CN104237829A - Overall calibration method for high-accuracy noise factor measuring system - Google Patents
Overall calibration method for high-accuracy noise factor measuring system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an overall calibration method for a high-accuracy noise factor measuring system. According to the overall calibration method, a passive transmission standard component is used in calibration of the high-accuracy noise factor measuring system, and a low noise amplifier is introduced to assist calibration. The overall calibration method is used for overall calibration of the high-accuracy noise factor measuring system; a cascade noise parameter of the transmission standard component and the low noise amplifier, an individual noise parameter of the low noise amplifier and an S parameter of the transmission standard component are measured sequentially, a measured noise factor value of the transmission standard component is finally acquired through model calculation, and thus, the technical problem that passive structure noise factors cannot be accurately measured by the high-accuracy noise factor measuring system is solved; an indicating-value error of the high-accuracy noise factor measuring system can be acquired through comparison between the measured noise factor value and a standard noise factor value, so that calibration of the high-accuracy noise factor measuring system can be completed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to noise-factor measurement instrument calibration technical field.
Background technology
In microwave circuit, except useful signal, also inevitably there is noise signal.In general, noise is undesired signal, is the signal that slip-stick artist exhausts one's ability to wish to reduce, particularly when useful signal is fainter, the illeffects of noise is very obvious, and in order to reduce and weigh the impact of noise, scientist constantly studies the new method characterized with measurement noises.
Nineteen forty-four Friis proposes and uses available signal-noise power ratio to define the method for two-port network noise coefficient in its paper, it is defined as follows: a linear two-port network provision input end is when 290K, its noise figure refers to the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) of signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) divided by output terminal of input end, namely
，
In formula:
s i represent the available signal power of network input, unit is W;
n i represent network input available noise power, unit is W;
s o represent the available signal power of network output, unit is W;
n o represent network output available noise power, unit is W.
This is that microwave noise fields of measurement characterizes in linear two-port network noise and uses the most general definition.In microwave measuring instrument calibration industry, because port Impedance is all designed to 50 ohm, and 50 ohm is also a kind of mode obtaining available signal power and available noise power.Therefore, noise calibration choose in the industry noise figure under 50 ohmage states (
f 50) as calibration parameter.
The most general noise-factor measurement system of current use is made up of noise source and noise figure instrument, wherein noise source provides the noise signal of standard, noise figure instrument measurement noises source is in the total noise signal of standard noise signal after measured piece (DUT) time two different available noise powers (or different noise temperature), then obtains the noise figure of DUT through computing.The measuring method of this measuring system foundation is called Y factor method, four assumed conditions (we call it as " noise measurement default assumption ") that its measuring accuracy depends on " test macro and DUT ": (1) source is mated and supposed, namely hypothesis connects the noise source of DUT and presents good 50 Ω couplings, this hypothesis is relatively reasonable when noise source directly connects measured piece (but is not perfect, namely its standing-wave ratio (SWR) close to 1 but be not equal to 1), if there are other Microwave Nets between noise source and measured piece (as matrix switch, probe station, test fixture etc.), loss and extra reflection will be increased, thus test macro effective source coupling is degenerated further, " noise measurement definition hypothesis " will no longer be set up, and then bring larger measuring error, generally be referred to as mismatch error, and this mismatch error is not easily eliminated, (2) load end coupling hypothesis, namely the noise figure instrument that hypothesis connects DUT output terminal presents 50 good Ω couplings, what noise-factor measurement needed to measure measured piece can available gain, and Y factor method is measurement scalar gain, and both hypothesis are quite, this hypothesis only measured piece input and output all mate good in just approximate establishment, (3) reflection coefficient supposing cold/hot binary states of noise source is the same, but in fact due to the change of impedance state under the different bias voltages of noise diode, its reflection coefficient is also different, (4) suppose that noise figure instrument is when connection noise source and measured piece, noise figure is the same, in fact, be connected to noise figure instrument source for twice and present different impedances, according to noise parameter principle, the noise figure of noise figure instrument can change along with source impedance, this means, when measurement measured piece noise figure, should according to the output terminal reflection coefficient of measured piece, the noise figure of adjustment noise figure instrument.
In sum, the noise-factor measurement entire system of Y factor method says it is a scalar measurement system.Its calibrating mode adopts noise source and noise figure instrument to calibrate respectively, and also observe " noise measurement default assumption " in calibration process, therefore noise-factor measurement accuracy is lower.
What high precision noise-factor measurement system adopted is that one has the correction of source mismatch error, and can the brand-new measuring technique of noise parameter influence amount of noise-reduction coefficient instrument (or noise option), it is made up of four parts such as vector network analyzer, noise figure instrument (or noise option), noise source and impedance tuners usually, its principle of work is according to the mathematical function relationship between the noise figure of linear two-port network and source reflection coefficient, this function is commonly referred to as noise parameter equation, namely
，
In formula:
f--noise figure;
f min--Minimum noises coefficients;
r n--equivalent noise resistance (representing the speed that noise figure changes with source reflection coefficient);
Γ s--source reflection coefficient;
Γ opt--best source reflection coefficient (source reflection coefficient during corresponding Minimum noises coefficients).
Brand-new measuring technique mentioned above utilizes noise parameter equation exactly, under source reflection coefficients different more than four, measure corresponding noise figure, solve noise parameter by least square method, finally calculate noise figure under 50 corresponding Ω impedance conditions (
f 50).Because this measuring method considers the mismatch condition under true measurement environment, so the uncertainty of measurement influence amount that four kinds of assumed conditions that high precision noise-factor measurement system can weaken even elimination Y factor method are brought.
In high precision noise-factor measurement system, vector network analyzer (comprises the cold and hot binary states of noise source for measuring each network, tuner, DUT, noise figure instrument, adapter and microwave cable etc.) S parameter (S parameter is also referred to as scattering parameter or impedance parameter, it is reflected microwave network port input voltage ripple (current wave), the parameter of the proportionate relationship of reflected voltage ripple (current wave) and transmissive voltage ripple (current wave)), impedance tuner is for adjusting measured piece source reflection coefficient, noise figure instrument (or noise option) is in calibration and measurement links, the noise power that various source reflection coefficient is corresponding, realize the correction of source mismatch error, and the impact of the noise parameter of noise-reduction coefficient instrument (or noise option), improve measuring accuracy.
Relatively above two kinds of measuring methods are known, and in Y factor method, when noise source directly connects DUT, uncertainty is approximately 0.5dB, and during by matrix switch, uncertainty is approximately 0.75dB; And the uncertainty of high precision noise-factor measurement method is approximately 0.2 ~ 0.3 dB, whether all do not affected by matrix switch.
Although high precision noise-factor measurement method has higher measuring accuracy, the solution that the calibration problem of high precision noise-factor measurement system is imperfect so far.
By known to the analysis of high precision noise-factor measurement system: noise source and vector network analyzer can be calibrated respectively, but the impact of the noise parameter of noise figure instrument (or noise option) and impedance tuner but cannot realize calibration.In addition, high precision noise-factor measurement system uses least square method to solve noise parameter, the know-how of manufacturer is related in this solution procedure, the method solved should not disclose for producer, and the method is absolutely necessary for the noise parameter impact of calibrating noise figure instrument (or noise option), therefore difference calibration difficulties is carried out very greatly to measuring system, even say it is not attainable.In order to complete the calibration operation of high precision noise-factor measurement system, piece calibration method just becomes another thinking.
So-called " piece calibration ", its object must be the measuring system comprising two or more surveying instrument, this calibration steps is not calibrate respectively each the composition instrument in measuring system, but adopt certain collimation technique, realize the piece calibration to measuring system by corresponding medium, namely the result of this calibration obtains the error of indication of measuring system.
Piece calibration abroad for noise-factor measurement system has longer research history, V. Adamian and S. Van den Bosch to publish an article report respectively at last century end, adopt " gold " reference amplifier (by normative reference laboratory assignment, see document [7] and [8]) as Transfer Standards part to verify noise measurement system, but this method is due to amplifier noise, gain and matching condition characterize all along with temperature, time, DC be biased and DC noise inject change and change, and normative reference laboratory is different with the environment of actual measurement, Measuring Time also differs larger, so uncertainty is larger, be not suitable for calibration high precision noise-factor measurement system.A. Frazer proposed in 1988 and adopts passive 2 port networks (as isolator, attenuator etc.) checking noise-factor measurement system, the noise parameter of these devices directly can calculate acquisition by the S parameter measuring it, thus noise figure is traceable to S parameter.But because the noisiness of passive Two-port netwerk device is the inherent characteristic of itself, and the size of the available noise power that noise source is injected when not relying on test, therefore it is also not suitable for systematically verifying noise-factor measurement.
list of references
[1]A. C. Davidson, B. W. Leake, and E. Strid, Accuracy improvements in microwave noise parameter measurements [J],IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 37, pp. 1973–1978, Dec. 1989.
[2] Lane, R.Q. The determination of device noise parameters [J], Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 57, pp. 1461-1462, 1969
[3] Matthew M, RF and microwave electronics [M]. Beijing: Electronic Industry Press, 2002:474
[4]James Randa,Verification of Noise-Parameter Measurementsand Uncertainties[J], IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,VOL.60,NO.11, NOVEMBER 2011
[5] beam France, Wu Aihua, Zheng Yanqiu, the measuring method [J] of microwave device noise parameter. semiconductor technology, 2011, (06): 478-482.
[6]Wu Aihua, Evaluation on Uncertainty of Noise Parameter Against Commercial Measurement,ICEMI2013,PP441-445
[7] V. Adamian, R. Fenton , "Verification of the Noise Parameter Instrumentation," 49th ARFTG Conference Digest,
Denver, co, June 1997, pp 181-190
[8] S. Van den Bosch, L. Martens, "Deriving Error Bounds on Measured Noise Factors Using Active Device
Verification," 54th ARFTG Conference Digest, Dec. 1999, pp
[9] A. Frazer, E. Strid, "Repeatability and Verification of On-wafer Noise Parameter Measurements," MicrowaveJournal, Nov. 1988。
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is for above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps is provided, the method carries out piece calibration to high precision noise-factor measurement system, the noise parameter independent by the cascade noise parameter and low noise amplifier of successively measuring Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier and the S parameter of Transfer Standards part, calculate through model, the noise-factor measurement value of final acquisition Transfer Standards part, solve the technical barrier that high precision noise-factor measurement system accurately cannot measure passive structures noise figure, this value can be obtained compared with the Noise Factor Standard value of Transfer Standards part the error of indication of high precision noise-factor measurement system, thus the calibration operation completed high precision noise-factor measurement system.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps, this method accesses Transfer Standards part and the low noise amplifier for improving calibration accuracy in the high precision noise-factor measurement system treating school, wherein, treat that the high precision noise-factor measurement system in school comprises four parts, i.e. vector network analyzer, noise figure instrument (or noise option), noise source and impedance tuner, Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier are all connected with impedance tuner, first this calibration steps treats the frequency of the high precision noise-factor measurement system in school by vector network analyzer setting, then the Noise Factor Standard value of Transfer Standards part under this frequency is calculated
f s50 with the noise-factor measurement value of Transfer Standards part
f m50 , finally both are compared the error of indication obtained under this frequency
, the calibration under this frequency completes,
Described
f m50 with
f s50 be the lvalue of following formula (1):
（1），
In formula (1):
ffor noise figure,
f minfor Minimum noises coefficients,
r nfor equivalent noise resistance,
Γ optfor best source reflection coefficient, wherein
Γ optfor plural number, pass through modulus value |
Γ opt| with phase angle ∠
Γ optcharacterize,
f min,
r nwith
Γ optform one group of noise parameter,
z 0 for characteristic impedance,
z 0 numerical value equal 50 ohm,
Γ sfor source reflection coefficient, solving
f m50 with
f s50 process in
Γ snumerical value equal 0;
For solving according to formula (1)
f s50 first group of noise parameter and for according to formula (1) solve
f m50 second group of noise parameter all calculate according to all formula in following (2) ~ (5):
（2），
（3），
（4），
（5），
In formula (2) ~ (5):
c 11 ,
c 12 ,
c 21 with
c 22 square Matrix, i.e. a noise correlation matrix is formed according to position shown in footmark; In formula (5) |
Γ opt| and ∠
Γ opttried to achieve by formula (3) and formula (4):
For solving the noise correlation matrix of first group of noise parameter according to formula (2) ~ (5)
c p calculate according to following formula (6):
（6），
In formula (6):
t a for the temperature of measurement environment,
t 0 for standard noise temperature, numerical value equals 290K,
,
t p + for
t p associate matrix,
t p for the T parameter of Transfer Standards part;
For solving the noise correlation matrix of second group of noise parameter according to formula (2) ~ (5)
c p ' calculate according to following formula (7):
（7），
In formula (7):
c pA for the noise correlation matrix of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade,
c a for the noise correlation matrix of low noise amplifier,
t p + with
t p implication identical with formula (6);
The T parameter of described Transfer Standards part
t p calculate according to following formula (8):
（8），
In formula (8):
s 11 ,
s 12 ,
s 21 with
s 22 a square Matrix is formed, i.e. the S parameter of Transfer Standards part according to position shown in footmark
s p ;
The noise correlation matrix of described Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade
c pA with the noise correlation matrix of described low noise amplifier
c a be the lvalue of following formula (9):
（9），
In formula (9):
cfor noise correlation matrix, Minimum noises coefficients
f min ', equivalent noise resistance
r n 'with best source reflection coefficient
Γ opt 'form one group of noise parameter,
z 0 implication identical with formula (1),
represent
conjugate complex number;
For solving according to formula (9)
c pA noise parameter be the noise parameter of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade, for solving according to formula (9)
c a noise parameter be the noise parameter of low noise amplifier;
The S parameter of above-mentioned Transfer Standards part
s p recorded by vector network analyzer, the noise parameter of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade, and the noise parameter of low noise amplifier is all recorded by noise figure instrument (or noise option).
As preferably, the model of above-mentioned low noise amplifier is CBL01263345TH-02.
As preferably, above-mentioned Transfer Standards part is made up of the attenuator of the mismatch air line cascade 3 decibels of 25 ohm.
The beneficial effect adopting technique scheme to produce is: the invention solves the difficult problem that high precision noise-factor measurement system accurately cannot measure passive structures noise figure, in this programme, Transfer Standards part is made up of passive mismatch air line and passive attenuator, owing to being all passive structures so its noiseproof feature is stable and reliable, meet the primary requirement of Transfer Standards part, in addition, impedance state and the DUT of mismatch air line are more close, the damping capacity of attenuator can be selected flexibly according to calibration noise figure numerical value, thus reach more real simulation actual measurement environment and wider measurement range, pass through this method, neutral measurement technology mechanism can calibrate high precision noise-factor measurement system independently accurately, thus for using the unit of this type of measuring system to provide authoritative believable reference data, this will promote this type of measuring system widely using in China's relevant industries further, and promotes the sound development of high precision noise-factor measurement system industry.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structured flowchart of embodiment 1 alignment system;
Fig. 2 is the error of indication computing method process flow diagram in embodiment 1;
Fig. 3 is the calibration result data plot in embodiment 1.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the present invention is further detailed explanation.
As Fig. 1, shown in 2 and 3, a kind of high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps, wherein high precision noise-factor measurement system is by the vector network analyzer (PNA-X N5242) with noise option (model is H29), for providing the noise source of standard noise signal (model is 346C) and for providing impedance tuner (model the is MT983BU) composition of different source impedance state, in addition, also Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier need be added in this measuring system for using this method, the model of low noise amplifier is CBL01263345TH-02, Transfer Standards part is made up of 25 Ω mismatch air line (model Agilent 85053B) cascade 3dB attenuator (model Agilent 8493C).After connecting equipment, carry out concrete operations in accordance with the following steps:
1) frequency of the high precision noise-factor measurement system in school is treated by vector network analyzer setting;
2) S parameter of Transfer Standards part is measured by vector network analyzer
s p , measure the noise parameter of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade and the independent noise parameter of low noise amplifier by noise option;
3) by step 2) in the noise parameter of the Transfer Standards part that records and low noise amplifier cascade substitute into formula (9), obtain the noise correlation matrix of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade
c pA ;
By step 2) in the independent noise parameter of the low noise amplifier that records substitute into formula (9), obtain the noise correlation matrix of low noise amplifier
c a ;
4) by step 2) in the S parameter of Transfer Standards part that records
s p substitution formula (8), calculates the T parameter of Transfer Standards part
t p :
5) the T parameter of Transfer Standards part will obtained in step 4)
t p substitution formula (6), calculates the noise correlation matrix of the Transfer Standards part for solving first group of noise parameter
c p :
6) by step 3) gained
c pA with
c a , and step 4) gained
t p substitution formula (7), calculates the noise correlation matrix of the Transfer Standards part for solving second group of noise parameter
c p ' :
7) by step 5) gained
c p substituting into (2) ~ (5) various, obtaining first group of noise parameter for solving standard value;
By step 6) gained
c p ' substituting into (2) ~ (5) various, obtaining second group of noise parameter for solving measured value;
8) step 7) gained first group of noise parameter is substituted into formula (1), obtain the Noise Factor Standard value of Transfer Standards part
f s50 ;
Step 7) gained second group of noise parameter is substituted into formula (1), obtains the noise-factor measurement value of Transfer Standards part
f m50 ;
9) comparison step 8) gained
f s50 with
f m50 , obtain the error of indication under frequency set by step 1)
, the calibration operation under this frequency completes.
The microwave measurement frequency range of calibration system is 2 ~ 26 GHz, the piece calibration under each frequency is carried out according to above step, by the data list obtained, wherein the noise parameter of low noise amplifier is in table 1, the cascade noise parameter of mismatch air line and low noise amplifier is in table 2, the S parameter of mismatch air line in table 3, Noise Factor Standard value under each frequency of trying to achieve
f s50 and measured value
f m50 and the data of the corresponding error of indication are in table 4, table 4 are converted into image format and see Fig. 3.
This method carries out piece calibration to high precision noise-factor measurement system, be applicable to coaxial, at the calibration operation of the measuring system of the various ways such as sheet or measured material, it is by the S parameter of the independent noise parameter of the cascade noise parameter and low noise amplifier of successively measuring Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier and Transfer Standards part, calculate through model, the noise-factor measurement value of final acquisition Transfer Standards part, thus solve the technical barrier that high precision noise-factor measurement system accurately cannot measure passive structures noise figure, this value can be obtained compared with the Noise Factor Standard value of Transfer Standards part the error of indication of high precision noise-factor measurement system, thus the precision measure completed high precision noise-factor measurement system.
At present, complete calibration method is the mainstream development direction of instrument calibration industry, particularly more like this for the measuring system being similar to this composition of noise measurement complicated.In this programme, Transfer Standards part is made up of passive mismatch air line and passive attenuator, due to be all passive structures so its noiseproof feature is reliable and stable, meet the primary requirement of Transfer Standards part; Secondly, impedance state and the DUT of mismatch air line are more close, and the damping capacity of attenuator can be selected flexibly according to calibration noise figure numerical value, thus reaches more real simulation actual measurement environment and wider measurement range.
Nowadays, high precision noise-factor measurement system has been widely used in the industry such as microelectronics, communication, and the applying unit of high precision noise-factor measurement system can only the promise of unconditional trust apparatus manufacturer, independently cannot confirm the measuring error of this type systematic.Pass through this method, neutral measurement technology mechanism can calibrate high precision noise-factor measurement system independently accurately, thus for using the unit of this type of measuring system to provide authority, believable reference data, this will promote this type of measuring system widely using in China's relevant industries further, and promotes the sound development of high precision noise-factor measurement system industry.
Claims (3)
1. a high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps, it is characterized in that: this method accesses Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier in the high precision noise-factor measurement system treating school, describedly treat that the high precision noise-factor measurement system in school comprises vector network analyzer, noise source, impedance tuner, and noise figure instrument or noise option, described Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier are all connected with described impedance tuner, first this calibration steps treats the frequency of the high precision noise-factor measurement system in school by vector network analyzer setting, then the Noise Factor Standard value of Transfer Standards part under this frequency is calculated
f s50 with the noise-factor measurement value of Transfer Standards part
f m50 , finally will
f s50 with
f m50 relatively obtain the error of indication under this frequency
, the calibration so far under this frequency completes,
Described
f m50 with
f s50 be the lvalue of following formula (1):
（1），
In formula (1):
ffor noise figure,
f minfor Minimum noises coefficients,
r nfor equivalent noise resistance,
Γ optfor best source reflection coefficient,
f min,
r nwith
Γ optform one group of noise parameter,
z 0 for characteristic impedance,
z 0 numerical value equal 50 ohm,
Γ sfor source reflection coefficient, solving
f m50 with
f s50 process in
Γ snumerical value equal 0;
For solving according to formula (1)
f s50 first group of noise parameter and for according to formula (1) solve
f m50 second group of noise parameter all calculate according to following (2) ~ (5) formula:
（2），
（3），
（4），
（5），
In formula (2) ~ (5):
c 11 ,
c 12 ,
c 21 with
c 22 square Matrix, i.e. a noise correlation matrix is formed according to position shown in footmark; In formula (5) |
Γ opt| and ∠
Γ opttried to achieve by formula (3) and formula (4):
For solving the noise correlation matrix of first group of noise parameter according to formula (2) ~ (5)
c p calculate according to following formula (6):
（6），
In formula (6):
t a for the temperature of measurement environment,
t 0 for standard noise temperature, numerical value equals 290K,
,
t p + for
t p associate matrix,
t p for the T parameter of Transfer Standards part;
For solving the noise correlation matrix of second group of noise parameter according to formula (2) ~ (5)
c p ' calculate according to following formula (7):
（7），
In formula (7):
c pA for the noise correlation matrix of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade,
c a for the noise correlation matrix of low noise amplifier,
t p + with
t p identical with formula (6) of implication;
The T parameter of described Transfer Standards part
t p calculate according to following formula (8):
（8），
In formula (8):
s 11 ,
s 12 ,
s 21 with
s 22 a square Matrix is formed, i.e. the S parameter of Transfer Standards part according to position shown in footmark
s p ;
The noise correlation matrix of described Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade
c pA with the noise correlation matrix of described low noise amplifier
c a be the lvalue of following formula (9):
（9），
In formula (9):
cfor noise correlation matrix, Minimum noises coefficients
f min ', equivalent noise resistance
r n 'with best source reflection coefficient
Γ opt 'form one group of noise parameter,
z 0 identical with formula (1) of implication;
For solving according to formula (9)
c pA noise parameter be the noise parameter of Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade, for solving according to formula (9)
c a noise parameter be the noise parameter of low noise amplifier;
The S parameter of described Transfer Standards part
s p recorded by vector network analyzer, the noise parameter of described Transfer Standards part and low noise amplifier cascade and the noise parameter of described low noise amplifier are all recorded by noise figure instrument or noise option.
2. high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the model of described low noise amplifier is CBL01263345TH-02.
3. high precision noise-factor measurement entire system calibration steps according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described Transfer Standards part is made up of the attenuator of the mismatch air line cascade 3 decibels of 25 ohm.
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