CN104155296A - Method for observing and identifying de-vitrification variation bubbles on glaze of ancient porcelain - Google Patents
Method for observing and identifying de-vitrification variation bubbles on glaze of ancient porcelain Download PDFInfo
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- CN104155296A CN104155296A CN201410364740.3A CN201410364740A CN104155296A CN 104155296 A CN104155296 A CN 104155296A CN 201410364740 A CN201410364740 A CN 201410364740A CN 104155296 A CN104155296 A CN 104155296A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for identifying ancient porcelain. The method is particularly characterized in that according to bubbles in enamel consisting of mineral substances such as silicon oxide obtained by sintering porcelain, remarkable variation characteristics can be generated by influences of de-vitrification and re-crystallization of the enamel in the river of space and time for a hundred years, so that the authenticity of the ancient porcelain is identified. The de-vitrification variation bubbles under the glaze of the porcelain are determined in a way that the form of the bubbles on the glaze of the porcelain is observed by using a microscope instrument, if small cavities occur in the top ends and the peripheries of the bubbles, or microcracks are serially connected with a plurality of small cavities, the de-vitrification variation bubbles on the glaze of the porcelain can be determined, which shows that a de-vitrification process of silicious oxides on the gaze of the porcelain reaches above hundreds years, so that the porcelain artwork can be confirmed as genuine ancient porcelain. Because the de-vitrification variation of the bubbles of the ancient porcelain is only related to the space and time, the authenticity of the ancient porcelain is identified by using the variation characteristic of the de-vitrification bubbles of the glaze of the ancient porcelain in the river of space and time. The method has the advantages of being scientific, simple, convenient, feasible, accurate and reliable, and free from interference by human factors.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of authentication method of old china device, specifically a kind of old china device glaze devitrification variation air-bubble observation identification method; Bubble in the enamel of the mineral matter compositions such as the monox being sintered according to pottery, goes through the impact of century-old space-time long river enamel devitrification recrystallization, can produce the feature of obvious variation, differentiates the true and false of old china device.
Background technology
Old china device generally refers to the porcelain before the Qing Dynasty, and the old china device before Hundred Years of China, is regarded as history relic, especially each hired porcelain of firing for imperial government porcelain kiln, exquisite owing to making, deposit generation rareness, treasured by collector, its price is under the pulling of international market, constantly soaring.
And pottery uses after the glazing of potter's clay base and fires and form, the high price of ancient pottery and porcelain, causes numerous fake producers imitated climax of pursuing profits.And the backwardness of porcelain identification of means makes fake products be full of large small market, various places, and its imitation technique improves constantly, and some high imitative product has reached can deceive people expert's eyesight, openly and legally enters the stage in auction marketplace and palace, museum.
Although qualification circle goes out repeatly old china device and detects new method, the new method of detection such as thermoluminescent mensuration, material composition determination method that for example samples is differentiated the true and false of old china device, but now fake producer has produced and can cheat thermoluminescone-dating instrument and logical the new imitative product of crossing composition detection.Other are as imitated in moulding, the elimination of glaze thief light, and faking etc. of old use vestige, is used for deceiving the fraud means that expert's eye is learned, and is forged especially master-hands and uses extremely miraculously.So the discriminating of the old china device true and false, is that in long-term puzzlement, a something to write home about on boundary is won and collected to national literature.Owing to there not being so far any interference from human factor, accurately authentication method of not being subject to.So still have now the true and false difficulty of a lot of Ancient Chinese porcelain to sentence or by erroneous judgement misjudgement, this present situation, serious impact research and the protections of people for this cultural continuity of old china device.
Utilize the feature of old china device glaze devitrification bubble variation in space-time long river, differentiate the true and false of old china device, there is science, easy, feasible, accurate, reliable, be not subject to interference from human factor advantage,
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the problems referred to above that exist in the qualification of Ancient Chinese porcelain, the invention provides a kind of authentication method of Ancient Chinese porcelain, say more specifically by the devitrification variation bubble qualification to old china device glaze and realize the identification to Chinese old china device.This feature of utilizing the devitrification bubble variation in space-time long river of old china device glaze, differentiates the true and false of old china device, is a kind of interference that is not subject to any human factor, easy and old china device true/false discriminating method accurately.
Because the enamel of ceramic surface is made after being pulverized and mixed by quartz (silica crystal) and other multi mineral salts or oxide raw material, after chinaware article enters stove and burns till, enamel is just sintered to a kind of glassy state amorphous substance.This enamel being formed by material sintering such as monox, its inner structure is not arranged orderly crystal, is glass noncrystal metastable condition because its micromechanism is unordered.Because material is molecular, and the molecule of material is always in ceaselessly motion, the mineral molecules such as the silicon dioxide in the glass shape enamel in metastable condition, As time goes on, they can trend towards order state gradually, thereby change original structure, become the micro crystal of other mineral matters in siliceous oxide or enamel.Originally be the porcelain enamel of glassy state, and can be gradually varied to stable crystal microcrystalline texture, this process, can be referred to as the variation that porcelain enamel departs from vitreousness, is called for short " devitrification ".
After the devitrification process in very long years, will there is following variation in the macroscopic view of the enamel of porcelain:
First, its reflective reduces gradually, and light scattering is constantly strengthened.Therefore the glaze of ancient pottery and porcelain looks softer, gentle than new product.Epoch are more of a specified duration, and this variation is just larger.This is due to porcelain molecule, from original unordered, change to ordered arrangement, their occupied spaces have dwindled, and each intermolecular spacing is just widened, in certain scope, its tension continues to increase, exceed after its intermolecular gravitation and be increased to, will produce fracture, this just causes glaze to occur the micro-crack of different shape.On the larger micro-crack of spacing, also there will be a series of little cavity.(seeing accompanying drawing 1) in most cases, this micro-crack cannot with the naked eye observe directly, and the larger micro-crack of spacing can be observed by high-power microscope.
The old-fashioned identification method of porcelain, is exactly that its surface has produced " contracting glaze " phenomenon according to after ancient porcelain experience " unaccelerated aging ", becomes not that glass surface is so smooth for another example, and its reflective reduces gradually, and light scattering is constantly strengthened.The glaze of ancient pottery and porcelain looks and has become soft " precious light " by " the crafty light " that the new product gentle, more original than new product is dazzling thus.Estimate the years of qualification old china device.But, the sense of the history of old china device vicissitudes, fake producer uses some special devices to carry out " doing old ", is completely can copy remarkably true to lifely, reach the stage of mixing the spurious with the genuine, deceiving people expert and cheating collector.
General glassy enamel, in the time entering stove and fire, there will be the bubble differing in size under glaze, concentrate on studies and micro-Microscopic observation through inventor, finds old china device glaze bubble, in its devitrification process, can produce variation.This variation, often appears at top and the surrounding of bubble significantly, and this is that enamel devitrification internal stress can be pulled open the top of bubble and be occurred a roundlet hole because the top of its bubble is the weakest.In addition, bubble ratio under many kind glaze is more very large, retrained by glaze surface tension, be oblate shape, it overlooks the curvature maximum of periphery, also just first break and occur crackle and little cavity, under the old china device glaze that these times of going through have experienced many vicissitudes of life, de-glass variation bubble, can use high magnified glass to observe.(seeing accompanying drawing 2)
Why take off the glass variation top of bubble and the major diameter periphery of bubble and there will be roundlet hole one by one? inventor points out that molecule of bubble top, gravitation and the repulsion of suffered other molecules of its surrounding are unbalanced, this will cause it to one side displacement, the position that it is original, just produce a little cavity, by that analogy, its cavity can be more and more large, so that can be observed by microscope by people.Inventor thinks the observation to devitrification variation bubble under this old china device glaze to have special meaning.
Can find by Microscopic observation and contrast, use the porcelain of modern new technology manufacture and size and the distribution of the old technique fire porcelain of wood kiln in ancient times glaze bubble to there is obvious difference.So some modern fakement imitators just use the imitative old china device that burns of old-fashioned wood kiln; although can imitating, they burn the glaze bubble that similar old porcelain size is uneven, distribute sparse; brand new porcelain, without century-old space-time, glaze bubble can never produce obvious devitrification variation.And Qing Dynasty's porcelain before could be regarded as old china device by people, so form and the distribution of micro-Microscopic observation devitrification variation bubble, can be used as old china device and differentiate foundation.
Whether inventor, by above about the research of the principle of devitrification Bubble formation under old china device glaze, points out that it forms reason, relevant through the space-time of going through after only firing with porcelain, and had nothing to do by use after firing kiln discharge before the old china device centuries.For example some clear three generations's kuan yao procelain, is sent to its Shengjing city, Manchuria, place of origin the Forbidden City by imperial family of the Qing Dynasty after coming out of the stove and collects, and after the destruction of the clear court of a feudal ruler, wanders multiple collection among the people afterwards, has escaped chaos caused by war and the turmoils such as the war of resistance, civil war, the Culture Revolution.When meeting in the present flourishing age, come into the market again, its outward appearance is still with new the same; But under the microscope, its devitrification bubble variation has been grown completely as seen.This rare cultural relics, the general brainstrust that relies on the qualification of the eye section of learning to do is difficult to correctly judge.
In addition, further also discovery of research of the inventor, the variation of devitrification bubble is processed irrelevant with other artificial physical chemistry.
Modern deceptive person; usual some physical chemistry means that use; for example pickling, sandblast, friction delustring etc.; fake products is done to old processing, and the devitrification of old china device bubble variation is its molecule trend motion achievements in order; so; all fraud means of fake producer, all can only change porcelain configuration of surface, and can not affect the trend of the recrystallization motion of its microcosmic molecule.This has just ensured accuracy and the reliability of devitrification bubble identification method.
The devitrification variation of pottery glaze bubble is that it just starts to occur from being born, and is to fire the increasing of space-time after kiln discharge and prolong and uninterruptedly carrying out along with it.The devitrification invisible, that must just can observe by microscope of this naked eyes makes a variation, and is " annual ring " feature of pottery.And the size of porcelain glaze bubble and distribution are but brought up because its different kilneyes (wood kiln or electricity, gas kiln) burning process is different, this is all the unmodifiable key character of the pottery effect day after tomorrow.(seeing accompanying drawing 3)
Based on above-mentioned observation, concrete technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of authentication method of old china device is mainly to observe porcelain glaze devitrification variation bubble judge old china device is true and false by microsurgical instrument; Described devitrification variation bubble refers to and uses microsurgical instrument to observe porcelain glaze bubble shape, if bubble top and periphery occur little cavity or occur as seen the microcrack multiple little cavities (minute bubbles seemingly) of connecting, be porcelain glaze devitrification variation bubble; More than the devitrification course that shows the siliceous oxide of this porcelain glaze has reached a century; Be specially:
(1) if bubble is tiny and intensive, without devitrification variation phenomenon, the new porcelain electric for the modern times, steam stove is fired;
(2) if the uneven distribution of Air Bubble Size is sparse, but have no devitrification variation bubble; The modelled after an antique new porcelain that uses old-fashioned wood kiln or any special measures to fire for modern imitations person;
(3), if the distribution of Air Bubble Size inequality is sparse, visible devitrification variation bubble, for a century is front or approach century-old old china genuine piece;
(4) if bubble rareness, but, can find devitrification variation bubble, be top ceramics genuine piece in ancient times;
(5) if can not find bubble, but the visible fine wrinkle of splitting, is also porcelain genuine pieces in ancient times;
(6) if the uneven distribution of Air Bubble Size is sparse, but there is a roundlet bubble in rarely seen bubble top, is divided into following two kinds of situations:
, there is this situation in A, for new porcelain after before the founding of the state, can not can be regarded as old china device on general common porcelain;
B, at glaze bed thickness weight, some porcelain of tire matter class pottery, as there is this situation on single colour glaze porcelain, its bubble is tiny and sparse, or glaze layer is muddy and thick and heavy especially, as the tiny range upon range of mountains of bubble, assemble, but the top of each bubble, all can see the cavity of roundlet bubble Like, be time immemorial Song, the Yuan dynasty porcelain genuine piece.
Described microsurgical instrument comprises high magnified glass, microscope or microimaging instrument more than computer centuplicate.
Utilize the present invention to identify that the beneficial effect of old china device is: because the devitrification variation of old china device bubble is only relevant with space-time; so utilize the feature of old china device glaze devitrification bubble variation in space-time long river; differentiate the true and false of old china device, can identify accurately old china device.There is science, easy, feasible, accurate, reliable, be not subject to the advantage of interference from human factor.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 also there will be a series of little empty micrograph on the micro-crack that old china device glaze interplanar distance is larger.
Fig. 2 is the micrograph of typical devitrification variation bubble under three generations's old china device glaze clearly.
Fig. 3 is the porcelain glaze bubble micrograph that electricity consumption, gas kiln are manufactured.
Fig. 4 is the devitrification variation micrograph of first blue and white genuine piece glaze bubble.
Fig. 5 is that ' great Yuan state was to positive 8 years systems ' money blue and white with copper red colors dragon is worn peony design vault-of-Heaven vase.
Fig. 6 is devitrification variation micrograph under the glaze of Fig. 5.
Embodiment
Illustrate authentication method of the present invention below in conjunction with several qualification examples.
The modern fake producer of qualification example 1 makes the qualification of the imitative product of old china device of electricity consumption, gas kiln or the manufacture of old-fashioned wood kiln
As shown in Figure 3, the modern times are examined under a microscope the porcelain of electricity consumption, the manufacture of gas kiln, and glaze bubble is tiny and intensive.With the porcelain comparison that the old technique of wood kiln in ancient times shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 is fired, size and the distribution of porcelain glaze bubble have obvious difference.
And some modern fakement imitators use the imitative old china device that burns of old-fashioned wood kiln; although can imitating, they burn the glaze bubble that similar old china device size is uneven, distribute sparse; brand new porcelain, without century-old space-time, glaze bubble can never produce obvious devitrification variation.
The qualification of 2 yuan of blue and white genuine pieces of qualification example
The large tank of unit blue and white " terrible millet is gone down the hill ", has created the sky-high price of 2.3 hundred million yuan in the international market.So fake producer makes a quick response, the blue and white large tank of unit hard to tell whether it is true or false is flooded market.Collector knows that the Yuan Dynasty was apart from more than 700 year the present.The devitrification variation of examining under a microscope blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty device genuine piece glaze bubble is very obvious, sees accompanying drawing 4.There is Yuan Dynasty Blue And White Porcelain device feature, and its glaze bubble devitrification variation features is obviously as Fig. 4, can predicate blue-and-white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty device genuine piece.
Qualification example 3 great Yuan states to positive 8 years money blue and white with copper red colors dragons processed are worn the qualification of peony design vault-of-Heaven vase
" Fig. 5 " is " ' great Yuan state was to positive 8 years systems ' money blue and white with copper red colors dragon is worn peony design vault-of-Heaven vase "; examine under a microscope the local micrograph of this bottle; see Fig. 6; visible its epoch " annual ring " are that under glaze, devitrification bubble is grown completely, can conclude this part porcelain be Yuan Dynasty's blue and white with copper red colors genuine piece undoubtedly.
It should be noted to have some blue and white feature of unit for those outward appearances, and examine under a microscope, its bubble, but without devitrification variation features, must be the new imitative fakement that age is not high.
Should be noted that: industry, usually by the bubble of variable color under magnifier, is called " dead bubble " at present.But, this " dead bubble ", and be not exclusively equal to " the devitrification variation bubble " that this paper names.Can find that some porcelain glaze is intensely dark, acid stings that to do old situation obvious, at Microscopic observation, also can see " the dead bubble " of variable color.But the peripheral boundary of this " dead bubble " is clear, there is no the devitrification variation distinctive one by one little cavity of bubble; The variable color of bubble is because in the time that chemical acid etching or sandblast are hit, bubble top is broken, dirt oozes into caused, but not goes through very long space-time, produced due to devitrification variation.
Must be noted that simultaneously, if old china device over a long time in rugged surroundings, extraneous earth or other coloring matters de-glass variation bubble breaking into top that oozes, just under mirror, can be observed variable color de-glass variation bubble.But the periphery of this bubble, leaves devitrification variation vestige, and " the dead bubble " of this variable color, could be as the foundation that judges ancient pottery and porcelain genuine piece.
Again emphasize: " the dead bubble " of experience devitrification variation poststaining, periphery must be accompanied by numerous other variation bubbles in devitrification variation process; And fake due to " dead bubble ", other bubbles of periphery are but intact.
And some are called as circle Huang, the black spots of " dead bubble ", be not but the bubble under porcelain glaze, but fake producer is in order to mix the spurious with the genuine, have a mind to be entrained in some coloured granules in enamel raw material through firing the product of melting.This circular color spot with devitrification variation bubble under glaze, is " not being stained with limit ".
The devitrification variation of old china device glaze bubble is the vestige that stays in the historical years, be that manpower can be absolutely not because of due to physical property natural force.Can say, devitrification variation bubble identification method under porcelain glaze is porcelain detection qualification in ancient times and judge true and false a kind of reliable scheme.
Claims (2)
1. an old china device glaze devitrification variation air-bubble observation identification method, is characterized in that, is mainly to observe porcelain glaze devitrification variation bubble judge old china device is true and false by microsurgical instrument; Described devitrification variation bubble refers to and uses microsurgical instrument to observe porcelain glaze bubble shape, if bubble top and periphery occur little cavity or occur as seen the microcrack multiple little cavities (minute bubbles seemingly) of connecting, be porcelain glaze devitrification variation bubble; More than the devitrification course that shows the siliceous oxide of this porcelain glaze has reached a century; Concrete criterion is:
(1) if bubble is tiny and intensive, without devitrification variation phenomenon, the new porcelain electric for the modern times, steam stove is fired;
(2) if the uneven distribution of Air Bubble Size is sparse, but have no devitrification variation bubble; The modelled after an antique new porcelain that uses old-fashioned wood kiln or any special measures to fire for modern imitations person;
(3), if the distribution of Air Bubble Size inequality is sparse, visible devitrification variation bubble, for a century is front or approach century-old old china genuine piece;
(4) if bubble rareness, but, can find devitrification variation bubble, be top ceramics genuine piece in ancient times;
(5) if can not find bubble, but the visible fine wrinkle of splitting, is also porcelain genuine pieces in ancient times;
(6) if the uneven distribution of Air Bubble Size is sparse, but there is a roundlet bubble in rarely seen bubble top, is divided into following two kinds of situations:
, there is this situation in A, for new porcelain after before the founding of the state, can not can be regarded as old china device on general common porcelain;
B, glaze bed thickness weight, some porcelain of tire matter class pottery, as there is this situation on single colour glaze porcelain, its bubble is tiny and sparse, but the top of each bubble, all can see the cavity of a roundlet bubble Like, is time immemorial Song, unit's epoch porcelain genuine piece.
2. old china device glaze devitrification variation air-bubble observation identification method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described microsurgical instrument comprises high magnified glass, microscope or computer centuplicate microimaging instrument.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN105259120A (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2016-01-20 | 张树林 | Method for identifying blue and white porcelain |
| CN108362700A (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2018-08-03 | 杨照隆 | A method of differentiating the porcelain true and false using ceramic porcelain trace |
| CN109752322A (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-14 | 李文杰 | A kind of method of chromatism measurement method detection sclerotin porcelain glaze resistance to chemical corrosion |
| CN110455803A (en) * | 2016-07-01 | 2019-11-15 | 宁夏六维辩证文物鉴定研究所 | A kind of verification retrieval system and identification method |
| CN113820312A (en) * | 2021-10-08 | 2021-12-21 | 西咸新区泾河新城宝珍堂古艺术陶瓷馆 | Method for identifying and analyzing ancient ceramic genuine or imitated product |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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Application publication date: 20141119 |