CN104092538A - Multi-user wavelength division multiplexing QKD network system and secret key distributing and sharing method thereof - Google Patents
Multi-user wavelength division multiplexing QKD network system and secret key distributing and sharing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-user wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system and a secret key distributing and sharing method thereof. The system comprises an Alice control end, a pulse conveying line and a Bob user end. The secret key distributing and sharing method comprises two stages of secret key distributing and sharing, wherein Alice and a plurality of Bob users carry out quantum secret key distributing and storing, and secret key priority is set; and Alice uses a secret key with low priority for encrypting a secret key with high priority into a ciphertext, then the ciphertext is sent to a user with low priority, the user with the low priority uses the secret key with low priority for decrypting the ciphertext, and the secret key with high priority is obtained. The system is reasonable, convenient to operate and low in cost, users in a network are relatively independent, the stability of the secret key generating rate of a single user is guaranteed, the secret key generating rate cannot be decreased along with increasing of users, meanwhile, a two-level equal-difference frequency space wave length planning scheme and an accurate pulse delaying technology are used, and mutual interference of pulses between different users is removed.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to optical fiber communication and quantum communication network field, more specifically, relate to a kind of multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing QKD (quantum key distribution) network system and key distribution and shared method.
Background technology
The fail safe of conventional cipher technology ensures by mathematical computation complexity, but computing capability in the face of becoming stronger day by day, its fail safe is subject to grave danger.The fail safe of quanta cryptology technique does not rely on the complexity of calculating, but based on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg uncertainty principle and unknown quantum state can not be cloned principle.Quantum key distribution (Quantum Key Distribution, QKD) can allow the legal participant (conventionally representing with Bob with Alice) in diverse geographic location share key in the mode being perfectly safe, both sides' key transmitting channel can be free space or optical fiber, adopts optical fiber to make significant headway as the QKD of transmission channel.
The QKD that most is realized adopts the polarization of faint light pulse or the phase place carrier as information.But due to the birefringence of optical fiber and the impact of environment, the system based on Polarization Modulation is difficult to be deployed on actual fiber optic network link carries out remote key distribution, even if the system based on phase-modulation also can be subject to the impact of fiber birefringence.Plug and play system---a kind of round QKD system, to eliminate by auto-compensation fiber birefringence effect the impact that it is brought system, therefore in transmitting procedure, just can ensure the operational stability of system within longer a period of time without any need for polarization control system.But optical fiber QKD major part is all point-to-point application at present, cannot directly expand multiple-user network application, this is to limit it to move towards one of major obstacle of large-scale application.
Current existing QKD network mainly adopts two kinds of technology: a kind of is QKD network based on optics node, and optics node can be optical splitter, optical switch, wavelength division multiplexer or other PASSIVE OPTICAL devices; Another kind is the QKD network based on credible relaying, and its difficult point is to keep the reliability of relaying.Compared to the second QKD network, the QKD network based on optics node is without the absolute reliability that must ensure optics node.Quantum key distribution network based on optical splitter has advantages of good, the easy realization of fail safe, but also has a very significantly shortcoming, is exactly that its extension of network can have a strong impact on single user key production rate and transmission range.The light pulse that the average photon number of Alice transmitting is μ is divided into N part by optical splitter, wherein N is number of users, the average photon number that sends to so each receiving terminal Bob is μ/N, and so final key production rate can be because N/mono-of single user key production rate be reduced in the minimizing of number of photons.Along with the increase of number of users N, the transmission range of network and single user key production rate all can reduce thereupon at double.In early days based on wavelength-division multiplex technique (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) although tunable wavelength light source multi-user QKD scheme can be no longer the pulse of launch party Alice transmitting be all given to different users, but the pulse that synchronization laser produces is still single wavelength pulse, can only serve sole user, the predicament that this has caused multi-user not work simultaneously, and from length of a game, the key production rate at alone family still locks into userbase, along with the increase of number of users, the key production rate at alone family can reduce.Although all attempt to solve the problem that key production rate reduces with the increase of number of users in follow-up improvement project, but new problem occurs thereupon, such as the phase mutual interference between different user, this has increased unnecessary error code to user in network, and the practical feasibility of these schemes also needs further to be verified.
Summary of the invention
Primary and foremost purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system, the carrier that this system is transmitted produced simultaneously single light source multiple-wavelength laser multi-Wavelength Pulses as multi-user information, each wavelength pulse is sent to different validated users, each user is relatively independent, bonding user's key production rate is stable, can not reduce along with user's increase.
Another object of the present invention is a kind of key distribution and the shared method that proposes the multi-user's of application wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system.
For achieving the above object, the present invention takes following technical scheme:
A kind of multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system, comprises Alice control end, pulse conveying circuit and Bob user side, and Alice control end is connected with Bob user side by pulse conveying circuit.
Described Alice control end comprises multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device, circulator, coupler, non-equilibrium interferometer and two multi-wavelength single photon detecting elements; The pulse group of multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device output is after circulator, be injected into non-equilibrium interferometer by coupler, on non-equilibrium interferometer is long-armed, include in turn short delay line, single phase-modulator and polarization beam apparatus, non-equilibrium interferometer galianconism connects polarization beam apparatus, one multi-wavelength single photon detecting element connects the input of coupler by circulator, another multi-wavelength single photon detecting element connects the coupled end of coupler;
Described Bob user side comprises beam splitter, loads the upper branch road of phase information and be used to upper branch road that the lower branch road of reference information and system safety monitoring is provided for modulating pulse, polarization beam apparatus in Alice control end connects the beam splitter of Bob user side by pulse conveying circuit, the output of beam splitter connects respectively upper and lower branch road;
Described upper branch road comprises the variable optical attenuator, pulse delay apparatus, fibre delay line, phase-modulator and the reflection unit that connect in turn, the upper output termination variable optical attenuator of beam splitter;
Described lower branch road comprises the variable optical attenuator and the classical detector that connect in turn, lower another variable optical attenuator of output termination of beam splitter.
Multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device can produce and meet multiple users multiwavelength laser pulse that signal post needs simultaneously, and this pulse produces scheme and both can reduce pulse generation and control cost, and can abandon again the otherness of single wavelength light source prescription pulse that case produces.The long-armed single phase-modulator of non-equilibrium interferometer is simultaneously for all users in network load phase information, single phase-modulator replaces conventional multi-phase modulator structure, when having ensured phase-modulation consistency and stability, also reduce system cost.Two multi-wavelength single photon detecting elements are according to returning to the interference situation of pulse at interferometer output, record respectively result of interference, and the response of a certain wavelength detection device whether, is whether corresponding with it wavelength pulse constructive interference has occurred in multi-wavelength single photon detecting element.Multi-wavelength single photon detecting element can enter dormancy time after each detection event,, by adding the dead time to eliminate the caused interference counting of afterpulse, reduces error rate of system.
Each Bob user is divided into incident pulse strong and weak two-way, and upper branch road (compare Ruo mono-tunnel) loads phase information for modulating pulse, and lower branch road (compare Qiang mono-tunnel) is mainly used in providing reference information and system safety monitoring for upper branch road.Upper branch road arranges each Bob user's pulse delay by pulse delay apparatus, make each user's pulse can almost turn back to Alice end simultaneously.Fibre delay line aims to be eliminated the Rayleigh scattering light of forward direction hard pulse and arranges, and allows and returns to the Rayleigh scattering light that forward direction hard pulse that pulse staggers stronger produces.The incident pulse of lower branch road is carried out suitably decay to prevent that detector is saturated by variable optical attenuator to it, finally received by classical detector, for the modulation of upper branch road impulse phase provides time reference, and provide security monitoring service according to information such as the power variations of incident pulse for system.
Described multi-wavelength single photon detecting element comprises multiple single-photon detectors and a wavelength division multiplexer, and multiple single-photon detectors are connected with wavelength division multiplexer.
In the preferred scheme of one, described multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device comprises single light source multi-Wavelength Pulses laser and the wavelength selector of connection.Single light source multi-Wavelength Pulses laser is for generation of can meet multiple users multiwavelength laser pulse that signal post needs simultaneously.Wavelength selector is selected and is suitable for the wavelength pulse that each Bob user uses according to Wavelength Assignment planning, and the flexibility selected of its wavelength user's wavelength that is multiple-user network changes and user's increase and decrease provides possibility, has increased the expansibility of network.
Due to faraday mirror can auto-compensation optical fiber birefringence effect,, in the preferred scheme of one, described reflection unit is faraday mirror, goes up branch road and changes burst transmissions direction by faraday mirror.
In the preferred scheme of one, described pulse conveying circuit comprises first optical fiber and some the second optical fiber that connect by wavelength routing apparatus, and the quantity of the second optical fiber is identical with Bob user side quantity.
Wherein the first optical fiber is common optical fiber, and the second optical fiber is special optic fibre.Because each Bob user distribution is disperseed, cannot only use a circuit transport pulse, therefore native system is taked two-stage conveying circuit.According to user distribution, common optical fiber and special optic fibre length ratio can regulate, usually, common optical fiber is long as much as possible, and special optic fibre is short as much as possible, object be to allow each Bob user's pulse the path difference of process as far as possible little, reduce to return to pulse and arrive time jitter and the asynchronous difference of Alice end.
The Path selection of the each wavelength pulse signal of wavelength routing apparatus control, in the preferred scheme of one, described wavelength routing apparatus be in wavelength division multiplexer, array waveguide grating, Bragg grating or wavelength-selective switches any one.
In the preferred scheme of one, the long-armed and galianconism of described non-equilibrium interferometer is polarization maintaining optical fibre, adopts polarization maintaining optical fibre to suppress polarization effect.
Due to the weak signal feature of quantum communication system, the wavelength of quantum communication network is planned in meeting this ITU-T standard of wavelength, also must be taken into full account four-wave mixing effect.An important starting point of wavelength planning is exactly to allow new frequencies of light that four wave mixing produces as far as possible away from the wavelength of these four pulse signals.Select in the present invention a kind of wavelength programme that can effectively reduce four-wave mixing effect impact, wavelength selector adopts the mode of secondary equal difference frequency interval to select wavelength.
The wavelength channel planning and designing of this suitable unequal-interval, can make the new frequencies of light major part producing away from other signal wavelengths, and the efficiency of four wave mixing is along with wavelength interval is strengthened and reduces, and systematic influence is further reduced.Taking several wavelength below as example, f
i, f
i+1=f
i+ Δ f, f
i+2=f
i+ 2 Δ f, f
i+3=f
i+ 3 Δ f, f
i+4=f
i+ 4 Δ f, f
i+5=f
i+ 5 Δ f, f
i+6=f
i+ 6 Δ f, f
i+7=f
i+ 7 Δ f, f
i+8=f
i+ 8 Δ f, f
i+9=f
i+ 9 Δ f ... Δ f is the frequency interval that meets ITU-T standard of wavelength, f
iwith f
i+1, f
i+3and f
i+6the new frequencies of light producing is respectively f
i+2, f
i+6and f
i+12, f
i+1with f
i+3and f
i+6the new frequencies of light producing is respectively f
i+5and f
i+11, f
i+3with f
i+6the new frequencies of light producing is f
i+9, due to f
iwith f
i+3interval larger, the new frequencies of light f of generation
i+6relatively, therefore be f at proportion of the present invention
i, f
i+1, f
i+3, f
i+6, f
i+10deng light pulse as the physical support of communication.
Key distribution and a shared method of applying multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system, the method comprises the following steps:
S1. system initialization: check Alice and each Bob subscriber software-hardware facility, whether the equipment of checking can run well, sets the primary conditions such as correct operating voltage, suitable working temperature;
S2. system noise test: not under the prerequisite of Emission Lasers pulse train, pulse train number is 1 o'clock at Alice, and Test System Noise level is guaranteed below the zone of reasonableness of design;
S3. fiber lengths test and pulse delay setting: Alice send one group of hard pulse, and each Bob user, by ranging pulse due in, determines fiber lengths in link, according to the length relation of optical fiber between each Bob user and Alice, each Bob user's time delay are set;
Alice launches one group of hard pulse again, is returned to Alice by after Bob user decay, measures due in, comes and goes and adjusts Bob user's time delay setting, almost arrives Alice end to arrive the pulse that each Bob user returns again simultaneously;
S4. key sends: Alice, taking frame as unit to Bob user's transmitted string, sends the frame of some at every turn, and the time interval between frame and frame is called frame rate, and frame is made up of pulse train; Bob user returns by its modulation and after decaying to single photon level after receiving pulse, and the pulse of returning from different B ob user arrives Alice simultaneously and is loaded same phase information; The real random code generating before the required voltage of modulating pulse sends with pulse is corresponding, and as the selection of base separately, Alice and Bob user need according to each own coding, select different phase voltage modulating pulse phase places;
S5. testing keys with become code: Alice records the probe response event of multi-wavelength sniffer, openly compares base with each Bob user, form screening key; Then some data of random choose in screening key, judge whether to have eavesdropping, after judgement, reject selected data; Again remaining data are carried out to data coordination and the amplification of close property, obtain final safe key; Safe key step-by-step is stored, and adds storage prefix before every group of safe key, and the storage prefix of safe key adopts key transmitting time; Safe key is carried out to priority settings; The setting of priority can be carried out from high to low according to the number order of Bob.
Between S6.Bob user, key is shared: according to the key priority of setting in step S5, when safe key priority is: when Bob_i>Bob_j>Bob_kGreatT.Grea T.GTBob_l, Bob_i and Bob_k carry out key to be shared.
The key priority of Bob_i is greater than Bob_k, so Bob_k will share the key of Bob_i; Alice is as intermediate node, first use the key of Alice and Bob_k to be encrypted the key of Alice and Bob_i, then the Bob_i key of encryption is sent to Bob_k, Bob_k deciphers after receiving ciphertext, obtain the key of Bob_i, so just shared key with Bob_i; Other situations are identical therewith.
Between Bob user, key is shared and is had exclusiveness, and Bob user's key can only be shared with other some Bob users, after sharing, can not share with other Bob user again.
Wherein close property amplification is a kind of technology that improves data security by open communication, after above-mentioned data are coordinated, the data height that transmit leg Alice has with recipient Bob is consistent, the error rate is very low, but listener-in Eve may know partial data, in order to improve the confidentiality of data, Alice and Bob be taking the information that reduces them and have as cost, amount of information that Eve knows become invalid.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention is:
1), wavelength-division multiplex technique ensured relatively independent between each user, the key production rate at alone family can not reduce along with user's increase; 2), the wavelength programme of secondary equal difference frequency interval and pulse delay technology accurately, eliminated the phase mutual interference of pulse between different user, reduced error rate of system; 3), single light source multiple-wavelength laser replaces multiple light courcess structure, reduces the cost of sender unit, single phase-modulator replaces multi-phase modulator structure, when having ensured phase-modulation consistency and stability, has also reduced system cost; 4), user terminal adopts Variable delay device, adjusts the moment of returning of returning to pulse between each user, and ensured the flexibility of network; 5), each device maturation of adopting in system, overall plan has higher exploitativeness, and number of users can increase, and has good expansion.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network diagram.
Fig. 2 is multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is phase-modulation process schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is the flow chart of key distribution and shared procedure.
Fig. 5 is the graph of a relation of quantum bit error rate and number of users and transmission range.
Fig. 6 is screening key rate and the quantum bit error rate graph of a relation with change of distance.
Embodiment
Accompanying drawing, only for exemplary illustration, can not be interpreted as the restriction to this patent;
In Fig. 1: 101-common optical fiber; 102-wavelength routing apparatus; 103,104,105,106-special optic fibre;
In Fig. 2: 201-multiple-wavelength laser MW-LD; 202-wavelength screening washer WS; 203-light path circulator CIR; 204,205-multi-wavelength single photon detecting element MW-SPD; 206-coupler C; 207,221,229,237,245-delay line DL; 208,222,230,238,246-phase-modulator PM; 209-is long-armed; 210-polarization beam apparatus PBS; 211-galianconism; 212,214,215,216,217-monomode fiber SMF; 213-wavelength division multiplexer MUX; 218,226,234,242-beam splitter S; 219,224,227,232,235,240,243,248-variable optical attenuator VOA; 220,228,236,244-delayer TD; 223,231,239,247-faraday mirror FM; 225,233,241, the classical detector of 249-; 250-multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device; 251-phasing device; 252-burst transmissions circuit;
In Fig. 3: 301-Alice holds phase signal; 302-λ 1 reference pulse; 303-λ 2 reference pulses; 304-λ 3 reference pulses; 305-λ 4 reference pulses; 306-λ 1 signal pulse; 307-Bob end phase signal reference pulse.
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, technical scheme of the present invention is described further.
The present invention is a kind of networking mode of point-to-multipoint, can further extend to especially multi-multipoint mode.Described embodiment is the one in one-to-many manner of the present invention, and apparently, it can be changed places and expand to more application, and a more representative wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network diagram as shown in Figure 1.
Embodiment 1
In Fig. 1, Alice, as the launch party of pulse signal, has a multi wave length illuminating source, can produce the pulse signal that meets multiple Bob users different wave length that signal post is used simultaneously.Each Bob user can be assigned to the signal of a certain wavelength, and its paired pulses wavelength has wider applicability, in wavelength planning process, adjusts after the distribution of signal wavelength between each Bob, and Bob still can normally work.In Fig. 1, optical fiber 101 uses jointly for each user, the special optic fibre that optical fiber 103,104,105 and 106 is each user, and each user's special optic fibre and common optical fiber 101 sums are defined as each user's distance.Wavelength routing apparatus 102 is used between control end Alice and user side Bob, control the Path selection of each wavelength pulse signal, it can be the devices such as wavelength division multiplexer, array waveguide grating, Bragg grating, wavelength-selective switches, but same requirement is that transport service is had to the transparency, and there is the features such as loss is little, reaction is fast, stable performance.
The embodiment schematic diagram of Fig. 2 multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing of the present invention quantum key distribution network system.This system adopts reciprocation type structure, relates to five users, and wherein Alice, as control end, produces the pulse group that comprises four kinds of wavelength, sends to respectively four independently user Bob.Burst transmissions circuit comprises one section of common optical fiber, a wavelength division multiplexer and four sections of special optic fibres, and wherein wavelength division multiplexer is as the effector of pulse Path selection.Each Bob receives after the pulse that Alice control station sends, and as required, paired pulses carries out phase-modulation, load information, and according to total range difference relation of each Bob and Alice control station, time delay is set, then pulse is returned to Alice control station.Pulse transmittance process is described below particularly.
Alice utilizes multiple-wavelength laser 201 to produce the pulse train with multiple wavelength, and four wavelength pulse strings wherein will be picked out for four Bob by the requirement of wavelength planning by wavelength screening washer 202.Pulse, after circulator 203, is injected into non-equilibrium interferometer by the coupler 206 of 50:50.Each like this pulse group is divided into two parts, a part comprises long-armed 209 of short delay line 207, phase-modulator 208 and polarization beam apparatus 210 by passing, another part is by the galianconism 211 of below, when two parts pulse is from polarization beam apparatus 210 outgoing like this, have a time difference, embody and have in position a range difference, the former is called reference pulse, and the latter is called signal pulse.Long-armed 209 and the galianconism 211 that it is pointed out that non-equilibrium interferometer all adopt polarization maintaining optical fibre to suppress polarization effect.On burst transmissions circuit 252, take two-stage circuit transport pulse, first pass through first order quantum channel from the pulse group of polarization beam apparatus 210 outgoing, it is common optical fiber 212, then separated in the mode of wave length addressing by wavelength division multiplexer 213, the pulse train of each wavelength passes through next stage quantum channel separately, i.e. special optic fibre 214,215,216 and 217 arrives Bob end separately.Because each Bob is different from the distance of wavelength division multiplexer 213, second level quantum channel length difference.
Below taking Bob1 as example, wavelength X
1pulse group arrive after Bob1, first be divided into two parts by the beam splitter 218 of 10:90, stronger part is gone down branch road, after variable optical attenuator 224 decay, received by classical detector 225, the effect of this part pulse mainly contains two: the one, and time action, classical detector 225 detects that the time of pulse is recorded and is passed to control system, provides time reference for upper branch road impulse phase modulation is applied to modulation voltage; The 2nd, safety effect, classical detector 225 passes through the information such as the intensity of monitoring incident pulse, has judged whether external signal attacking system, such as Trojan horse attack.
And weak part is gone on branch road, decayed by variable optical attenuator 219 equally, pass by delay line (also referred to as storage ring) 221, then pass through phase-modulator 222, the signal pulse of before being held non-equilibrium interferometer to be divided in two parts pulse by Alice will be loaded phase information, select corresponding to the base of Bob, and the reference pulse going before is not modulated, final pulse is reflected by faraday mirror 223, after delayer 220, gives suitable time-delay, returns to Alice control end.Each Bob end is provided with different time delays according to them from the distance of Alice end, therefore holds the pulse of returning can almost arrive the non-equilibrium interferometer of Alice end from each Bob simultaneously.
It is pointed out that Bob user side does not use normal optical reflection unit in the present embodiment, but adopt faraday mirror, this be because faraday mirror can auto-compensation optical fiber birefringence effect.
Due to the polarization selection function of polarization beam apparatus 210, before now will be through the galianconism 211 of interferometer through the signal pulse of interferometer long-armed 209, and before now will be through long-armed 209 of interferometer through the reference pulse of interferometer galianconism 211, phase-modulator 208 can load phase information to the pulse of returning through long-armed 209, this base corresponding to Alice is selected, be different from Alice end phase place loading procedure in point-to-point link, now the pulse of returning of four Bob will be simultaneously modulated.Through the pulse of two arms of interferometer, in the combination again of coupler 206 places,, there is different interference events in different according to Alice and phase information that Bob adds.In the time that two-way pulse has 180 ° of phase differences, multi-wavelength single photon detecting element 204 can respond, and records detection event.In the time that two-way pulse phase difference is zero, multi-wavelength single photon detecting element 205 can respond, and records detection event.The difference of interference pulse wavelength, can cause the response of a pair of detecting module of certain wavelength in multi-wavelength single photon detecting element.
It is pointed out that the weak signal feature due to quantum communication system, the wavelength of quantum communication network is planned in meeting this ITU-T standard of wavelength, also must be taken into full account four-wave mixing effect.An important starting point of wavelength planning is exactly to allow new frequencies of light that four wave mixing produces as far as possible away from the wavelength of these four pulse signals.In actual use, in order to effectively reduce four-wave mixing effect impact, wavelength selector adopts the mode of secondary equal difference frequency interval to select wavelength.
Fig. 3 is phase-modulation process schematic diagram.By rational time delay being set at Bob end, wavelength pulse corresponding to each position can almost arrive Alice end simultaneously.But due to the light factors such as dependence, the fiber lengths of transmission speed to wavelength shaken in optical fiber, device is undesirable, there is difference in wavelength pulse arrival Alice moment corresponding to each position, but the time difference in certain limit not only can not have influence on systematic function, and time-multiplexed mode also can reduce four-wave mixing effect.
Maximum time difference is 20ns in the present embodiment, but this does not reach the maximum time difference that system allows.The time difference of 20ns is equivalent to pulse transfer path difference and is about 4m, and this occurs in key distribution cycle that for the optical fiber of tens kms the length fluctuation of 4m is impossible.Shown in Fig. 3 (a), the duration of Alice end phase modulated signal is 90ns, and the maximum time span that each pulse group may occur is 60ns.The modulation deviation that adopts single phase-modulator 208 can either avoid multiple phase-modulators to cause, has also significantly reduced Alice and has controlled complexity and system cost.Fig. 3 (b) is depicted as Bob1 end phase place loading procedure, adjacent λ
1time interval of reference pulse 302 be 200ns, that is to say Alice end original pulse transmission interval, and time interval between the same pulse two parts that cause due to non-equilibrium interferometer is 50ns, i.e. λ
1reference pulse 302 close λ with it
1306 time intervals of signal pulse be 50ns, due to a pulse of the each modulation of Bob1, the phase signal duration that is carried in its phase-modulator 222 is 35ns.
Key distribution and shared procedure are described below particularly, as Fig. 4:
Step 401: system initialization.Check Alice and each Bob software and hardware facilities, whether the equipment of checking can run well, and sets the primary conditions such as correct operating voltage, suitable working temperature;
Step 402: system noise test.At Alice, not under the prerequisite of Emission Lasers pulse train, pulse train number is zero, and Test System Noise level is guaranteed below the zone of reasonableness of design;
Step 403: fiber lengths test and pulse delay setting.Alice sends one group of hard pulse, and each Bob, by ranging pulse due in, determines fiber lengths in link, according to the length relation of optical fiber between each Bob and Alice, the time delay of each Bob end is set.Alice launches one group of hard pulse again, suitably after decay, is returned to Alice by Bob, measures due in, comes and goes and adjusts Bob end time delay setting, holds the pulse of returning again almost to arrive Alice end to arrive each Bob simultaneously;
Step 404: key sends.Alice, taking frame as unit to Bob transmitted string, sends the frame of some at every turn, and the time interval between frame and frame is called frame rate, and frame is made up of pulse train, and the impulse ejection frequency that pulse is set by user sends.Bob returns by its modulation and after decaying to single photon level after receiving pulse, holds the pulse of returning to arrive Alice end be simultaneously loaded same phase information from different B ob.The real random code generating before the required voltage of modulating pulse sends with pulse is corresponding, and as the selection of base separately, Alice and Bob need according to each own coding, select different phase voltage modulating pulse phase places.
Step 405: testing keys with become code.Alice records the probe response event of a certain wavelength detection module in multi-wavelength sniffer, openly compares base with each Bob, forms screening key.Then some data of random choose in screening key, judge whether to have eavesdropping, and after judgement, the data of selecting are dropped.Again remaining data are carried out to data coordination and the amplification of close property, obtain final safe key.The storage step-by-step of safe key is carried out, and for easy to use, adds storage prefix before every group of safe key, such as taking key transmitting time as mark, also will set key priority simultaneously, and the setting of priority can be carried out from high to low according to the number order of Bob.
Between step 406:Bob, key is shared.According to the key priority of setting in step 405, taking priority Bob1>Bob2>Bob3GreatT.GreaT.G TBob4 as example, Bob1 and Bob3 carry out key to be shared, because the key priority of Bob1 is greater than Bob3, so Bob3 will share the key of Bob1.Alice is as intermediate node, first use the key of Alice and Bob3 to be encrypted the key of Alice and Bob1, then the Bob1 key of encryption is sent to Bob3, Bob3 deciphers after receiving ciphertext, obtain the key of Bob1, so just shared key with Bob1.Other situations similarly, have exclusiveness but key is shared between Bob, and the key of Bob can only be shared with other some Bob, after sharing, can not share with other Bob again.
Below the systematic function of embodiment is analyzed.
Screening secret-key rate and quantum bit error rate are two important parameters weighing QKD systematic function.Be applicable to the screening secret-key rate R of this QKD network
siftedbe expressed as:
In above formula, f
reprepresent Alice impulse ejection frequency, μ represents that Bob end returns to average pulse number of photons, t
aBrepresent the percent of pass of fibre circuit between Alice and Bob, t
arepresent the percent of pass of Alice terminal, η
arepresent the efficiency of Alice end detector.
Quantum bit error rate represents the ratio between error count and the detection sum that detector receives, and the quantum bit error rate QBER that is applicable to this QKD network is expressed as
In above formula, V represents the interference contrast of Alice end interferometer, p
darkrepresent that dark counting causes the probability of explorer count, p
detrepresent the probability of explorer count, p
afterrepresent that afterpulse causes the probability of explorer count.
Embodiment adopts following parameter: impulse ejection frequency 5MHz, average photon number 0.1, single photon detection efficiency 10%, dark counting probability 10
-5, afterpulse probability 4.25%, Alice transmitance 0.51, fiber transmission attenuation 0.25dB/km, interferometer resolution 99%, wavelength division multiplexer transmitance 0.85.
Fig. 5 is the graph of a relation of quantum bit error rate and number of users and transmission range.Four users' QBER has identical trend, and independent of one another.Similarly as shown in Figure 6, each user's key production rate also has identical trend, and independent of one another.So multi-user has very strong independence in QKD network of the present invention, can not there is not larger variation because of user's increase and decrease in each user's performance, the scheme before being better than especially, and user key production rate no longer reduces exponentially because of user's increase.
The corresponding same or analogous parts of same or analogous label;
In accompanying drawing, describe position relationship for only for exemplary illustration, can not be interpreted as the restriction to this patent;
Obviously, the above embodiment of the present invention is only for example of the present invention is clearly described, and is not the restriction to embodiments of the present invention.For those of ordinary skill in the field, can also make other changes in different forms on the basis of the above description.Here without also giving exhaustive to all execution modes.All any amendments of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, be equal to and replace and improvement etc., within all should being included in the protection range of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system, comprises Alice control end, pulse conveying circuit and Bob user side, and Alice control end is connected with Bob user side by pulse conveying circuit, it is characterized in that,
Described Alice control end comprises multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device, circulator, coupler, non-equilibrium interferometer and two multi-wavelength single photon detecting elements; The pulse group of multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device output is after circulator, be injected into non-equilibrium interferometer by coupler, on non-equilibrium interferometer is long-armed, include in turn short delay line, single phase-modulator and polarization beam apparatus, non-equilibrium interferometer galianconism connects polarization beam apparatus, one multi-wavelength single photon detecting element connects the input of coupler by circulator, another multi-wavelength single photon detecting element connects the coupled end of coupler;
Described Bob user side comprises beam splitter, loads the upper branch road of phase information and be used to upper branch road that the lower branch road of reference information and system safety monitoring is provided for modulating pulse, polarization beam apparatus in Alice control end connects the beam splitter of Bob user side by pulse conveying circuit, the output of beam splitter connects respectively upper and lower branch road;
Described upper branch road comprises the variable optical attenuator, pulse delay apparatus, fibre delay line, phase-modulator and the reflection unit that connect in turn, the upper output termination variable optical attenuator of beam splitter;
Described lower branch road comprises the variable optical attenuator and the classical detector that connect in turn, the lower output termination variable optical attenuator of beam splitter.
2. multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described multi-Wavelength Pulses generation device comprises single light source multi-Wavelength Pulses laser and the wavelength selector of connection.
3. multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described reflection unit is faraday mirror.
4. multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, described pulse conveying circuit comprises first optical fiber and some the second optical fiber that connect by wavelength routing apparatus, and the quantity of the second optical fiber is identical with Bob user side quantity.
5. multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described wavelength routing apparatus be in wavelength division multiplexer, array waveguide grating, Bragg grating or wavelength-selective switches any one.
6. according to the multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system described in claim 1,2 or 3, it is characterized in that, the long-armed and galianconism of described non-equilibrium interferometer all adopts polarization maintaining optical fibre.
7. according to the multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system described in claim 2 or 3, it is characterized in that, described wavelength selector adopts the mode of secondary equal difference frequency interval to select wavelength.
8. key distribution and the shared method of the multi-user's wavelength division multiplexing quantum key distribution network system described in application rights requirement 1-7 any one, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
S1. system initialization: check Alice and each Bob user facility, whether the equipment of checking can run well, sets initial condition;
S2. system noise test: not under the prerequisite of Emission Lasers pulse train, pulse train number is 1 o'clock, Test System Noise level at Alice;
S3. fiber lengths test and pulse delay setting: Alice send one group of hard pulse, and each Bob user, by ranging pulse due in, determines fiber lengths in link, according to the length relation of optical fiber between each Bob user and Alice, each Bob user's time delay are set;
Alice launches one group of hard pulse again, is returned to Alice by after Bob user decay, measures due in, comes and goes and adjusts Bob user's time delay setting, almost arrives Alice end to arrive the pulse that each Bob user returns again simultaneously;
S4. key sends: Alice, taking frame as unit to Bob user's transmitted string, sends the frame of some at every turn; Bob user returns by its modulation and after decaying to single photon level after receiving pulse, and the pulse of returning from different B ob user arrives Alice simultaneously and is loaded same phase information; The real random code generating before the required voltage of modulating pulse sends with pulse is corresponding, and as the selection of base separately, Alice and Bob user need according to each own coding, select different phase voltage modulating pulse phase places;
S5. testing keys with become code: Alice records the probe response event of multi-wavelength sniffer, openly compares base with each Bob user, form screening key; Then some data of random choose in screening key, judge whether to have eavesdropping, after judgement, reject the data of selecting; Again remaining data are carried out to data coordination and the amplification of close property, obtain final safe key; Safe key is carried out to priority settings;
Between S6.Bob user, key is shared: according to the key priority of setting in step S5, when safe key priority is: when Bob_i>Bob_j>Bob_kGreatT.Grea T.GTBob_l, Bob_i and Bob_k carry out key to be shared;
The key priority of Bob_i is greater than Bob_k, so Bob_k will share the key of Bob_i; Alice is as intermediate node, first use the key of Alice and Bob_k to be encrypted the key of Alice and Bob_i, then the Bob_i key of encryption is sent to Bob_k, Bob_k deciphers after receiving ciphertext, obtain the key of Bob_i, so just shared key with Bob_i; Other situations are identical therewith;
Between Bob user, key is shared and is had exclusiveness, and Bob user's key can only be shared with other some Bob users, after sharing, can not share with other Bob user again.
9. key distribution according to claim 8 and shared method, is characterized in that, the safe key step-by-step that step S5 obtains is stored, and adds storage prefix before every group of safe key.
10. key distribution according to claim 9 and shared method, is characterized in that, the storage prefix of safe key can adopt key transmitting time.
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