其中所述热声堆叠部间置于所述第一和第二外侧结构之间,使得所述第一外侧结构邻近所述第一最外侧部分设置,以及所述第二外侧结构邻近所述第二最外侧部分设置,以及其中所述第一外侧结构是机身或附连到所述机身的面板,以及所述第二外侧结构是封闭板,墙裙面板,顶蓬,声层或舱室内部面板。
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