CN103978307B - 一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3d打印方法及装置 - Google Patents
一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3d打印方法及装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印方法及装置。其装置包括:恒温箱,激光头,非接触式温度监测装置,扫描振镜,加工平台,铺粉装置,加工材料,计算机控制系统。其中激光头采用双管芯结构,内管与外管同轴固定,并在两管之间固定一片或多片渐变中性滤波片,所述滤波片激光透过率由内管到外观的径向降低。其方法是:通过控制系统预设加工温度,加工过程中,所述非接触式温度检测装置实时监测激光照射下的待加工物体的温升情况,并反馈给控制系统,通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,系统得出待加工材料的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,从而根据预先设置的加工温度值,计算出激光输出功率,实时调节激光功率,精确控制加工温度。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于3D打印成型技术领域,具体涉及一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印成型方法及装置。
背景技术
3D打印是一个通俗的概念,是快速成型技术的一种,产生于20世纪80年代后期。该技术集机械工程,材料工程,数控技术,激光技术等多项技术一体,采用材料累加法制造零件原型。其原理是先通过计算机辅助设计(CAD)或计算机动画建模软件建模,形成数字化模型,然后将三维模型分解为逐层的二维截面,通过软件与数控系统将打印材料逐层堆积固化,制造出实体产品。比较主流的方法包括光固化立体成形(Stereo Lithography Apparatus,SLA)、分层实体制造(Laminated Object Manufacturing,LOM)、选择性激光烧结(Selective Laser Sintering,LS)、熔积成形(Fused DepositionModeling,FDM)等。
相较于传统的制造方法,3D打印技术可以忽略产品部件的外形复杂程度;制造快速,可实现产品设计与模具生产的同步进行,提高研发效率,缩短设计周期;原材料利用率极高,接近100%。基于上述优点,该技术在汽车、家电、通讯、航空、工业造型、医疗、考古等行业得到日益广泛的应用。
3D打印使用的材料从光敏树脂、ABS、类ABS、蜡型、玻璃纤维等塑料类材料,到不锈钢、铝合金、铁镍合金、钴铬钼合金等金属类材料,种类相比过去已有所丰富,但是与传统制造所使用的材料相比仍有差距。由于部分高分子材料的熔融温度与分解温度接近,为了不改变加工材料的性质,对加工温度进行精确控制,提高该成型技术的成品率,成为需要解决的重要技术问题。
紫外激光具有波长短,分辨率高,能量聚焦集中、脉冲稳定、重复频率高的优点,具有“冷加工”的特性,能直接破坏连接物质的化学键,而不产生对外围的加热,通常利用紫外激光得到的加工表面良好,大多无热裂纹、无熔融沉渣、边缘锐利整洁、组织细化、热影响区小甚至可以忽略,因此成为加工脆弱物质的理想工具,可获得极高的加工质量和加工尺寸精度。同时,大多数材料能有效地吸收紫外光,如陶瓷、金属、聚合物等,因此,紫外激光成为3D激光打印技术中一种重要的波段。
公开号为CN1135731的专利,采用双束激光以减少由于温度梯度差过大造成的材料卷曲,但是其结构复杂,本发明提供一种更为简单、成本低的方法产生均匀的温度梯度。
发明内容
本发明针对现有3D打印中出现的问题,提出了一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印成型方法及装置,解决以上技术问题。
本发明通过以下技术方案解决以上问题:
一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印装置,其中包括有用于维持工作环境温度恒定的恒温箱;在该恒温箱中设置有用于支承待形成物体的加工平台,加工平台上设置有能将高分子材料涂敷到平台上的铺粉装置,在加工平台的上方设置有能发出定向的紫外激光射线的激光头,该激光射线通过扫描振镜偏转到加工平台上;其中在距加工平台上方的一段距离内设置一非接触式温度监测装置,该温度监测装置用于无接触地测量位于加工平台最上方的粉末层的温度;所述打印装置还包括用于控制和/或调节激光头的功率和运行轨迹,以及读取被温度监测装置测量的高分子材料的温度的计算机控制系统;所述计算机控制系统与激光头、温度监测装置相连接以实现对烧结温度进行闭环控制。
优选地,其中激光头采用双管芯结构,内管与外管同轴固定,并在两管之间固定一片或多片渐变中性滤波片,所述滤波片激光透过率由内管到外管的径向降低。
优选地,在内管和外管中分别出射有激光,其中外管激光低于加工材料的加工温度。
优选地,所述激光头功率在1W-100W之间线性可调,重复频率在1kHz-100kHz之间,脉宽在1ps-100ns之间,波长在190nm-380nm之间。
优选地,非接触式温度监测装置由控制系统操控,所述非接触式温度监测装置探头对准激光加工点。
优选地,所述恒温箱温度在20-30℃之间。
优选地,计算机控制系统控制激光头激光输出,扫描阵镜反射激光束进行扫描,接收非接触式温度监测装置反馈的温度信息,通过与预设加工温度对比,调节所述激光头的出射能量。
优选地,所述加工平台可在垂直方向垂直移动。
优选地,高分子材料选自:尼龙6(PA6)、尼龙12(PA12)、尼龙66(PA66)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯醚(PPO)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)。
一种利用上述打印装置进行3D打印的方法,其中包括如下步骤:
步骤一:通过铺粉装置将高分子材料涂布到加工平台上;
步骤二:根据计算机控制系统提供的二维加工图,扫描振镜偏转到指定位置,出射激光,进行第一层材料加工;
步骤三:通过紫外脉冲激光头发射紫外光,照射在高分子材料上,加工过程中,通过激光头出射的激光内芯温度达到材料加工要求,外围激光加工温度渐次降低,防止由于温度梯度过大造成的材料卷曲;非接触式温度检测装置实时监测激光照射下的被加工物体的温升情况并反馈给控制系统,通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,系统得出待加工材料的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,从而根据预先设置的加工温度值,计算出激光输出功率,实时调节激光功率,精确控制加工温度;上述控制逻辑在加工工艺过程中间隔预定时期进行运行判断;
步骤四:完成对相应高度的2D截面的成型工作,通过主控制系统先后关闭温度监测装置与激光头;
步骤五:降低加工平台高度,在粉床上铺洒材料粉末,使粉床上表面与工作台上表面重新重合;
步骤六:重复步骤二~五,直至工件整体成型完成;
步骤七:取出工件,去掉多余的粉末,进行打磨、烘干处理,得到最终的成型工件。
本发明通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,使计算机控制系统得出待加工材料的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,从而根据预先设置的加工温度值,计算出激光输出功率,实时调节激光功率,精确控制加工温度。同时,由于本发明的激光头采用双管芯激光头,双管芯激光头内管提供达到烧结温度的激光光束,外管的激光经过渐变中性滤波片的衰减,能量降低,使得激光温度在低于烧结温度的情况下沿自内管至外管的轴向上均匀降低,降低烧结区域与其周围区域的温度梯度,由此极大地降低了由于温度梯度过大而引起的烧结材料发生卷曲的可能。同时,由于烧结周围区域未达到烧结温度点,并不会发生不期望的材料烧结,避免引入不必要的麻烦。
附图说明
图1为本发明的一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印成型装置的示意图;
图2为激光头的内部结构图;
图3为激光头的横截面图。
图1中:1、激光头;2、非接触式温度监测装置;3、扫描振镜;4、扫描振镜;5、加工平台;6、铺粉装置;7、加工材料;8、恒温箱;9、计算机控制系统;10、激光束;11、内管;12、外管;121、滤波片;13、固定件;111、内管中出射激光;122、外管中出射激光。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白,以下结合具体实施例,并参照附图,对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
本发明提供一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印的装置:其中在图1中示出了作为本发明的实施例的一种打印成型装置,其中该打印成型装置包括一恒温箱8,其中该恒温箱8的作用在于维持打印加工过程中待处理的高分子材料所处的工作环境温度保持恒定,以降低外界环境温度变化导致工艺参数改变的影响,其中恒温箱8例如可由隔热性能好的陶瓷材料制成,其中恒温箱8中保持的温度范围优选为20-30摄氏度。在该恒温箱8中设置有用于支承待形成物体的加工平台5,在加工平台5的上方设置有一激光头1形式的辐射装置,该辐射装置发出一定向的紫外激光射线10,该激光射线10通过两个扫描振镜3和4偏转到加工平台5上,其中如附图2-3所示,激光头1采用双管芯结构,内管11与外管12通过固定件13同轴固定,并在两管之间固定一片或多片渐变中性滤波片121,所述滤波片121激光透过率由内管到外管的径向降低,在内管中出射激光111,而在外管中出射激光122,其中通过激光头内管11出射的激光内芯温度达到材料加工要求,外管12中出射的外围激光加工温度渐次降低,防止由于温度梯度过大造成的材料卷曲。此外,设置一用于将待固结的粉末状的高分子材料涂敷到加工平台5上的铺粉装置6,其中铺粉装置6能够借助驱动装置在加工平台5上来回运动。
在距加工平台5上方的一段距离内设置一非接触式温度监测装置2,该温度监测装置用于无接触地测量位于加工平台最上方的粉末层的温度。在使用时,非接触式温度监测装置探测头对准加工点,当激光束射出时,非接触式温度监测装置开始工作,并在计算机上同步显示实时温度。根据加工材料属性,预设加工温度,计算机控制系统分析计算出输出激光功率,重复频率参数。激光头工作输出激光,非接触式温度检测装置与所述扫描阵镜位置相对固定,实时监测激光照射下的被加工材料的温升情况,并反馈给控制系统,通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,系统得出被加工物体的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,通过与预先设置的被加工物质的加工温度值进行对比,得出理想温度与实际温度的差值,从而计算出激光输出能量及重复频率,改变激光参数,满足精确控制温度的要求。
计算机控制系统9用于控制和/或调节激光头1的功率和运行轨迹,以及读取被温度监测装置2测量的高分子材料的温度。为此,计算机控制系统与激光头1、温度监测装置2相连接。
紫外激光头功率在1W-100W之间线性可调,重复频率在1kHz-100kHz之间,脉宽在1ps-100ns之间,波长在190nm-380nm之间。
下面,以具体的高分子材料:聚酰亚胺(PI)材料紫外激光3D打印为例子说明以上所述的打印成型装置的运行。
加工材料为聚酰亚胺,其加工温度范围为340-400℃,导热系数0.1-0.5w/m.K,热容1.09kJ/(kg K),比重1.3g/cm3,铺粉厚度0.1mm。
激光头参数为输出波长355nm,脉宽10ns,功率在1-100W之间连续可调,重复频率10kHz,光斑直径0.3mm。阵镜扫描速度为0.1m/s。
恒温箱内温度25℃。
预设加工温度为360℃。初步估计算出激光的功率为60W。
步骤一:通过铺粉装置6将聚酰亚胺材料涂布到加工平台上。
步骤二:根据计算机控制系统提供的二维加工图,扫描振镜偏转到制定位置,出射激光,进行第一层材料加工。
步骤三:所述激光束10通过紫外脉冲激光头2发射紫外光,照射在聚酰亚胺7上,其中在内管中出射激光111,而在外管中出射激光122,其中通过激光头内管11出射的激光内芯温度达到材料加工要求,外管12中出射的外围激光加工温度渐次降低,防止由于温度梯度过大造成的材料卷曲;非接触式温度检测装置2实时监测激光照射下的被加工物体的温升情况并反馈给控制系统,通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,系统得出待加工材料的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,从而根据预先设置的加工温度值,计算出激光输出功率,实时调节激光功率,精确控制加工温度,具体来说,当检测到的温度上升速率为5摄氏度/秒以上时,主控制系统降低激光头1的输出功率1个档位并且提高激光头的扫描速度5%;当检测到的温度上升速率为3-5摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统降低激光头1的输出功率1个档位;当检测到的温度上升速率为0.5-3摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统提高激光头的扫描速度5%;当检测到的温度上升速率为0-0.5摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统保持工艺运行参数不变;上述控制逻辑在加工工艺过程中间隔预定时期进行运行判断。
步骤四:完成对相应高度的2D截面的成型工作,通过主控制系统6先后关闭非接触式温度监测装置2与激光头1;
步骤五:降低加工平台5高度,粉床位置随之下降,在粉床上铺洒材料粉末,使粉床上表面与加工平台5上表面重新重合;
步骤六:重复步骤二~五,直至工件整体成型完成;
步骤七:取出工件,去掉多余的粉末,进行打磨、烘干处理,得到最终的成型工件。
由于在本发明中激光头采用双管芯激光头内管,所述双管芯激光头内管提供达到烧结温度的激光光束,外管的激光经过渐变中性滤波片的衰减,能量降低,使得激光温度在低于烧结温度的情况下沿自内管至外管的轴向上均匀降低,降低烧结区域与其周围区域的温度梯度,由此极大地降低了由于温度梯度过大而引起的烧结材料发生卷曲的可能。同时,由于烧结周围区域未达到烧结温度点,并不会发生不期望的材料烧结,避免引入不必要的麻烦。
在本发明中,上述实施例并不局限于通过用激光加工头来辐射粉末床的表面而使粉末熔化。产品原料可以由任何在相转变后形成固体的材料例如,由尼龙6(PA6)、尼龙12(PA12)、尼龙66(PA66)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯醚(PPO)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)构成。
Claims (9)
1.一种用于精确控温的高分子材料紫外激光3D打印装置,其特征在于包括有用于维持工作环境温度恒定的恒温箱;在该恒温箱中设置有用于支承待形成物体的加工平台,加工平台上设置有能将高分子材料涂敷到平台上的铺粉装置,在加工平台的上方设置有能发出定向的紫外激光射线的激光头,该激光射线通过扫描振镜偏转到加工平台上,其中在距加工平台上方的一段距离内设置一非接触式温度监测装置,该温度监测装置用于无接触地测量位于加工平台最上方的粉末层的温度;所述打印装置还包括用于控制和/或调节激光头的功率和运行轨迹,以及读取被温度监测装置测量的高分子材料的温度的计算机控制系统;所述计算机控制系统与激光头、温度监测装置相连接以实现对烧结温度进行闭环控制。
2.根据权利要求1所述的打印装置,其特征在于:其中激光头采用双管芯结构,内管与外管同轴固定,并在两管之间固定一片或多片渐变中性滤波片,所述滤波片激光透过率由内管到外管的径向降低。
3.根据权利要求2所述的打印装置,其特征在于:在内管和外管中分别出射有激光,其中外管激光低于加工材料的加工温度。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的打印装置,其特征在于:所述激光头功率在1W-100W之间线性可调,重复频率在1kHz-100kHz之间,脉宽在1ps-100ns之间,波长在190nm-380nm之间。
5.根据权利要求1所述的打印装置,其特征在于:非接触式温度监测装置由控制系统操控,所述非接触式温度监测装置探头对准激光加工点。
6.根据权利要求1所述的打印装置,其特征在于:所述恒温箱温度在20-30℃之间;
计算机控制系统控制激光头激光输出,扫描阵镜反射激光束进行扫描,接收非接触式温度监测装置反馈的温度信息,通过与预设加工温度对比,调节所述激光头的出射能量;
所述加工平台可在垂直方向垂直移动。
7.根据权利要求1所述的打印装置,其特征在于:所述高分子材料选自:尼龙6(PA6)、尼龙12(PA12)、尼龙66(PA66)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚甲醛(POM)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚苯醚(PPO)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)。
8.一种利用权利要求1-7中任一项打印装置进行3D打印的方法,其中包括如下步骤:
步骤一:通过铺粉装置将高分子材料涂布到加工平台上;
步骤二:根据计算机控制系统提供的二维加工图,扫描振镜偏转到指定位置,出射激光,进行第一层材料加工;
步骤三:通过紫外脉冲激光头发射紫外光,照射在高分子材料上,加工过程中,通过激光头出射的激光内芯温度达到材料加工要求,外围激光加工温度渐次降低,防止由于温度梯度过大造成的材料卷曲;非接触式温度检测装置实时监测激光照射下的被加工物体的温升情况并反馈给控制系统,通过记录一定时间内温度的增加值,系统得出待加工材料的对激光的吸收能力和温升程度,从而根据预先设置的加工温度值,计算出激光输出功率,实时调节激光功率,精确控制加工温度;上述控制逻辑在加工工艺过程中间隔预定时期进行运行判断;
步骤四:完成对相应高度的2D截面的成型工作,通过主控制系统先后关闭非接触式温度监测装置与激光头;
步骤五:降低加工平台高度,在粉床上铺洒材料粉末,使粉床上表面与加工平台上表面重新重合;
步骤六:重复步骤二~五,直至工件整体成型完成;
步骤七:取出工件,去掉多余的粉末,进行打磨、烘干处理,得到最终的成型工件。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤三中当检测到的温度上升速率为5摄氏度/秒以上时,主控制系统降低激光头的输出功率1个档位并且提高激光头的扫描速度5%;当检测到的温度上升速率为3-5摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统降低激光头的输出功率1个档位;当检测到的温度上升速率为0.5-3摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统提高激光头的扫描速度5%;当检测到的温度上升速率为0-0.5摄氏度/秒时,主控制系统保持工艺运行参数不变。
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