CN104074934A - Two-gear automatic speed changing system for electric automobile - Google Patents
Two-gear automatic speed changing system for electric automobile Download PDFInfo
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- CN104074934A CN104074934A CN201310660221.7A CN201310660221A CN104074934A CN 104074934 A CN104074934 A CN 104074934A CN 201310660221 A CN201310660221 A CN 201310660221A CN 104074934 A CN104074934 A CN 104074934A
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
- F16H3/44—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H57/00—General details of gearing
- F16H57/02—Gearboxes; Mounting gearing therein
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H57/00—General details of gearing
- F16H57/08—General details of gearing of gearings with members having orbital motion
- F16H57/10—Braking arrangements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H57/00—General details of gearing
- F16H57/02—Gearboxes; Mounting gearing therein
- F16H2057/02034—Gearboxes combined or connected with electric machines
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H57/00—General details of gearing
- F16H57/08—General details of gearing of gearings with members having orbital motion
- F16H2057/087—Arrangement and support of friction devices in planetary gearings, e.g. support of clutch drums, stacked arrangements of friction devices
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统，主要由电机、行星机构、离合器A、制动器B、控制单元和变速箱体组成；电机与电机转子轴连接；其特征在于，离合器的一端和电机转子轴相连，另一端与行星机构的齿圈相连；行星机构的太阳轮作为输入端与电机转子轴相连，行星架作为变速箱的输出端和驱动桥相连；制动器与行星机构的齿圈相连；控制单元分别与离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器信号连接，离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器分别与离合器、制动器和电机连接。本发明通过行星机构、离合器和制动器配合使用可以实现直接挡、减速挡传动，电机反转时可实现倒挡。
The invention discloses a two-speed automatic transmission system for an electric vehicle, which is mainly composed of a motor, a planetary mechanism, a clutch A, a brake B, a control unit and a gearbox body; the motor is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor; it is characterized in that one end of the clutch It is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor, and the other end is connected to the ring gear of the planetary mechanism; the sun gear of the planetary mechanism is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor as the input end, and the planet carrier is connected to the drive axle as the output end of the gearbox; the brake is connected to the ring gear of the planetary mechanism connected; the control unit is respectively connected with the clutch driving mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller for signals, and the clutch driving mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller are respectively connected with the clutch, the brake and the motor. The present invention can realize the transmission of direct gear and deceleration gear through the coordinated use of the planetary mechanism, the clutch and the brake, and can realize the reverse gear when the motor reverses.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及电动汽车用自动变速器系统，特别是涉及一种电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统。The invention relates to an automatic transmission system for an electric vehicle, in particular to a two-speed automatic transmission system for an electric vehicle.
技术背景technical background
由于全球能源日益减少及环境污染的加剧，电动汽车成为人们关注的焦点。与传统内燃机相比，电动汽车牵引电机具有较宽的工作范围，并且电机低速时恒转矩和高速时恒功率的特性更适合车辆运行需求。近年来，用于电动汽车且能保持高效率传动的自动变速器已成为研究热点。最早出现的手动挡变速器(MT)，通过离合器和手动换挡拨叉来实现挡位的变换，这种变速器具有结构简单、外形紧凑，传动效率高，可靠性高，成本低等优点，应用较为广泛。但由于车辆在换挡过程中，必须分离离合器，导致动力中断，影响了车辆的动力性和驾乘舒适性，且频繁的手动换挡导致了驾驶员疲劳。所以，自动变速是车辆变速器的发展趋势，自动变速器相对手动变速器具有较高的整车安全性、舒适性等性能。Due to the increasing reduction of global energy sources and the aggravation of environmental pollution, electric vehicles have become the focus of attention. Compared with traditional internal combustion engines, electric vehicle traction motors have a wider operating range, and the characteristics of constant torque at low speed and constant power at high speed are more suitable for vehicle operation requirements. In recent years, automatic transmissions for electric vehicles that can maintain high-efficiency transmission have become a research hotspot. The earliest manual transmission (MT) realizes the shift of gears through clutches and manual shift forks. This transmission has the advantages of simple structure, compact shape, high transmission efficiency, high reliability, and low cost. widely. However, because the vehicle must disengage the clutch during the gear shifting process, the power is interrupted, which affects the power and driving comfort of the vehicle, and frequent manual gear shifting leads to driver fatigue. Therefore, automatic transmission is the development trend of vehicle transmissions. Compared with manual transmissions, automatic transmissions have higher vehicle safety and comfort performance.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于电机驱动的电动车用两挡自动变速系统，在保持自动变速器动力换挡的优点同时，克服现有自动变速器动力传递时动力间断的缺点。The object of the present invention is to provide a two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles driven by motors, which overcomes the disadvantage of power interruption during power transmission of existing automatic transmissions while maintaining the advantages of automatic transmission power shifting.
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明采用了如下技术方案：In order to realize the foregoing invention object, the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
一种电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统，主要由电机、行星机构、离合器A、制动器B、控制单元和变速箱体组成；电机与电机转子轴连接；离合器的一端和电机转子轴相连，另一端与行星机构的齿圈相连；行星机构的太阳轮作为输入端与电机转子轴相连，行星架作为变速箱的输出端和驱动桥相连；制动器与行星机构的齿圈相连；控制单元分别与离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器信号连接，离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器分别与离合器、制动器和电机连接。A two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles, mainly composed of a motor, a planetary mechanism, a clutch A, a brake B, a control unit and a gearbox body; the motor is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor; one end of the clutch is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor, and the other end It is connected with the ring gear of the planetary mechanism; the sun gear of the planetary mechanism is connected with the rotor shaft of the motor as the input end, and the planet carrier is connected with the drive axle as the output end of the gearbox; the brake is connected with the ring gear of the planetary mechanism; the control unit is respectively connected with the clutch drive The mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller are connected with signals, and the clutch driving mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller are respectively connected with the clutch, the brake and the motor.
为进一步实现本发明目的，优选地，所述离合器为膜片弹簧式离合器、液压摩擦片式离合器或电磁离合器。To further achieve the object of the present invention, preferably, the clutch is a diaphragm spring clutch, a hydraulic friction plate clutch or an electromagnetic clutch.
所述制动器为钳盘式制动器、液压摩擦片式制动器或电磁制动器。The brake is a caliper disc brake, a hydraulic friction disc brake or an electromagnetic brake.
所述膜片弹簧离合器主要由离合器壳体、膜片弹簧、压盘、摩擦片、分离轴承和摆臂组成；电机转子轴通过花键与离合器连接，离合器壳体4用螺钉固定在齿圈上，分离轴承活动安装在电机转子轴上，摆臂与分离轴承活动连接。The diaphragm spring clutch is mainly composed of a clutch housing, a diaphragm spring, a pressure plate, a friction plate, a release bearing and a swing arm; the motor rotor shaft is connected to the clutch through a spline, and the clutch housing 4 is fixed on the ring gear with screws , the release bearing is movably installed on the rotor shaft of the motor, and the swing arm is movably connected with the release bearing.
所述钳盘式制动器主要由制动器壳体、制动盘、制动钳及活塞组成；制动器壳体与变速箱壳体固连，制动盘通过销钉与齿圈连接，制动盘位于两制动钳之间，两制动钳分别与两活塞连接，活塞位于缸体内，活塞的缸体与液压驱动机构、气压驱动机构或者是电机驱动机构连接。The caliper disc brake is mainly composed of a brake housing, a brake disc, a brake caliper and a piston; the brake housing is firmly connected to the gearbox housing, the brake disc is connected to the ring gear through pins, and the brake disc is located in the two system Between the movable calipers, the two brake calipers are respectively connected with the two pistons, the pistons are located in the cylinder body, and the cylinder body of the piston is connected with the hydraulic drive mechanism, the pneumatic drive mechanism or the motor drive mechanism.
本发明中电机转子轴作为输入端与行星机构的太阳轮及离合器的一端相连，行星机构的齿圈通过制动器与变速箱体相连，行星架作为输出端与驱动桥相连。当离合器结合、制动器断开时，行星机构与电机转子轴一同转动，动力经行星架按1:1输出给驱动桥；当离合器断开、制动器结合时，行星机构的齿圈被制动，动力经行星架输出，减速比由行星机构的结构决定；当电机反转时可实现倒挡。In the present invention, the rotor shaft of the motor is connected with the sun gear of the planetary mechanism and one end of the clutch as the input end, the ring gear of the planetary mechanism is connected with the gearbox body through the brake, and the planet carrier is connected with the drive axle as the output end. When the clutch is engaged and the brake is disconnected, the planetary mechanism and the rotor shaft of the motor rotate together, and the power is output to the drive axle through the planet carrier at a ratio of 1:1; when the clutch is disconnected and the brake is engaged, the ring gear of the planetary mechanism is braked, and the power Output through the planetary carrier, the reduction ratio is determined by the structure of the planetary mechanism; when the motor reverses, the reverse gear can be realized.
相对于现有技术，本发明具有如下优点：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
1）本发明自动变速器在动力传递过程中无动力中断，不管离合器结合还是断开均有动力传递。1) The automatic transmission of the present invention has no power interruption during the power transmission process, and there is power transmission regardless of whether the clutch is engaged or disconnected.
2）本发明所涉及的电动汽车用两挡自动变速器结构简单，动力传递时无动力间断，且无需同步器。2) The two-speed automatic transmission for electric vehicles involved in the present invention has a simple structure, no power interruption during power transmission, and no synchronizer.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为实施例1电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的结构原理图。Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of the two-speed automatic transmission system for the electric vehicle of Embodiment 1.
图2为实施例1的电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统结构示意图。FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the two-speed automatic transmission system for an electric vehicle in Embodiment 1. FIG.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为更好地理解本发明，下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。In order to better understand the present invention, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
实施例1Example 1
如图1所示，一种电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统，主要由电机7、行星机构、离合器A、制动器B、控制单元ECU和变速箱体组成；电机7与电机转子轴8连接；离合器A的一端和电机转子轴相连，另一端与行星机构的齿圈14相连；行星机构的太阳轮17作为输入端与电机转子轴相连，行星架15作为变速箱的输出端和驱动桥19相连，驱动桥19通过半轴20，分别与两车轮6连接；制动器B作为制动元件与行星机构的齿圈14相连，以此来控制行星机构的元件运动。控制单元分别与离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器信号连接，离合器驱动机构、制动器驱动机构以及电机控制器分别与离合器、制动器和电机连接。该电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统通过行星机构、离合器A和制动器B配合使用可以实现直接挡、减速挡传动，电机反转时可实现倒挡。As shown in Figure 1, a two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles is mainly composed of a motor 7, a planetary mechanism, a clutch A, a brake B, a control unit ECU and a gearbox body; the motor 7 is connected to the motor rotor shaft 8; the clutch One end of A is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor, and the other end is connected to the ring gear 14 of the planetary mechanism; the sun gear 17 of the planetary mechanism is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor as the input end, and the planet carrier 15 is connected to the drive axle 19 as the output end of the gearbox. The drive axle 19 is respectively connected to the two wheels 6 through the axle shaft 20; the brake B is connected with the ring gear 14 of the planetary mechanism as a braking element, so as to control the movement of the elements of the planetary mechanism. The control unit is respectively connected with the clutch driving mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller for signals, and the clutch driving mechanism, the brake driving mechanism and the motor controller are respectively connected with the clutch, the brake and the motor. The two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles can realize direct gear transmission and deceleration gear transmission through the cooperative use of planetary mechanism, clutch A and brake B, and reverse gear can be realized when the motor reverses.
如图2所示，电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的离合器A采用膜片弹簧离合器，该膜片弹簧离合器主要由离合器壳体4、膜片弹簧3、压盘2、摩擦片1、分离轴承5和摆臂6组成；电机转子轴8通过花键与离合器连接，同轴一起转动，离合器壳体4用螺钉固定在齿圈14上，分离轴承5活动安装在电机转子轴8上，摆臂6与分离轴承5活动连接，电机7与电机转子轴8连接；As shown in Figure 2, the clutch A of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles adopts a diaphragm spring clutch, which is mainly composed of a clutch housing 4, a diaphragm spring 3, a pressure plate 2, a friction plate 1, and a release bearing 5 and the swing arm 6; the motor rotor shaft 8 is connected with the clutch through a spline, and rotates coaxially, the clutch housing 4 is fixed on the ring gear 14 with screws, the release bearing 5 is movably installed on the motor rotor shaft 8, and the swing arm 6 is movably connected with the release bearing 5, and the motor 7 is connected with the motor rotor shaft 8;
制动器B采用钳盘式制动器，主要由制动器壳体9、制动盘10、制动钳11及活塞12组成。钳盘式制动器壳体与变速箱壳体18固连，制动盘10通过销钉13与齿圈14连接，制动盘10位于两制动钳11之间，两制动钳11分别与两活塞12连接，活塞位于缸体内，活塞的缸体可与液压驱动机构、气压驱动机构或者是电机驱动机构连接。The brake B adopts a caliper disc brake, which is mainly composed of a brake housing 9 , a brake disc 10 , a brake caliper 11 and a piston 12 . The caliper disc brake housing is fixedly connected with the gearbox housing 18, the brake disc 10 is connected with the ring gear 14 through the pin 13, the brake disc 10 is located between the two brake calipers 11, and the two brake calipers 11 are connected to the two pistons respectively. 12 connections, the piston is located in the cylinder body, and the cylinder body of the piston can be connected with a hydraulic drive mechanism, a pneumatic drive mechanism or a motor drive mechanism.
当电机7不运转时，膜片弹簧3大端对压盘2产生压紧力，使离合器处于压紧状态，离合器与齿14结合，制动器B断开。此时，行星机构中的齿圈14与太阳轮16通过花键15刚性连接，变速器的变速比为1。When the motor 7 is not running, the large end of the diaphragm spring 3 produces a pressing force on the pressure plate 2, so that the clutch is in a pressed state, the clutch is combined with the tooth 14, and the brake B is disconnected. At this time, the ring gear 14 and the sun gear 16 in the planetary mechanism are rigidly connected through the spline 15, and the gear ratio of the transmission is 1.
当电机7转动时，摆臂6带动分离轴承5右移，分离轴承5推动膜片弹簧3右移，压盘2带动摩擦片1与齿圈14分离；同时制动器B中控制油液经管道进入活塞的缸体中，推动制动钳11与制动盘10压紧，制动齿圈14，行星齿轮机构齿圈被制动，太阳轮为主动件，行星架为输出件。该电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的变速比与行星机构的结构相关，可令太阳轮齿数为z1，半径为r1，转速为n1；齿圈齿数为z2，半径为r2，转速为n2，行星架的转速为n3。设由单排行星齿轮运动的规律n1+αn2-(1+α)n3＝0，传动比为1+α，为减速传动。假设时，则电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的减速比为3。When the motor 7 rotates, the swing arm 6 drives the release bearing 5 to move to the right, the release bearing 5 pushes the diaphragm spring 3 to move to the right, and the pressure plate 2 drives the friction plate 1 to separate from the ring gear 14; at the same time, the control oil in the brake B enters through the pipeline In the cylinder of the piston, push the brake caliper 11 and the brake disc 10 to compress, brake the ring gear 14, the ring gear of the planetary gear mechanism is braked, the sun gear is the driving part, and the planet carrier is the output part. The transmission ratio of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles is related to the structure of the planetary mechanism, so that the number of teeth of the sun gear is z 1 , the radius is r 1 , and the speed is n 1 ; the number of teeth of the ring gear is z 2 , the radius is r 2 , The rotational speed is n 2 , and the rotational speed of the planet carrier is n 3 . set up According to the law of single-row planetary gear movement n 1 +αn 2 -(1+α)n 3 =0, the transmission ratio is 1+α, which is a reduction transmission. suppose , the reduction ratio of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles is 3.
当电机转子轴反转时，可通过离合器与制动器的配合时实现倒挡。When the motor rotor shaft reverses, the reverse gear can be realized through the cooperation of the clutch and the brake.
本实施例中，电机转子轴作为输入端与行星机构的太阳轮及离合器的一端相连，行星机构的齿圈通过制动器与变速箱体相连，行星架作为输出端与驱动桥相连。当离合器结合、制动器断开时，行星机构与电机转子轴一同转动，动力经行星架按1:1输出给驱动桥；当离合器断开、制动器结合时，行星机构的齿圈被制动，动力经行星架输出，减速比由行星机构的结构决定；当电机反转时可实现倒挡。由此可见，本发明用于电机驱动的电动车用两挡自动变速系统，在保持自动变速器动力换挡的优点同时，克服现有自动变速器动力传递时动力间断的缺点。In this embodiment, the rotor shaft of the motor is connected to the sun gear of the planetary mechanism and one end of the clutch as the input end, the ring gear of the planetary mechanism is connected to the gearbox body through the brake, and the planet carrier is connected to the drive axle as the output end. When the clutch is engaged and the brake is disconnected, the planetary mechanism and the rotor shaft of the motor rotate together, and the power is output to the drive axle through the planet carrier at a ratio of 1:1; when the clutch is disconnected and the brake is engaged, the ring gear of the planetary mechanism is braked, and the power Output through the planetary carrier, the reduction ratio is determined by the structure of the planetary mechanism; when the motor reverses, the reverse gear can be realized. It can be seen that the present invention is used in the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles driven by motors, while maintaining the advantages of power shifting of automatic transmissions, it overcomes the shortcoming of power interruption during power transmission of existing automatic transmissions.
实施例2Example 2
电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的离合器采用液压摩擦片式离合器，主要由壳体、活塞、钢片、摩擦片、回位弹簧、密封圈及卡环组成，其余部件的连接布置与实施例1相同，本实施例的工作原理与实施例1基本相同。液压摩擦片式离合器的操纵机构采用液压式，与机械式操纵机构比，具有摩擦阻力小、质量小、结合柔和等特点，但实施过程中涉及到控制油液的密封问题。The clutch of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles adopts a hydraulic friction plate clutch, which is mainly composed of a housing, a piston, a steel plate, a friction plate, a return spring, a sealing ring and a snap ring, and the connection arrangement of other components is the same as in Example 1. Similarly, the working principle of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1. The operating mechanism of the hydraulic friction plate clutch is hydraulic. Compared with the mechanical operating mechanism, it has the characteristics of small frictional resistance, small mass, and soft combination. However, the sealing problem of the control oil is involved in the implementation process.
实施例3Example 3
电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的离合器采用电磁离合器，主要由磁轭、衔铁、法兰、铆钉及弹簧片组成。电磁离合器与膜片弹簧离合器相比具有响应高速、耐久性强及组装维护容易特点。磁轭通过花键与电机转子轴连接，法兰通过键与齿圈连接，线圈通电时产生磁通吸合衔铁，从而产生摩擦扭矩，使从动部分结合。其余部件的连接布置与实施例1相同，本实施例的工作原理与实施例1基本相同，此处不再累述。The clutch of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles adopts an electromagnetic clutch, which is mainly composed of a yoke, an armature, a flange, a rivet and a spring leaf. Compared with the diaphragm spring clutch, the electromagnetic clutch has the characteristics of high speed response, strong durability and easy assembly and maintenance. The yoke is connected to the rotor shaft of the motor through a spline, and the flange is connected to the ring gear through a key. When the coil is energized, a magnetic flux is generated to attract the armature, thereby generating a friction torque to combine the driven part. The connection arrangement of other components is the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the working principle of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1, so it will not be repeated here.
实施例4Example 4
电动汽车用两挡自动变速系统的的离合器采用电磁离合器，制动器采用电磁制动器，线圈通电时产生磁通吸合衔铁，从而产生摩擦扭矩，使从动部分结合或制动。工作时不必考虑控制油液的密封问题，离合器、制动器的操纵机构只需实现通、断电即可。其余部件的连接布置与实施例1相同，本实施例的工作原理与实施例1基本相同，此处不再累述。The clutch of the two-speed automatic transmission system for electric vehicles adopts an electromagnetic clutch, and the brake adopts an electromagnetic brake. When the coil is energized, magnetic flux is generated to attract the armature, thereby generating friction torque to make the driven part combine or brake. There is no need to consider the sealing problem of the control oil during work, and the operating mechanism of the clutch and brake only needs to realize power on and off. The connection arrangement of other components is the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the working principle of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1, so it will not be repeated here.
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| CN103935240A (en) * | 2014-04-28 | 2014-07-23 | 陈穗 | Four-wheel driven active-braking single-clutch electric automobile |
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