CN104160581B - 包括dc‑dc转换器的充电器 - Google Patents

包括dc‑dc转换器的充电器 Download PDF

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CN104160581B
CN104160581B CN201380012321.7A CN201380012321A CN104160581B CN 104160581 B CN104160581 B CN 104160581B CN 201380012321 A CN201380012321 A CN 201380012321A CN 104160581 B CN104160581 B CN 104160581B
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CN104160581A (zh
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E·比阿吉尼
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IES SYNERGY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/14—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to electric lighting circuits
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0069—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
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    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/005—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output using Cuk converters
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    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/40—Working vehicles
    • B60L2200/44—Industrial trucks or floor conveyors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/12—Buck converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/30—AC to DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/1557—Single ended primary inductor converters [SEPIC]
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于马达驱动装置(8)的充电器(2)，该马达驱动装置(8)包括电池(5)和配件(7a、7b、7c)，所述充电器(2)包括：第一转换模块(3)，该第一转换模块用于将交流输入电流转换成具有第一电压的直流电流；第二转换模块(4)，该第二转换模块用于将具有第一电压的直流电流转换成具有比该第一电压更低的第二电压的直流电流；切换模块(6)，该切换模块连接至所述第一转换模块(3)并且连接至所述第二转换模块(4)，适于连接至所述电池(5)；所述切换模块(6)适于：在充电模式下，经由所述第一转换模块(3)向所述第二转换模块(4)和所述电池(5)供电；在使用模式下，经由所述电池(5)向所述第二转换模块(4)供电；所述第二转换模块(4)适于向所述配件(7a、7b、7c)供电，并且所述第二转换模块(4)包括SEPIC转换器。本发明还涉及包括所述装置的马达驱动装置和使用所述装置的电力供应方法。

Description

包括DC-DC转换器的充电器
技术领域
本发明涉及包括连接至AC-DC转换器的DC-DC转换器的充电装置，该充电装置特别适于用作电动车辆的车载装置。
背景技术
许多移动式机器使用电能并且配备有电池，例如，电动车、移动升降台、托板车等。这些机器通常使用车载充电器，换句话说，直接装配至该移动式机器的电池充电器。
这些车载充电器的主要功能是利用从电力网络可获的电力来向电池充电。
出于独立和效率的理由，牵引用电池或电池组(其被用于向上述机器的牵引系统供电，换言之，传动系)具有高电压(例如，48V、60V或甚至400V或以上)，而车载电子装置需要更低的电压。最常见的标称电压是12V：其是在机动车环境中常规使用的配件所需的电压。
因此，必需添加DC-DC电压转换器，其将牵引用电池的电压降低至车载配件所需的值。
有利的是，将该DC-DC转换器和牵引用电池充电装置并入到同一充电装置中，以节省空间、重量，以及连接器，实现更大的可靠性并且易于将这些配件并入到车辆或其它机动机器中。
常规地讲，已知的是，使用下列作为如上所述充电装置中的DC-DC转换器：作为笨重配件的、包括变压器的电路；或者步降(降压)转换器，其没有电隔离并且其在转换器的整流器故障和短路情况下存在安全隐患(这是因为，在这种情况下，高输入电压接着被直接施加至输出部，其会损坏以低电压操作的配件)。
因此，需要改进用于机动设备(并且具体来说，用于车辆)的包括DC-DC转换器的充电装置的安全性，而不必采取笨重和/或昂贵的配件。
发明内容
本发明首先涉及一种用于机动设备的充电装置，所述机动设备包括电池和配件，所述充电装置包括：
-第一转换模块，该第一转换模块适于将交流输入电流转换成具有第一电压的直流电流；
-第二转换模块，该第二转换模块适于将具有第一电压的直流电流转换成具有比该第一电压更低的第二电压的直流电流；
-切换模块，该切换模块连接至所述第一转换模块并且连接至所述第二转换模块，并且适于连接至所述电池；
所述切换模块适于：
-在充电模式下，经由所述第一转换模块向所述第二转换模块和所述电池供电；
-在使用模式下，经由所述电池向所述第二转换模块供电；
所述第二转换模块适于向所述配件供电；并且所述第二转换模块包括SEPIC转换器。
根据一实施方式，所述第一电压为从24V至500V，优选地从45V至80V。
根据一实施方式，所述第二电压为从5V至20V，优选地从10V至15V。
根据一实施方式，所述交流输入电流具有从80V至300V、优选地从85V至265V的电压和/或从0.5kW至10kW、优选地从1kW至6kW的功率。
根据一实施方式，所述SEPIC转换器具有输入部、输出部以及在所述输入部与所述输出部之间提供电容隔离的电容器，所述电容器优选地具有从2μF至100μF、并且更优选地从15μF至45μF的电容。
根据一实施方式，本发明的充电装置被并入到所述机动设备中或者是车载的。
根据一实施方式，本发明的充电装置包括外壳，在该外壳内部设置有所述第一转换模块、所述第二转换模块以及所述切换模块。
而且，本发明的目的是一种包括如上所述的充电装置并且还包括上面陈述的电池和配件的机动设备。
根据一实施方式，所述机动设备是车辆。
根据一实施方式，所述机动设备是电动车辆。
根据一实施方式，所述配件包括从次级电池、传感器、指示灯、车载计算机、照明装置以及车载无线电中选择的一个或更多个配件。
而且，本发明的目的是一种用于向机动设备的配件供电的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：提供具有第一电压的直流电流；将该电流转换成具有比所述第一电压更低的第二电压的直流电流；以及向所述配件提供该具有第二电压的直流电流，其中，所述转换阶段由SEPIC转换器来执行。
根据一实施方式，所述第一电压为从24V至500V，优选地从45V至80V，和/或所述第二电压为从5V至20V，优选地从10V至15V。
根据一实施方式，所述方法包括以下步骤：供应交流输入电流，并且将所述输入电流转换成具有所述第一电压的所述直流电流。
根据一实施方式，所述第一电压下的所述直流电流还向所述机动设备的电池供电。
根据一实施方式，所述交流输入电流具有从80V至300V、优选地从85V至265V的电压和/或从0.5kW至10kW、优选地从1kW至6kW的功率。
根据一(另选)实施方式，由所述机动设备的电池提供在所述第一电压下的所述直流电流。
根据一实施方式，所述机动设备是车辆，优选地是电动车辆。
根据一实施方式，所述配件包括从次级电池、传感器、指示灯、车载计算机、照明装置以及车载无线电中选择的一个或更多个配件。
本发明使其可以克服现有技术的缺点。更具体地说，其提供了这样一种用于机动设备(并且具体地，用于车辆)的充电装置，其提供DC-DC转换器的电容隔离，并由此即使在组件短路故障的情况下也确保该装置的安全，而不必采取如变压器这样的笨重和/或昂贵的配件。
这通过利用SEPIC型转换器来实现。术语SEPIC意指“单端初级电感转换器”。SEPIC型架构对于低功率应用(办公计算机等)来说是已知的，但本发明人已经认识到，该架构可以善加利用为高功率应用(例如直至500W)的一部分，如(电动车型的)充电机动设备。
作为本发明的一部分，SEPIC转换器提供良好的效率、简单的结构、可靠的操作以及紧凑的尺寸。
附图说明
图1是示出根据本发明的、并入到机动设备中的、以充电模式操作的充电装置的图。
图2是示出以使用模式操作的同一充电装置的图。
图3是用作本发明的一部分的SEPIC转换器的示意图。
图4是可以被用作本发明一部分的AC-DC转换器的示意图。
图5是示出被用作本发明一部分的整流器的图。
具体实施方式
下面，在接下来的描述中更详细地且按非限制方式对本发明进行描述。
参照图1和图2，根据本发明的充电装置2适于装配或并入到机动设备8中，机动设备8包括电池5和配件(item of equipment)7a、7b、7c。电池5适于递送具有第一电压(标注U1)的直流电流并且由该直流电流充电。配件7a、7b、7c适于以具有低于U1的第二电压(标注U2)的直流电流充电和/或操作。
根据一优选实施方式，机动设备8是车辆，具体来说，电动的机动车辆。在其它实施方式中，机动设备8可以是诸如移动升降台、电力起重车或托板车这样的吊运设备。
电池5是该车辆(或机器)的牵引用电池，换句话说，担负向该车辆(或机器)的电动机供电的电池。应当明白，该电池5可以是单一电池或电池组。
配件7a、7b、7c可以包括传感器、指示灯、车载计算机、照明装置、车载无线电等。
它们还可以包括本身能够向配件7a、7b、7c的其余部分供电的次级电池。
电压U1通常是从24V至500V，优选地为从45V至80V。
电压U2通常是从5V至20V，优选地为从10V至15V。
作为一实施例，U1可以大约为60V，而U2可以大约为12V。
充电装置2包括：第一转换模块3、第二转换模块4、以及连接至第一转换模块3、连接至第二转换模块4的切换模块6，并且在该充电装置2被并入到机动设备8中的情况下，切换模块6连接至电池5。
第一转换模块3适于将交流供电电流转换成电压U1下的直流电流。
第二转换模块4适于将电压U1下的直流电流转换成比U1更低的电压U2下的直流电流。
参照图4，第一转换模块3通常具有旨在连接至供电网络的输入部21，并且具有正弦电流吸收部22(或PFC)的前置调节器，接着是具有电气隔离23的DC-DC转换器。因此，第一转换模块3将从供电网可获的电能变换成与电源隔离的DC电压。对于电池充电应用的情况来说，其使该电压适应于对该电池充电所需的条件。
第二转换模块4包括SEPIC转换器，其将电压U1下的直流电流转换成电压U2下的直流电流。
充电装置2可以按至少两种分离的模式进行操作，即，充电模式和使用模式。例如，如果机动设备8是电动车辆，则其在充电模式下固定不动并且连接至供电网，而在使用模式下，该车辆与供电网断开，而且例如可以被驱动。
参照图1，在充电模式下，电源1(例如供电网)向第一转换模块3提供交流电流。该电源1的源可以是单相、两相或三相电源或任何其它电源。
例如，对于单相电源来说，该交流电压可以为从85V至265V，并且该电流可以大约为16A。
切换模块6确保第一转换模块3以电压U1向电池5(其由此被充电)和第二转换模块4两者提供直流电流。
参照图2，在使用模式下，第一转换模块3不连接至任何电源的源并因此未使用。充电装置2和其所并入的机动设备8通过电池5而提供有在电压U1下的直流电流。
更具体地说，切换模块6确保电池5向第二转换模块4供电。
在充电模式下和使用模式下，第二转换模块4向机动设备的配件7a、7b、7c提供在电压U2下的直流电流。
电压U2例如可以是从6V至16V，具有标称值12V，功率是从200W至几千瓦。这些值取决于配件7a、7b、7c的特性，并且电压值和功率值都可以增加。
参照图3，第二转换模块4的SEPIC转换器具有输入端子11a、11b，即，第一输入端子11a和连接至电压基准的第二输入端子11b。第一电容器12并联连接至输入端子11a、11b。第一电感器13和晶体管14(晶体管14的端子之一连接至电压基准)的串联电路连接至第一电容器12的端子。
第二电容器15和第二电感器16(第二电感器16的端子之一连接至电压基准)的串联电路连接至晶体管14的端子。
二极管17和第三电容器18(第三电容器18的端子之一连接至电压基准)的串联电路连接至第二电感器16的端子。
最后，第三电容器18的端子连接至输出端子19a、19b，即，第一输出端子19a和连接至电压基准的第二输出端子19b。
电压U1下的直流电流被施加至输入端子11a、11b，而电压U2下的直流电流被施加至输出端子19a、19b。
这些组件的参数根据SEPIC转换器的用途和尺寸来确定。
作为一例示，SEPIC转换器的组件的参数可以如下：
-第一电容器12：电容从0.1μF至10μF，优选地从0.4μF至10μF；
-第一电感器13：电感值从0.5μH至100μH，优选地从5μH至35μH；
-第二电容器15：电容从2μF至100μF，优选地从15μF至45μF；
-第二电感器16：电感值从0.5μH至100μH，优选地从5μH至20μH；
-第三电容器18：电容从20μF至10mF，优选地从1mF至5mF；
晶体管14例如可以是MOSFET晶体管或者绝缘栅型双极晶体管(IGBT)或任何其它整流器。
二极管17例如是肖特基二极管。
SEPIC转换器借助于第二电容器15在去往转换器的输入部(该电路中标注A的部分)与出自转换器的输出部(该电路中标注B的部分)之间提供电容隔离。
由此，在有源组件(具体地，晶体管14)故障的情况下，确保了该装置的安全性。
切换模块6的功能是允许在不同的操作模式之间切换电压。图5示出了允许通过第一转换模块3或者通过电池5向第二转换模块4供电的切换模块6的实施例。

Claims (27)

1.一种用于机动设备(8)的充电装置(2)，该机动设备(8)包括电池(5)和配件(7a、7b、7c)，所述充电装置(2)包括：
-第一转换模块(3)，所述第一转换模块(3)适于将交流输入电流转换成具有第一电压的直流电流；
-第二转换模块(4)，所述第二转换模块(4)适于将具有第一电压的直流电流转换成具有比所述第一电压更低的第二电压的直流电流；
-切换模块(6)，所述切换模块(6)连接至所述第一转换模块(3)并且连接至所述第二转换模块(4)，并且适于连接至所述电池(5)；
所述切换模块(6)适于：
-在充电模式下，经由所述第一转换模块(3)向所述第二转换模块(4)和所述电池(5)供电；
-在使用模式下，经由所述电池(5)向所述第二转换模块(4)供电；
所述第二转换模块(4)适于向所述配件(7a、7b、7c)供电；并且
所述第二转换模块(4)包括SEPIC转换器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述第一电压为从24V至500V；和/或其中，所述第二电压为从5V至20V。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置，其中，所述第一电压为从45V至80V。
4.根据权利要求2所述的装置，其中，所述第二电压为从10V至15V。
5.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的装置，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从80V至300V的电压和/或从0.5kW至10kW的功率。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从85V至265V的电压。
7.根据权利要求5所述的装置，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从1kW至6kW的功率。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述SEPIC转换器具有输入部(11a、11b)、输出部(19a、19b)以及电容器(15)，所述电容器(15)在所述输入部(11a、11b)与所述输出部(19a、19b)之间提供电容隔离，所述电容器(15)具有从2μF至100μF的电容。
9.根据权利要求8所述的装置，其中，所述电容器(15)具有从15μF至45μF的电容。
10.根据权利要求1所述的装置，所述装置被并入所述机动设备(8)中；并且/或者包括外壳，在所述外壳内部布置有所述第一转换模块(3)、所述第二转换模块(4)以及所述切换模块(6)。
11.一种机动设备(8)，所述机动设备(8)包括根据权利要求1至10中的任一项所述的充电装置(2)，并且还包括根据权利要求1所述的电池(5)和配件(7a、7b、7c)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的机动设备(8)，所述机动设备(8)是车辆。
13.根据权利要求12所述的机动设备(8)，所述机动设备(8)是电动车辆。
14.根据权利要求11所述的机动设备(8)，其中，所述配件(7a、7b、7c)包括从次级电池、传感器、指示灯、车载计算机、照明装置以及车载无线电中选择的一个或更多个配件。
15.一种用于使用根据权利要求1所述的充电装置向机动设备的配件供电的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：提供具有第一电压的直流电流；将该电流转换成具有比所述第一电压更低的第二电压的直流电流；以及向所述配件提供该具有第二电压的直流电流，其中，所述转换阶段由所述充电装置的SEPIC转换器来执行。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中，所述第一电压为从24V至500V；和/或其中，所述第二电压为从5V至20V。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中，所述第一电压为从45V至80V。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中，所述第二电压为从10V至15V。
19.根据权利要求15至18中的任一项所述的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：供应交流输入电流，并且将所述输入电流转换成具有所述第一电压的所述直流电流。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，所述第一电压下的所述直流电流还向所述机动设备的电池供电。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从80V至300V的电压和/或从0.5kW至10kW的功率。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从85V至265V的电压。
23.根据权利要求21所述的方法，其中，所述交流输入电流具有从1kW至6kW的功率。
24.根据权利要求15至18中的任一项所述的方法，其中，由所述机动设备的电池提供在所述第一电压下的所述直流电流。
25.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中，所述机动设备是车辆。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中，所述机动设备是电动车辆。
27.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中，所述配件包括从次级电池、传感器、指示灯、车载计算机、照明装置以及车载无线电中选择的一个或更多个配件。
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HK1202989A1 (zh) 2015-10-09
FR2987947A1 (fr) 2013-09-13
EP2823549A1 (fr) 2015-01-14
CN104160581A (zh) 2014-11-19
US9637011B2 (en) 2017-05-02
WO2013132018A1 (fr) 2013-09-12
CA2865799A1 (fr) 2013-09-12
US20150134165A1 (en) 2015-05-14

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