CN104018039A - Processing method for inhibiting recrystallization of aluminum alloy sheet - Google Patents
Processing method for inhibiting recrystallization of aluminum alloy sheet Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Field of the invention relates to a processing method for inhibiting recrystallization of aluminum alloy sheets. According to the processing method for inhibiting recrystallization of aluminum alloy sheets, after the homogenization, a slab ingot is transferred to a cooling room for strong wind cooling or spray cooling, on order to cool the slab ingot to a temperature below 105 DEG C in 30-50 minutes. At the same time, the preheating process before hot rolling rapidly heats the ingot, in order to reduce the heat preservation time, re-dissolve the fine of precipitated phases and inhibit the re-precipitation or re-coarsening. The invention does not need expensive Sc element for alloying, inhibits the recrystallization of aluminum alloy sheets only through the process, reduces the recrystallization fraction of the aluminum alloy sheets, and has low cost and obvious economic benefits and social benefits.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of working method field that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, particularly a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize.
Background technology
For a long time, 7xxx line aluminium alloy is widely used in aerospace and manufactures field, as the alloys such as 7050,7150,7075,7475,7055.For parts such as aircraft upper limb wallboards, require to have the higher performance such as intensity and fracture toughness property, anticorrosion stress-resistant.Practice shows, suppresses recrystallize the over-all properties of aluminum alloy plate materials is had to material impact.
The recrystallization behavior of aluminium alloy and alloying constituent and preparation process thereof are closely related.Contain Sc or contain Zr alloy the recrystallization temperature that can improve aluminium alloy, suppress recrystallize.Chinese patent CN100460545C, " anti-recrystallizing Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloy ", in adding Zr, add atomic radius and be less than the rare earth element that the transition element of Zr and atomic radius are greater than Zr, between the multi-element metal forming in Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloy, compound can significantly suppress recrystallize.Chinese patent CN100590215C, " containing neodymium or dysprosium anti-recrystallizing corrosion resistant aluminum alloy ", by compound interpolation Zr, Cr, Nd, Dy in Al-Mg-(Zn-Cu) alloy, form polynary aluminide disperse phase, can effectively suppress the recrystallize of Al-Mg-(Zn-Cu) alloy.In addition,, in the solution treatment process after aluminum alloy hot rolling, reduce solid solubility temperature and shorten solution time the trend that all can reduce recrystallize generation.
Suppress recrystallize effect containing Sc aluminium alloy best, but metal Sc price is very expensive, has limited it and has applied.Suppress recrystallize ability containing Zr, transition element or rare earth element aluminium alloy and be inferior to Sc element, and these elements can cause poisoning effect to grain-refining agent.By reducing solid solubility temperature and shortening solution time and reduce recrystallize per-cent, can cause solid solution insufficient, affect the over-all properties of alloy.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention of the present invention is to provide a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, for above-mentioned technical problem, in material composition and material manufacturing process, aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize is suppressed, reduce the dependence to expensive metal, meet the demand that aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize suppresses simultaneously.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, comprises the raw material of following weight percent:
Surplus is that Al assorts, and it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Described raw material is mixed, and melting 8～15 hours at 720～750 DEG C, is then that 680～700 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under 40～50mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, obtains slab ingot;
The homogenize at 460～470 DEG C of described slab ingot is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out strong wind cooling or spraying cooling, in 30～50 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C;
Slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C in 3～5 hours, is incubated 10～40 minutes, and be rolled into the sheet material of setting gauge thickness;
Described sheet material is carried out to solid solution 60～90 minutes and quenches at 465～470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2～2.5% stretch processing;
Sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
In the present invention, can, to forming Al3Zr soluble solids, can improve lattice stability to al alloy component metallic element Zr, suppress recrystallize; But its effect is less than metallic element Sc, consider metallic element Sc price factor.Therefore in the manufacturing process of aluminium alloy, increase the step that suppresses recrystallize, be that slab ingot homogenizing at 460～470 DEG C is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out strong wind cooling or spraying cooling, in 30～50 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C.In actual production process, the cooling interior air-cooled or outer air cooling of stove of stove that generally can be divided into after homogenizing.Because cooling time is longer, cooling rate is slower, contains thick precipitated phase in the microstructure after homogenizing.Because these thick precipitated phases can be from newly dissolving in aluminum substrate in follow-up solution treatment process again, thereby the precipitated phase pattern forming in process of cooling after homogenizing and size be not generally by people are paid attention to.And in warm before hot rolling, these thick precipitated phases cannot back dissolving, and alligatoring can only occur.In course of hot rolling, these thick precipitated phases can cause piling up of dislocations, become particle and bring out the forming core point of dynamic recrystallization.The generation of a large amount of recrystallize, causes the reduction of the performance such as timber intensity, fracture toughness property.After homogenizing of the present invention, force the carefully much smaller of the more common cooling process of precipitated phase in its microstructure of cooling process., in the warm before hot rolling, fast ingot casting is heated up meanwhile, reduce soaking time, make tiny precipitated phase back dissolving, suppress it and again separate out or alligatoring.After homogenizing of the present invention, force the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of cooling process generally in 12% left and right, and after homogenizing, the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of common cooling process is up to 55%, processing method of the present invention can effectively reduce recrystallize and occur.
Further optimize, slab ingot fast transfer to cooling room carries out strong wind cooling and spraying cooling simultaneously, in 30 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C.
Further optimize, slab ingot fast transfer to cooling room carries out spraying cooling, in 40 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C.
Further optimize, slab ingot fast transfer to cooling room is carried out air-cooled to 390 DEG C, then spraying cooling in 50 minutes, slab ingot temperature being cooled to below 105 DEG C.
For different cooling environments, at spraying cooling not simultaneously and air-cooled cooling in the situation that, can use separately spraying cooling or air-cooled cooling here, ensure suitability and the practicality of this processing method.Different cooling environments disclosed herein is different cooling times, with open optimum process scheme.
Further optimize, described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face.According to actual production processing requirement, to slab ingot sawing and the processing of milling face, meet apparatus processing needs.
Further optimize, slab ingot is rolled down to after the sheet material of setting gauge thickness, to described sheet shearing end to end.Described sheet shearing is ensured to the requirement of sheet material total quality end to end.
Further optimize, described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 3 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 40 minutes, then slab ingot be rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness, and shear sheet material end to end.
Further optimize, described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 4 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 30 minutes.
Further optimize, described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 5 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 10 minutes.
In warm before hot rolling, fast ingot casting is heated up, reduce soaking time, relative reduce soaking time heat-up time increasing simultaneously, ensure tiny precipitated phase back dissolving, suppress it and again separate out or alligatoring.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is: the present invention carries out alloying without the Sc element with expensive, only suppress by technological process etc. the generation that the recrystallize shape in the aluminum alloy plate materials course of processing is, reduce the recrystallize mark of aluminum alloy plate materials, be of value to and put forward heavy alloyed intensity and fracture toughness property, cost is low, has fairly obvious economic benefit and social benefit.In the present invention's test, show to force the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of cooling process 12% after homogenizing, and the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of common cooling process is up to 55% after homogenizing, visible processing method of the present invention can effectively be avoided reducing recrystallize and occur.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the microstructure of forcing cooling process in the present invention after homogenizing;
Fig. 2 is the microstructure of common cooling process after homogenizing in the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the sheet material microstructure that in Fig. 1, tissue obtains;
Fig. 4 is the sheet material microstructure that in Fig. 2, tissue obtains.
Embodiment
What the present invention is directed to is to suppress aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, in reality, contains Sc or contain Zr alloy the recrystallization temperature that can improve aluminium alloy, suppresses recrystallize.Wherein, metallic element Sc is best to aluminium alloy inhibition recrystallize effect.But metal Sc price is very expensive, has limited it and has applied.Suppress recrystallize ability containing Zr, transition element or rare earth element aluminium alloy and be inferior to Sc element, and these elements can cause poisoning effect to grain-refining agent.By reducing solid solubility temperature and shortening solution time and reduce recrystallize per-cent, can cause solid solution insufficient, affect the over-all properties of alloy.
The present invention proposes a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, comprises the raw material of following weight percent: Si0.06, Fe0.13, and Cu2.20, Mg2.30, Zn6.30, Zr0.11, Ti0.05, surplus is that Al assorts, and comprises the following steps:
Described raw material is mixed, and melting 8～15 hours at 720～750 DEG C, is then that 680～700 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under 40～50mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, obtains slab ingot;
The homogenize at 460～470 DEG C of described slab ingot is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out strong wind cooling or spraying cooling, in 30～50 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C;
Slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C in 3～5 hours, is incubated 10～40 minutes, and be rolled into the sheet material of setting gauge thickness;
Described sheet material is carried out to solid solution 60～90 minutes and quenches at 465～470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2～2.5% stretch processing;
Sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
Processing method disclosed by the invention can effectively suppress aluminium alloy recrystallize, wherein focuses on:
1. the speed of cooling that improves described slab ingot after homogenizing, was cooled to described slab ingot temperature below 105 DEG C in 30～50 minutes, and that suppresses after described slab ingot homogenizing second-phase in microstructure separates out and control precipitate size, prevents its alligatoring.
2. in the warm before hot rolling, fast described slab ingot is heated up, reduce soaking time, in 3～5 hours, be preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 10～40 minutes, make tiny precipitated phase back dissolving, suppress it and again separate out or alligatoring.
After homogenizing of the present invention, force the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of cooling process generally to exist
12% left and right, and after homogenizing, the later stage goods recrystallize per-cent of common cooling process is up to 55%, processing method of the present invention can effectively be avoided reducing recrystallize and occur., in the warm before hot rolling, fast ingot casting is heated up meanwhile, reduce soaking time, make tiny precipitated phase back dissolving, suppress it and again separate out or alligatoring.
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment and test-results, the present invention is further described.
Embodiment 1: aluminium alloy stock is by ratio of weight and the number of copies by the Si of 0.06 part, the Fe of 0.13 part, the Cu of 2.20 parts, the Mg of 2.30 parts, the Zn of 6.30 parts, the Zr of 0.11 part, the Ti of 0.05 part and surplus are Al, add up to 100 parts.And realize by following steps:
Step 1: by the melting 10 hours at 730 DEG C of mixed raw material, be then that 700 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under the 45mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, slab ingot sectional dimension is 420 × 1600mm.
Step 2: at 460 DEG C, slab ingot homogenizing is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot fast transfer to special cooling room is carried out to strong wind cooling and spraying cooling, in 30 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C, after slab ingot is cooled to room temperature, it is carried out to sawing and milling face.
Step 3: slab ingot was preheated to 400 DEG C in 4 hours, is incubated 30 minutes, then slab ingot is rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness 20mm, and shear end to end.
Step 4: sheet material is carried out to solid solution 75 minutes and quenches at 470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2.5% stretch processing.
Step 5: the sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
Step 6: by actual product need to carry out finishing to sheet material, obtain having the aluminum alloy plate materials of low recrystallize mark.
Slab ingot to gained in step 2 in the present embodiment samples, and carries out microscopic examination, obtains micro-image, as shown in Figure 1.In figure, in microstructure, precipitated phase is comparatively tiny.
Embodiment 2: aluminium alloy stock is by ratio of weight and the number of copies by the Si of 0.06 part, the Fe of 0.13 part, the Cu of 2.20 parts, the Mg of 2.30 parts, the Zn of 6.30 parts, the Zr of 0.11 part, the Ti of 0.05 part and surplus are Al, add up to 100 parts.And realize by following steps:
Step 1: by the melting 8 hours at 750 DEG C of mixed raw material, be then that 680 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under the 40mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, slab ingot sectional dimension is 420 × 1600mm.
Step 2: at 470 DEG C, slab ingot homogenizing is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot fast transfer to special cooling room is carried out to spraying cooling, in 40 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C, after slab ingot is cooled to room temperature, it is carried out to sawing and milling face.
Step 3: slab ingot was preheated to 400 DEG C in 3 hours, is incubated 40 minutes, then slab ingot is rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness 20mm, and shear end to end.
Step 4: sheet material is carried out to solid solution 65 minutes and quenches at 470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2.5% stretch processing.
Step 5: the sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
Step 6: by actual product need to carry out finishing to sheet material, obtain having the aluminum alloy plate materials of low recrystallize mark.
Embodiment 3: aluminium alloy stock is by ratio of weight and the number of copies by the Si of 0.06 part, the Fe of 0.13 part, the Cu of 2.20 parts, the Mg of 2.30 parts, the Zn of 6.30 parts, the Zr of 0.11 part, the Ti of 0.05 part and surplus are Al, add up to 100 parts.And realize by following steps:
Step 1: by the melting 12 hours at 730 DEG C of mixed raw material, be then that 680 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under the 50mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, slab ingot sectional dimension is 420 × 1600mm.
Step 2: at 470 DEG C, slab ingot homogenizing is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot fast transfer to cooling room is carried out air-cooled to 390 DEG C, spraying cooling afterwards, in 50 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C, after slab ingot is cooled to room temperature, it is carried out to sawing and milling face.
Step 3: slab ingot was preheated to 420 DEG C in 5 hours, is incubated 10 minutes, then slab ingot is rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness 20mm, and shear end to end.
Step 4: sheet material is carried out to solid solution 85 minutes and quenches at 470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2% stretch processing.
Step 5: the sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
Step 6: by actual product need to carry out finishing to sheet material, obtain having the aluminum alloy plate materials of low recrystallize mark.
With embodiment 1 as a comparison, one group of comparative group is set.Compare embodiment 1, comparative group adopts in stove air-cooled in step 2, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot is carried out in stove air-cooled, and speed of cooling is 100 DEG C/h, after slab ingot is cooled to room temperature, it is carried out to sawing and milling face.In step 3, in 6 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400 DEG C, is incubated 60 minutes, then slab ingot is rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness 20mm, and shear end to end.
Corresponding other steps are constant, parameter constant.The slab ingot obtaining in comparative group step 2 samples simultaneously, and carries out microscopic examination, obtains micro-image, as shown in Figure 2.In figure, in microstructure, precipitated phase is comparatively thick.
Comparison diagram 1 and Fig. 2 can obviously find out, both resolving power is consistent, and wherein the precipitated phase in Fig. 1 is obviously few compared with precipitated phase in Fig. 2.Further, respectively to the micro-sample acquisition sheet material microstructure image of getting in embodiment 1 and comparative group, wherein Fig. 3 is the sheet material microstructure image of Fig. 1 sample, and Fig. 4 is the sheet material microstructure image of Fig. 2 sample.In comparison, in Fig. 3, recrystallize per-cent is in 12% left and right, and in Fig. 4, recrystallize per-cent is up to 55%.Prove thus, processing method of the present invention obtains good technique effect to aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize always, reduces the recrystallize mark of aluminum alloy plate materials, compares costs such as using precious metal Sc low, has fairly obvious economic benefit and social benefit.
Claims (9)
1. suppress a working method for aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize, comprise the raw material of following weight percent:
Surplus is that Al assorts, and it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Described raw material is mixed, and melting 8～15 hours at 720～750 DEG C, is then that 680～700 DEG C, casting speed are to carry out semicontinuous casting under 40～50mm/ condition of dividing in temperature, obtains slab ingot;
The homogenize at 460～470 DEG C of described slab ingot is processed 36 hours, after homogenizing finishes, slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out strong wind cooling or spraying cooling, in 30～50 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C;
Slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C in 3～5 hours, is incubated 10～40 minutes, and be rolled into the sheet material of setting gauge thickness;
Described sheet material is carried out to solid solution 60～90 minutes and quenches at 465～470 DEG C, and quenching in latter 6 hours, to carry out amount of tension with drawing machine be 2～2.5% stretch processing;
Sheet material after stretching is carried out to two-stage time effect processing, 120 DEG C of timeliness of the first step 6 hours, 160 DEG C of second stage timeliness 20 hours.
2. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, is characterized in that: slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out strong wind cooling and spraying cooling simultaneously, in 30 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C.
3. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, is characterized in that: slab ingot is transferred to cooling room and carries out spraying cooling, in 40 minutes, slab ingot temperature is cooled to below 105 DEG C.
4. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, is characterized in that: by slab ingot be transferred to cooling room carry out air-cooled to 390 DEG C, then spraying cooling in 50 minutes, slab ingot temperature being cooled to below 105 DEG C.
5. according to a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize described in any one in claim 1 to 4, it is characterized in that: described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face.
6. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, is characterized in that: slab ingot is rolled down to after the sheet material of setting gauge thickness, to described sheet shearing end to end.
7. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 3 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 40 minutes, then slab ingot be rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness, and shear sheet material end to end.
8. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 4 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 30 minutes, then slab ingot be rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness, and shear sheet material end to end.
9. a kind of working method that suppresses aluminum alloy plate materials recrystallize according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described slab ingot temperature be cooled to 105 DEG C following after, described slab ingot is continued to be cooled to room temperature, and it is carried out to sawing and the processing of milling face, in 5 hours, slab ingot is preheated to 400～420 DEG C, be incubated 10 minutes, then slab ingot be rolled down to the sheet material of setting thickness, and shear sheet material end to end.
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| CN107236883A (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-10-10 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | A kind of preparation technology of aluminum alloy plate materials |
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| CN109877181A (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2019-06-14 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of high uniformity aluminum alloy plate materials |
| CN110699576A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2020-01-17 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | Preparation process of high-strength aluminum alloy precision casting plate |
| CN115652229A (en) * | 2022-09-08 | 2023-01-31 | 安徽巨泰机械制造有限公司 | Heat treatment method for casting for automobile hub |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107236883A (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-10-10 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | A kind of preparation technology of aluminum alloy plate materials |
| CN107236883B (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2019-01-11 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | A kind of preparation process of aluminum alloy plate materials |
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| CN109877181A (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2019-06-14 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of high uniformity aluminum alloy plate materials |
| CN110699576A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2020-01-17 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | Preparation process of high-strength aluminum alloy precision casting plate |
| CN110699576B (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2021-04-13 | 广西南南铝加工有限公司 | Preparation process of high-strength aluminum alloy precision casting plate |
| CN115652229A (en) * | 2022-09-08 | 2023-01-31 | 安徽巨泰机械制造有限公司 | Heat treatment method for casting for automobile hub |
| CN115652229B (en) * | 2022-09-08 | 2023-12-15 | 安徽巨泰机械制造有限公司 | Casting heat treatment method for automobile hub |
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