CN104245273A - 具有经开槽的进料系统的单螺杆挤出机 - Google Patents

具有经开槽的进料系统的单螺杆挤出机 Download PDF

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CN104245273A
CN104245273A CN201380019627.5A CN201380019627A CN104245273A CN 104245273 A CN104245273 A CN 104245273A CN 201380019627 A CN201380019627 A CN 201380019627A CN 104245273 A CN104245273 A CN 104245273A
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crest
thread
depth
extrusion machine
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CN104245273B (zh
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F·J·施奈德
J·帕佩
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Klaus Mafi Extrusion Co ltd
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KraussMaffei Technologies GmbH
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/397—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using a single screw
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/56—Screws having grooves or cavities other than the thread or the channel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
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    • B29C48/505—Screws
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
    • B29C48/505—Screws
    • B29C48/62—Screws characterised by the shape of the thread channel, e.g. U-shaped
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
    • B29C48/505—Screws
    • B29C48/64—Screws with two or more threads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
    • B29C48/68—Barrels or cylinders
    • B29C48/685—Barrels or cylinders characterised by their inner surfaces, e.g. having grooves, projections or threads
    • B29C48/686—Barrels or cylinders characterised by their inner surfaces, e.g. having grooves, projections or threads having grooves or cavities
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/251—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments
    • B29C48/2511—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments by modelling material flow, e.g. melt interaction with screw and barrel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/251—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments
    • B29C48/2511—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments by modelling material flow, e.g. melt interaction with screw and barrel
    • B29C48/2513—Design of extruder parts, e.g. by modelling based on mathematical theories or experiments by modelling material flow, e.g. melt interaction with screw and barrel in the plasticising zone
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
    • B29C48/505—Screws
    • B29C48/507—Screws characterised by the material or their manufacturing process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/50—Details of extruders
    • B29C48/505—Screws
    • B29C48/64—Screws with two or more threads
    • B29C48/65—Screws with two or more threads neighbouring threads or channels having different configurations, e.g. one thread being lower than its neighbouring thread
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种单螺杆挤出机，该单螺杆挤出机具有经开槽的进料系统、机筒和在所述机筒中可转动地支承的多边形螺杆，所述多边形螺杆具有软化区(10)、主塑化区(14)以及后塑化区并且在主塑化区域(14)的范围内构造为至少双螺纹线(18、20)的。为了提供这样的单螺杆挤出机，其在提高处理能力、降低熔体温度且改善压力形成能力的同时能实现更佳的熔化效果，根据本发明，所述机筒在主塑化区域(14)的范围内至少部分地设置有至少一个基本沿纵向方向延伸的槽。

Description

具有经开槽的进料系统的单螺杆挤出机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种单螺杆挤出机，所述单螺杆挤出机具有经开槽的进料系统、机筒和在所述机筒中可转动地支承的挤出机螺杆，该挤出机螺杆具有软化区、主塑化区或主熔化区域以及后塑化区或者均质化或剩余熔化区域并且在所述主塑化区域的范围内构造为至少双线的。
背景技术
提高单螺杆挤出机的生产率是对其一直以来的要求。应该在低卸料温度和高熔体质量的情况下实现高处理能力。为了提高处理能力存在两种可能性，即，提高特定的处理能力，例如通过使用经开槽的进料系统；和/或提高转数。两种措施都伴有熔体在挤出机中停留时间的缩短。为了补偿较短的停留时间并保持熔化性能，要提高局部阻力，其方法是缩窄溢流间隙。然而，该措施除了压力损失提高以外，还存在磨损提高和能量效率降低的缺点。
发明内容
那么，本发明的任务在于，提供一种单螺杆挤出机，该单螺杆挤出机在提高处理能力、降低熔体温度且改善压力形成能力的同时实现了更佳的熔化效果。
所述任务通过具有权利要求1的特征的单螺杆挤出机来解决。在各从属权利要求中描述有利的改进方案。
本发明的构思在于，利用经开槽的进料系统以及在至少部分开槽的机筒中运行多边形螺杆。多边形螺杆例如是能量转移螺杆(ET螺杆)和波形螺杆。所述螺杆具有波形的螺纹深度变化和下凹的(absetzen)螺纹区域，熔体在波峰(即螺纹深度最小值)之前越过该螺纹区域。在波形螺杆中始终是相同的螺纹下凹，从而熔体沿不同方向溢流，而在ET螺杆中螺纹交替地在每个波峰之前下凹，从而熔体始终沿相同的方向溢流。多边形螺杆在主塑化区域的范围内具有至少两个螺纹线或通道，连同在每个螺纹线中波形变化的螺纹深度并且从螺纹线向螺纹线位错的波峰。根据本发明，所述机筒在主塑化区域的范围内至少部分地具有至少一个槽，所述槽基本上沿纵向方向、亦即轴向地或螺旋形地、然而不排除径向地延伸。
在一种有利的构造形式中，在主塑化区域的范围内最小螺纹深度或通道高度沿工艺方向从一个螺纹线的波峰向另一螺纹线的波峰减小，使得相对的压缩、亦即两个彼此相继的波峰的螺纹深度的比例大致保持恒定。彼此相继的波峰是一个螺纹线的波峰和相邻螺纹的接着的波峰。与此相对地，波谷区域中的螺纹深度、亦即螺纹深度最大值沿着螺杆从波谷向波谷增大，以便提高塑料的停留时间。更长的停留时间有利于冷和热材料成分之间粗熔体中的温度补偿过程。
此外有利的是，至少一个螺杆螺纹在每个波峰前面相对于间隙下凹，亦即比螺杆的其余外直径切割得更深，并且所产生的间隙高度等于相应随后的波峰的螺纹深度。在ET螺杆中这意味着，每个螺杆螺纹在积极螺纹侧上在每个波峰前面相对于间隙下凹，其中，间隙高度分别等于随后的波峰的螺纹深度。所述积极螺纹侧是这样的螺纹侧，即，熔体从该螺纹侧经由下凹的螺纹流到消极螺纹侧上。在波形螺杆中，下凹的螺纹可以阶梯状地或连续地下凹。在此，在螺纹阶梯状地下凹的情况下，间隙高度相应等于随后的波峰的相应的螺纹深度；而在螺纹阶连续地下凹的情况下，随后的波峰上的间隙高度相应等于该随后的波峰的螺纹深度。
在此尤其优选的是，相应下凹的螺纹区域的长度沿着螺杆沿工艺方向从波峰向波峰增大，从而使由间隙高度和间隙长度构成的面积沿工艺方向增大约1至5％，然而尤其是增大约1至2％。按照这种方式，补偿在波峰区域中减小的螺纹深度，并且由间隙高度和间隙长度构成的面积的增大与螺纹上的熔体流的增大相适应。
此外，主塑化区域1.3D(无量纲的)的螺纹斜率是有利的，因为该斜率在输送技术上达到最高的效率。下凹的螺纹区域优选设置在积极螺纹面上，该积极螺纹面在螺纹宽度约百分之30至70、优选约百分之50上配设有45°斜边。通过该斜边使材料得到加速并且使能量方面更有效的延性流动比重得到提高。
在波峰后面的螺纹深度增大的区段以有利的方式侧凹，亦即在波峰后面的螺纹深度又快速增大，而在波脊前面的螺纹深度仅缓慢地减小。换句话说，波峰后面的螺纹深度增大的区段与在波峰前面的螺纹深度减小的区段相比具有更陡的螺纹面。按照这种方式避免不需要的剪切力并且使材料得到更好的输送。
根据一种优选的进一步扩展方案，螺杆在波峰前面的螺纹深度减小的区段中以有利的方式配设有额外的槽形凹口、即所谓的混合凹处。所述混合凹处与螺杆底上的螺杆螺纹相平行地延伸。所述混合凹处促进固体材料和熔体混匀。混合凹处的多列式布置结果增强该有利效果。
此外，有利的是，所述槽的深度变化和/或宽度和/或横截面与螺杆轮廓相协调。在一种优选的构造形式中，槽深度在波峰区域中具有局部最小值。按照这种方式可以对波峰区域中的能量转换或熔化能力进行控制并且产生一种针对剩余固体材料成分的引流效应。
根据本发明的单螺杆挤出机比已知的系统相比具有明显更高的熔化性能，其中，强烈减少材料过热的倾向。此外，根据本发明的单螺杆挤出机的相对小的空间需要在经济上是有利的。另外，通过根据本发明的构造形式可以显著减低机筒中的压力水平，由此能量方面的效率得到决定性改善并且能以挤出机的更长使用寿命来估算。
附图说明
下面借助实施例并参照附图对本发明进行更详细的阐述。其中，
图1示出了按本发明第一实施例的具有挤出机螺杆的螺纹深度变化的展开图；
图2示出了按本发明第二实施例的具有挤出机螺杆的螺纹深度变化连同混合凹处的展开图；
图3示出了按本发明第二实施例的图2中的混合凹处的放大局部图。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的单螺杆挤出机具有附图中未示出的机筒以及在机筒中可转动地支承的多边形螺杆。在本文所描述的实施例中，所述多边形螺杆构造为能量转移螺杆，如图1和图2中所示的那样。在备选实施形式中，所述多边形螺杆当然也可以构造为波形螺杆。
图1示出了按本发明第一实施例的具有挤出机螺杆螺纹深度变化的展开图。该挤出机螺杆沿工艺方向包括进料区域10、软化区域12、主塑化区域14以及未示出的后塑化区域。如图1中可看到的，软化区域12包括位错地布置的短的螺纹区段16，该螺纹区段将还是冷的、硬的固体材料基底(Feststoffbett)划分为多部分。由此导致了固体材料中的温度升高。所述固体材料由此可塑性变形。
如图1中所示，主塑化区域14具有两个螺纹线或通道18、20。所述两个螺纹线18、20的螺纹深度彼此无关地、一再波形地沿着螺杆变化。按照这种方式产生深螺纹区段——波谷22、平螺纹区段——波峰24以及螺纹深度减小的区段32和螺纹深度增大的区段34。波谷22以及螺纹深度减小的区段32和螺纹深度增大的区段34具有确定的长度，而波峰24理想地(如也在图1中能看出的那样)具有点状的螺纹深度最小值并且不在较长的区域中延伸。所述螺杆在螺纹线18、20之间具有螺纹26、28，所述螺纹具有相同的、恒定的斜率。
如图1中所示，在主塑化区域14的范围内，波峰24处的最小螺纹深度从波峰向波峰减小，使得相对的压缩、亦即两个彼此相继的波峰24的螺纹深度的比例大致保持恒定。相反地，波谷22中的最大螺纹深度从波谷向波谷增大。在此，螺纹深度和螺纹宽度取决于对于期望的处理能力所必需的输送性能。
螺杆螺纹26、28在其积极螺纹面上在波峰前面分别具有下凹区域——间隙30。在此，间隙高度等于随后的波峰24的螺纹深度。如图1中能看到的，间隙30的长度从间隙向间隙增大。由间隙高度和间隙长度构成的面积沿工艺方向由间隙向间隙增大百分之1至2。所述间隙在其积极螺纹面上在螺纹宽度的50％上配设有45°斜边。所述斜边宽度等于螺纹宽度的一半。
根据第一实施例，所述主塑化区域具有1.3D(无量纲斜率)的螺纹斜率。
如图1中在螺纹深度变化中可看到的，波峰24后面的螺纹深度增大的区段34侧凹，亦即所述区段与波峰24前面的螺纹深度减小的区段32相比具有更陡的螺纹面。
根据图2中所示的第二实施例，螺杆在螺纹深度减小的区段34中具有槽形凹口——混合凹处38。在该实施例中，多个混合凹处38分别平行并排地延伸并且与螺杆底上的螺杆螺纹26、28相平行地延伸。图3中可看到的，所述混合凹处在本实施例中彼此位错地布置并且分别具有变化的宽度和深度。这样，所述混合凹处在中间区域中具有更大的深度和宽度并且既在深度方面又在宽度方面朝向其末端渐缩，从而混合凹处形成朝向机筒内壁的流畅的过渡部并且避免盲区。此外，根据本发明的第二实施例的挤出机螺杆的构造形式基本上与第一实施例的构造形式相符合；因此，相同的元件配设有相同的附图标记。
在附图中未示出的机筒中，在主塑化区域的范围内在机筒内壁中设置有槽。在此，该槽的深度走向与多边形螺杆轮廓相协调。根据所述实施例，所述槽深度在多边形螺杆的波峰的区域内具有局部最小值。在所述实施例中，机筒内壁中的槽在主塑化区域的整个长度上螺旋状地延伸并且具有矩形横截面。然而，该槽可以具有不同的横截面，例如半圆形、矩形、三角形、尤其是锯齿形等，并且可以完全地或仅部分地轴向或螺旋形地沿着机筒内壁延伸。多个构造形式的组合同样是可能的。
借助根据本发明的单螺杆挤出机在改善熔体质量的情况下实现更高的处理能力。
附图标记列表
10 进料区域
12 软化区域
14 主塑化区域
16 软化区域的螺纹区段
18 螺纹线1/通道1
20 螺纹线2/通道2
22 波谷
24 波峰
26 螺杆螺纹1
28 螺杆螺纹2
30 间隙
32 螺纹深度减小的区段
34 螺纹深度增大的区段
38 混合凹处

Claims (8)

1.单螺杆挤出机，该单螺杆挤出机具有经开槽的进料系统、机筒和在所述机筒中可转动地支承的多边形螺杆，所述多边形螺杆具有软化区(10)、主塑化区(14)以及后塑化区并且在主塑化区域(14)的范围内具有至少两个螺纹线(18、20)，所述螺纹线分别具有波形变化的螺纹深度和彼此位错的波峰(24)，其中，在机筒内壁中在主塑化区域(14)的范围内至少局部地设有至少一个基本沿纵向方向延伸的槽。
2.根据权利要求1所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，在主塑化区域(14)的范围内，波峰(24)的最小螺纹深度沿工艺方向减小，使得相对的压缩大致保持恒定。
3.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，在主塑化区域(14)的范围内，至少一个螺杆螺纹(26、28)在每个波峰(24)前面相对于间隙(30)下凹并且所产生的间隙高度等于相应随后的波峰(24)的螺纹深度。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，所述多边形螺杆构造为能量转移螺杆，并且在主塑化区域(14)的范围内，每个螺杆螺纹在积极螺纹侧上在每个波峰(24)前面相对于间隙(30)下凹并且所产生的间隙高度等于相应随后的波峰(24)的螺纹深度。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，间隙长度沿工艺方向相应增大，使得相应两个相继的间隙(30)的由间隙高度和间隙长度所构成的面积增大百分之1至5，尤其是百分之1至2。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，在波峰(24)后面的螺纹深度增大的区段(34)与波峰(24)前面的螺纹深度减小的区段(32)相比具有更陡的螺纹面。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，多边形螺杆在波峰(24)前面的螺纹深度减小的区段(32)中具有平行于螺杆螺纹延伸的槽形凹口(38)。
8.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的单螺杆挤出机，其中，在机筒内壁中的槽的深度在多边形螺杆的波峰(24)的区域中具有局部最小值。
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