CN103962317A - Methods for sorting materials - Google Patents
Methods for sorting materials Download PDFInfo
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- CN103962317A CN103962317A CN201410177770.3A CN201410177770A CN103962317A CN 103962317 A CN103962317 A CN 103962317A CN 201410177770 A CN201410177770 A CN 201410177770A CN 103962317 A CN103962317 A CN 103962317A
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- coal
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- ore
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
- B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
- B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
- B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
- B07C5/346—Sorting according to other particular properties according to radioactive properties
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
Abstract
Disclosed herein is the use of differences in x-ray linear absorption coefficients to process ore and remove elements with higher atomic number from elements with lower atomic numbers. Use of this dry method at the mine reduces pollution and transportation costs. One example of said invention is the ejection of inclusions with sulfur, silicates, mercury, arsenic and radioactive elements from coal. This reduces the amount and toxicity of coal ash. It also reduces air emissions and the energy required to clean stack gases from coal combustion. Removal of said ejected elements improves thermal efficiency and reduces the pollution and carbon footprint for electrical production.
Description
The application is dividing an application of No. 201010222089.8th, the Chinese invention patent application that is entitled as " material sorting method " submitted on June 30th, 2010.
Technical field
The application relates to coal separation field, a kind of method of processing ore and the higher element of atomicity being removed from the lower element of atomicity in particular to difference of utilizing X ray linear absorption coefficient.
Background technology
Natural coal is the mixture of carbon, hydro carbons, moisture and the pollution mineral with higher atomicity.Coal produces half of American Electric Power, but utility company faces and reduces its carbon footprint (carbon footprint) and from the pressure of mercury, sulphur and coal ash pollution.For utility company, the high cost of letting out thing and providing necessary pollution to control is provided clean coal ash.EPA is now just requiring the discharge of mercury and sulphur to carry out stricter control.In addition, new regulation will be executed restriction per hour to sulphur emissions, but not average restriction in 24 hours.Conventionally, in pyrite, 60%～80% mercury and sulphur association.According to the region that cuts coal, in U.S.'s coal used, the typical natural content of pollutant is approximately 3%～approximately 30%, average out to approximately 10%.
Coal burning in utility company and Industrial Boiler produces coal ash, slag and the mud of up to a million tons.Burning has been removed flammable organic component but has concentrated naturally occurring radionuclide in coal ash, comprises uranium, radium, thorium and potassium.Coal ash also contains silicon, aluminium, iron and calcium.In fact, these elements form approximately 90% coal ash component.For observing Environmental Protection Agency's rules, must reduce mercury emissions.The selection that reduces mercury emissions is removed mercury or is used natural gas to replace coal after comprising selectively cut coal (avoiding the coal bed layer segment that sulphur and mercury are higher), coal washing (removing the pyrite of the mercury that contains in coal 60%～80%), burning from air flue emission thing.
Current coal processing and utilizing coal and the density variation of pollutant are removed non-combustible.Approximately 95% coal is processed and is adopted at present wet method.The proportion of coal is generally 1.2, and rock and be 2.5 compared with the mean value of heavy mineral.Raw coal (run ofthe mine coal) is first reduced to the size lower than 2 inches (5cm) conventionally, is imported subsequently in water-magnetic iron ore slurry flotation medium.Described water slurry has makes liquid specific gravity be increased to the chemical substance higher than coal proportion.Magnetic iron ore proportion control density in water slurry.Heavier sulphur and silicate avale and lighter coal emersion.
Wet-treating can reduce ash and the sulfur content of coal, but it drenches handled coal.And liquid medium need to be processed in sewage treatment equipment.Coal dust and water generates are brought the mud of environmental problem.Some techniques are used acid remove pollutant and water generates is polluted.In wet coal, the latent heat of water has reduced 1%～2% by the recoverable energy from coal burning.The minimizing of this utilisable energy has increased the carbon footprint of generating.
Summary of the invention
The invention discloses material sorting method.Disclosed method sorts out the ore such as coal ore with X ray from the pollutant such as sulphur.The method of using indicating arm (calibration bar) in X ray method for separating is also disclosed.In some embodiments, material sorting method comprises: sampling; Sample size is decreased to below 10 centimetres; The minimum X ray of the thickest producing depth of working sample absorbs; The X ray of working sample piece absorbs; Identifying that X ray absorbs is greater than the sample blocks that the most minimum X ray of thick producing depth absorbs; From remaining sample, sub-electing X ray absorbs and to be greater than the sample blocks that the most minimum X ray of thick producing depth absorbs.Other embodiment of the present invention comprises identifies that the X ray percent transmission absorbing with the minimum X ray of the thickest producing depth (thickest bed depth) of sample compares more than 20% sample blocks of X ray percent transmission minimizing.Still other embodiment of the present invention comprises that being determined at the X ray along the energy place of (K absorption edge) higher than the K ABSORPTION EDGE of sulphur absorbs.
Another embodiment of the invention is the method that reduces the sulphur in coal, and described method comprises: coal ore sample is provided; Sample size is decreased to below 10 centimetres; Minimum X ray for the thickest producing depth of the X ray energy range working sample on the K ABSORPTION EDGE edge higher than sulphur absorbs; Mensuration absorbs higher than the X ray of the sample blocks in the X ray energy range on the K ABSORPTION EDGE edge of sulphur; Identifying that X ray absorbs is greater than the sample blocks that the most minimum X ray of thick producing depth absorbs; From remaining sample, sub-electing X ray absorbs and to be greater than the sample blocks that the most minimum X ray of thick producing depth absorbs.Other embodiment of the present invention comprises: by sample is transported to pneumatic discharge array (air ejection array) and at least one pneumatic displacer (air ejector) energy supply of this pneumatic discharge array so as based on described determine carry out sorted sample, thereby sorted sample piece.Other embodiment of the present invention comprises and utilizes combustion flue gas to reduce fire and explosive hazard.
Another embodiment of the present invention is the method from ore sorting material, and described method comprises: sampling, and wherein sample comprises ore and other material; With multiple X ray energy, irradiate sample; Detect ore and material in the X ray absorption value at the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place; The X ray absorption value that gives the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place is measured the atomicity scope of ore; X ray absorption value based on the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place is measured the atomicity scope of each material; Whether the atomicity of working sample piece is greater than the atomicity of ore; According to this, measure sorted sample piece.Other embodiment of the present invention comprises that whether the atomicity of working sample piece is than the atomicity of ore at least large 4.In other embodiment of the present invention, sorted sample piece also comprise sample is transported to pneumatic discharge array and at least one pneumatic displacer energy supply of this pneumatic discharge array to carry out sorted sample based on described mensuration.In other embodiment of the present invention, detection X ray absorption value also comprises carries sample between x-ray source and X-ray detector.In some embodiments, described ore is coal, and described material is the metallic inclusion (metallicinclusion) in ore.
Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide the method for the indicating arm that the identical X ray of maximum producing depth that has with handled coal absorbs, and described method is made " clean coal " and installed and realize by measuring the atom of coal and form and being less than 10 element by the former molecular atomicity of same ratio.Another embodiment of the invention is material sorting method, comprises indicating arm is provided; Use x-ray bombardment indicating arm; Demarcate X ray sensing device, make to determine that described sample needs sorting when X ray percent transmission being detected lower than the sample of the X ray percent transmission of indicating arm; Analytic sample; And sorted sample.Other embodiment of the method comprises the producing depth of measuring X ray sensing device.Other embodiment of the present invention comprises according to the mensuration of described producing depth selects indicating arm.In other embodiment of the present invention, analytic sample also comprises: the X ray absorption value that detects sample blocks; Measure whether any sample blocks all has to compare with the X ray percent transmission of indicating arm has been reduced more than 20% X ray percent transmission; Evaluation has compares the sample blocks that has reduced more than 20% X ray percent transmission with the X ray percent transmission of indicating arm, thereby this type of sample blocks is sorted out.In other embodiment of the present invention, it is the atomic weight absorption coefficient that is scattered in direct ratio of the sample element below 10 that indicating arm has with atomicity.
Therefore, one aspect of the present invention is to provide the method for sorting coal ore from pollutant.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide uses X ray energy with the method for sorting material.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide the indicating arm using in described material sorting method process.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 has shown the flow chart of an embodiment of method disclosed herein.Wherein be depicted as the step of material sorting method.
Fig. 2 has shown for putting into practice the schematic side view of an embodiment of the device of method disclosed herein.Wherein be depicted as for transport the conveyer belt of coal between x-ray source and X-ray detector.Shown in addition for computer and discharge system in region shown in coal is separated to.
Fig. 3 is for putting into practice the diagrammatic side view of an embodiment of the device of method disclosed herein.Particularly, be wherein depicted as the air knife that is often called the minimum coal particles of coal dust (coalfine) for the coal sample particle separation from larger.As shown in the figure, coal sample is divided into 3 not on the same group.
Fig. 4 is for putting into practice the diagrammatic side view of an embodiment of the device of method disclosed herein.With regard to the separation of coal dust, described embodiment comprises for further the coal dust with metal pollutant never being had to the separated air table (air table) of coal dust of metal pollutant.Thus, coal sample is divided into 4 groups shown in figure.Another embodiment shown in figure is with combustion air, to reduce the fire and explosive hazard of coal dust.
Fig. 5 is the schematic sectional view of air table shown in Fig. 4.Wherein be depicted as vibrator, air ejector and magnet.
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of the end view cross-section of X-ray measuring instrument, and this device has indicating arm in the appropriate location of its conveyer belt.This indicating arm is between x-ray source and detector array.
Fig. 7 has shown pyrite (FeS), coal and the silica (SiO in the X ray energy of certain limit from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
2) linear absorption coefficient.The density that has shown in addition them.Coal is even all different in identical coal mineral ore between different mines; For coal, there is no standard definition.Shown coal absorption is the NIST value of being converted into the graphite of 1.2 density of typical bituminous coal (bituminous coal).
Fig. 8 has shown the listed material that calculated by the absorption coefficient information of the National Institute of Standards and Technology percent transmission in certain X ray energy range.
Fig. 9 has shown the result of the analysis of carrying out in embodiment 4.
Figure 10 has shown the result of the analysis of carrying out in embodiment 5.
The specific embodiment
The invention discloses the method that goes out pollutant from coal separation.Described method discloses with specific X ray energy and has detected pollutant in coal pieces as sulphur, mercury and iron, thereby this pollutant never can be sub-elected in other coal pieces of pollutant.In brief, method disclosed herein comprises the following steps: as required that larger coal pieces is broken, with the rate analysis coal pieces that is exceedingly fast, and sub-elect the coal pieces with undesirable pollutant field trash.
Method disclosed herein can be for " cleaning " coal, thereby reduce sulphur and mercury etc. during for coal-fired power plant at coal.The method that use is removed pollutant from coal has some advantages and the amount of pollutant (for example sulphur) significantly can be reduced to the effective dry method of the cost that can be up to the standard lower than current washing technology to provide.For example, more clean coal has improved the performance of air blast by reducing slag and etching problem.Equally, dry treatment method disclosed herein has reduced coal has been carried out to the water yield of using in carrying out washing treatment, thereby has reduced the needs to wastewater treatment.In addition the more high heating value that, " cleans " coal has increased the capacity of boiler.In addition, total ash amount reduces and sensible heat still less (sensible heat) loses to moisture and bottom ash.The energy requirement of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) can be up to 10% of the electrical production of coal burning plant.FGD system has better running and lower power loss and more clean low-sulfur coal conventionally.Constant low-sulfur level makes FGD system more easily defer to the sulphur emissions restriction per hour of EPA.Therefore,, according to expection, the increase of the energy efficiency of being expected by method disclosed herein can provide the direct minimizing of every kilowatt of carbon footprint.Method disclosed herein provides the cost effective method of removing pollutant from coal, and this coal will significantly reduce pollution and the carbon footprint of generating when burning.
As a setting, it is the function of density of material and atomicity that the X ray in material absorbs, and it is also the function of incident X-rays energy.Given material pieces will be according to the energy of incident X-rays and absorption of x-rays to some extent.The material that atomicity is different can variant ground absorption of x-rays.For example, the material that atomicity is higher to the absorption of X ray by easier more than the lower material of atomicity.In addition, the absorption curve of given material in certain X ray energy range can be different from the absorption curve of another kind of material within the scope of identical energy.Pass the X ray transmission of material by equation N
(t)=N
0e
-η ρ tprovide, wherein N
(t)at initial N
0remaining number of photons after the thickness t of the material that it is ρ that photon is advanced through density.Mass attentuation coefficient η is the character of given material and depends on photon energy.Value η ρ refers to the linear absorption coefficient (μ) of given material.For most of materials, the value of coefficient μ has been established by researcher and these values depend on the energy of incident X-rays photon.The value of the μ/ρ of most elements (=η) is found in the internet site of the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST).The list of described value is detailed has contained the various photon energy values (for example, kiloelectron-volt, referred to as KeV) of all stable elements.The ρ value of given material be exactly it with gram/cm
3the density of meter, and be found in many textbooks, be also found in NIST website.N
(t)/ N
0ratio be that photon passes the transmissivity that thickness is the material of t, and conventionally with percentage, provide, photon transmission sees through the percentage of described material.
Provable being enough to be used in of absorption curve of material identified and sorting.Yet, by fluorescence information, can improve the certainty in qualification process.When X ray is when the material, some energy is absorbed higher than the X ray of component element electronic excitation energy, and some energy in the atom being stimulated are launched again as the photon with fluorescence.Have and be enough to electronics to be called as " ABSORPTION EDGE is along (absorption edge) " from the sharply jump of this X ray absorption of the energy of atom ejaculation.Fluorescent radiation is isotropic and has than this ABSORPTION EDGE along lower energy.Utilization of the present invention has the X ray higher than the energy on the ABSORPTION EDGE edge of sulphur, but does not utilize XRF.
In some embodiments of the present invention, material sorting method comprises: sampling, sample blocks is decreased to appropriate size, and set detection threshold, and carry out sorted sample according to sorting parameter.Herein disclosed is for putting into practice the various embodiments of disclosed method.As a setting, the United States Patent (USP) of measuring systems for various X ray is included in and authorizes 7,564,943 of Sommer etc. on July 21st, 2009; On August 29th, 2006, authorize 7,099,433 of Sommer etc.; On February 1st, 2000, authorize the RE36537 of Sommer etc.; On April 14th, 1998, authorize 5,738,224 of Sommer etc.; On February 16th, 2010, authorize 7,664,225 of Klein; On January 15th, 2002, authorize 6,338,305 of McHenry etc.; On June 2nd, 2009, authorize 7,542,873 of Vince etc.; On April 3rd, 2007, authorize 7,200,200 of Laurila etc.; On October 6th, 1998, authorize 5,818,899 of Connolly etc.; On December 4th, 1984, authorize 4,486,894 of Page etc.; On May 16th, 1978, authorize 4,090,074 of Watt etc.; With March 22 nineteen eighty-three, authorize 4,377,392 of Massey etc., herein by reference to the full content that is incorporated to its each piece.
Refer now to Fig. 1, in figure, shown from an embodiment of the method for coal separation pollutant.The method is from sampling 100.Sample consists of the mixture of coal pieces.Some piece has larger pollutant field trash, and other does not have or only have minimum field trash.The nonrestrictive mode by illustrative, the example of pollutant comprises sulphur, mercury, silicate, carbonate, iron, calcium and aluminium etc.Then sample through adjusting size 102 steps so that by the size reduction of sample blocks to appropriate size, as further illustrating herein.For setting analytical parameters, the individual sample part of the piece that selection representative is the thickest or the thickest producing depth irradiates 104.The thickest producing depth (thickestbed depth) refers to the producing depth of the machine for processing.As known to those skilled, bed (bed) refers to the machine part that sample passes through.Therefore,, in some embodiment disclosed herein, described method comprises that the X ray of the thickest producing depth of working sample absorbs.Complete as follows the mensuration 106 of discharging threshold value (ejection threshold): the X ray energy with certain limit irradiates the thickest sample blocks or the thickest producing depth first as disclosed, and demarcates the pixel in detector array by peak signal.In some embodiment of the method, X ray energy range is the X ray energy range that is greater than the K ABSORPTION EDGE edge of sulphur.Detector threshold may be defined as from not for example, with the percentage (, 80%) of the signal voltage in thick region of the coal sample of any pollutant field trash.Then will discharge Threshold for measuring the signal of cycle period lower than the percentage of the pixel reading of detector threshold.The number of picture element signal with the level of the threshold value of being less than has been set the minimum dimension of the pollutant of discharging.The detector of 25 pixels/cm can detect the object of 0.4mm.Discharge based on the low pixel reading of single can be reduced to 100ppm by pollutant.Although the discharge based on pixel can be used for extracting gold from basement rock, for the more typical demand of coal, can be in typical 650 picture element signal/square centimeter samples and there are 250 pixels with low signal.Thereafter, as disclosed herein, the sample that enters sensing unit 108 is irradiated, and carries out thus the measurement 110 of X ray transmission.After measuring X ray transmission, whether next step is to measure to reach to discharge threshold value 112.If reach discharge threshold value, there is the discharge 114 of sample.If do not reach discharge threshold value, for not discharging sample 116.
In some embodiments, the raw coal providing from colliery can be provided in sampling.In other embodiments, sample can be the coal that some clean method or step are crossed in executed.In other embodiments, the sample of pending method disclosed herein can be any ore materials that contains pollutant.For example, can carry out this method so that SEPARATION OF GOLD to gold containing ore.In some embodiments, method disclosed herein can be used for in the mineral of processing ore and the exploitation of metal application.The ore of exploitation normally has the silicate of metallic inclusion.Metallic inclusion has higher linear X-ray absorption coefficient.Therefore, if gold mine is broken, by would using this method can detect and discharge little golden field trash.
With regard to the size of sample regulates (sizing), thus broken larger nugget or reduce its size be adjusted to appropriate size with the method processed by X-ray machine or device as described herein industrial be known.Those of ordinary skills are familiar with disintegrating machine or the adjusted size machine that this class is easy to be purchased.In some embodiments of the present invention, advantageously sample adjusting being of a size of to thickness is the piece below 10cm.In other embodiment of the present invention, suitable is regulates sample that to be of a size of thickness be 3 inches, 2 inches or 1 inch of following piece.Size is not the qualitative factor of the coal that sub-elects conventionally, and this is because coal was conventionally ground into fine powder (being often called coal dust) before for power plant.In addition it should be noted that coal is than pyrite and silicate easy fracture more.In some embodiments, coal thickness is decreased to and is less than 5cm it is more easily used.
In some embodiments of the present invention, X ray energy range used depends on the thickness of sample or the thickness of producing depth.In some embodiments, X ray energy range can be about 6KeV～about 100KeV.In other embodiments, X ray energy range can be about 8KeV～about 20KeV.In other embodiments, X ray energy range can be about 50KeV～about 100KeV.In other embodiments, X ray energy range is higher than the ABSORPTION EDGE edge of discharged element.In other embodiments, those X ray energy that provide in the table that spendable X ray energy is the application.Various devices can be suitable for supplying with X ray energy and X-ray detector used in method disclosed herein.In some embodiments of the present invention, such device can be commercially available from National Recovery Technologies, Inc., Nashville, the second generation zSort machine of TN.In other embodiments, suitable X-ray apparatus can be available from Feldstrasse128,22880Wedel, and Hamburg, the Commodas Mining GmbH of Germany, is called CommodasUltrasort.It uses and the similar dual energy detection algorithm of airdrome luggage scanner.In other embodiment of described method, can use and can from be of a size of the coal mixture of 10cm～0.004cm, discharge the device of little pollutant.In other embodiments, applicable X ray sensing device can be to be purchased the Technologies from National Recovery, Inc., Nashville, the device that the model of TN is DXRT.X ray sensor can be dual energy device.In other embodiment of the present invention, X-ray apparatus can be broadband X-ray apparatus, for example, commercially available from National Recovery Technologies, Inc., Nashville, the ethylene recycle type device of TN (vinyl cycle model).In other embodiment of the present invention, X ray sensing device can have inert atmosphere filtration system can not lighted by general idea to guarantee coal dust to be removed by proper mating.Therefore, using burnt gas from other device is to guarantee to avoid the safety precaution of lighting.In other embodiment of the present invention, comprise and use heater to reduce moisture in ROM coal and from the waste gas of diesel engine.
In some embodiments, the use of dual energy detector allows not rely on coal thickness and measures relative composition.In some embodiments of the present invention, needn't carry out the matching size of the coal sample of complex patterns and measure, but preferably the size of sample blocks is less than the average bed layer depth of coal sample.In other words, the difference that method disclosed herein absorbs by X ray is come work take material is identified and as discharging fast apparatus, provided signal reliably.
With regard to measuring discharge threshold value 106, applicant notices that discharge (ejection) is only one of several appropriate method of sample blocks physical separation.In some embodiments of the present invention, separation can be by carrying out with pneumatic displacer array, as described further herein.In other embodiment of the present invention, thus separation can be by promoting, mobile or thrust and reach the sample blocks of discharging threshold value and it is never reached to physical separation in the sample blocks of discharging threshold value out carry out.This promotion or movement can be by being used fast reaction piston, mechanical lever or fin keel (flipper) to carry out.Those of ordinary skills are familiar with various can be used for and discharge by reaching arm or the hydraulically operated fixture (hydraulics) that the sample blocks physics of threshold value moves.
The threshold value (discharging threshold value) of the indication existing as pollutant In some embodiments of the present invention, is measured by the percent transmission of the sample blocks of the remarkable percent transmission lower than the thickest ore sample piece.In some embodiments of the present invention, the described significantly lower X ray percent transmission through sample is expressed as and reduces more than 20%.In other embodiment of the present invention, than the percent transmission of the percent transmission low 50% of thick sample blocks, show to have reached discharge threshold value.In other embodiment of the present invention, the X ray of 40KeV has 61% transmission through the 0.04cm copper field trash of the silicate rock of 1.0cm.
Applicant notices, the relative atomicity of material absorbs relevant to the X ray of this material.Therefore, when mentioning that X ray absorbs, can be by commenting through the X ray percent transmission of this material or expressing by commenting the absorption of the material pair X ray contacting with this material.For clarity sake, the material that has a lower X ray percent transmission as pollutant etc. is to have the material that higher X ray absorbs.In some embodiments of the present invention, can be determined at the X ray transmission value through material in two kinds of energy ranges with double energy X-ray detector.In some embodiments, as can coming as mentioned above with any X ray transmission value, measure the threshold value of indicating pollutant to exist by reducing percent transmission.In substituting embodiment, can measure the wherein atomicity scope of visible material with the X ray transmission value at two energy range places.Then, by measuring the atomicity of material, whether higher than the atomicity of coal to be separated, make the decision that whether sample blocks should be discharged.In other embodiment of this method, can measure the residing scope of material atomicity with the device of measuring multiple kinds of energy.
X-ray detection system as herein described has can tape deck, for example, microprocessor, controller or computer etc., thus allow and make decision and carry out function.Those of ordinary skills are familiar with the adjusting of such device, control or programme to realize method as herein described.As an example, commercially available from National Recovery Technologies, Inc., Nashville, the DXRT type device of TN is able to programme, thereby can set discharge threshold value.In this example, DXRT machine calculate to downstream in pneumatic discharge array discharge apparatus accurately the required sample blocks of energy supply arrive pneumatic discharge array position and time machine information, thereby and in the correct time, send necessary order and with the displacer energy supply to suitable, the sample blocks with pollutant never discharged in other sample blocks stream of pollutant.Therefore the sample blocks that, has sufficiently high percent transmission can not discharged by pneumatic discharge array.In substituting embodiment, can set so that it is contrary to the above machine.That is, discharge the ore that does not contain pollutant, and do not discharge the lump that contains pollutant.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, can carry out this variation to method disclosed herein.
Still, with regard to method disclosed herein, when mensuration exists pollutant and should be discharged, decision thereafter relates to the amount in the region of needs discharge.Some X ray sensing device has the capacity of 32 linear pixel/inch.The capacity of other X ray sensing device is 64 linear pixel/inch.Discharging area size can be set based on the required pixel count of detection of contamination.For example, if used, there is the device of 32 linear pixel/inch and the region that expectation is discharged 1 square inch, may require to have 1000 continuous images usually detection of contamination so that pneumatic displacer is triggered and comes into operation.In some embodiments, if there is an air ejector and recovery time for every 25 pixels, be millisecond,, for the conveyer belt of every square centimeter moving with 2 meter per seconds, may there is mensuration 500 times.There is startup discharge and with the number of the pixel reading of the required lower X ray transmission of air eruption, determined the minimum dimension of institute's emission.Required pixel count is the customized parameter in the present invention.Utilize above-mentioned example, those of ordinary skills can be adjusted to parameter its particular demands.Therefore,, if provide economic worth by removing compared with little pollutant field trash, can use method disclosed herein.
With reference to Fig. 2, wherein shown the side view of an embodiment of the device of putting into practice method disclosed herein.Shown in figure for being positioned at the coal 218 on the conveyer belt 215 of separator shell 210 inside.Along with coal 218 passes through between x-ray source 214 and X-ray detector 211, coal is irradiated.X-ray detector 211 is operably connected with computer 212, and the pneumatic displacer 213 of computer 212 guiding pollutes coal conveyor 216 so that contaminated coal is delivered to.The coal 218 not being discharged from is collected on conveyer belt 217.As disclosed before this herein, computer with software or other instrument to carry out indicated step herein.In some embodiments, decision can be reduced to as atomicity being greater than to 10 material and discharge.
Referring now to Fig. 3, be depicted as for putting into practice herein an openly embodiment of the device of method.Particularly, side view has shown the described device of Fig. 2.Except element shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 has also comprised adding of air knife 321, and air knife 321 is called as coal dust sample granule for guiding leaves larger sample blocks stream.Air knife utilizes thin air layer to accomplish this point, to those small sample pieces are diverted to the 3rd conveyer 310 for coal dust.The removal of these nano sized particles provides obtains to coal after the more clean processing on conveyer belt 217.Be in operation, air knife 321 comprises fan 322, filter 320 and air delivery pipe 323.The sample granule of being discharged by air knife is collected on filter 320 and falls on conveyer belt 310.Separated sample granule further by as herein described the whole bag of tricks can be processed thereafter.
With reference to Fig. 4, be depicted as for putting into practice herein an openly substituting embodiment of method.Present embodiment has shown air table 412 and has utilized combustion flue gas 316 from engine and heater to reduce the adding of device of fire hazard.In other embodiments, the use of air table 412 is independently, and separates with the use of combustion flue gas 316.In other embodiments, the use of combustion flue gas 316 is independently, and separates with the use of air table 412.As shown in the figure, air table 412 with pipe 314 air delivery pipe 323, be connected, pipe 314 comprises magnet and little air ejector with magnetic component (being pollutant) heavier in collection coal dust and is slid into for polluting the conveyer belt 410 of coal dust.Vibration by 413 pairs of air tables of vibrator contributes to the coal dust depositing on workbench to remove.Filter 320 is collected non magnetic coal dust, and the latter drops down onto on conveyer belt 411.Part circulated air from exhaust gas blower 322 is passed in atmosphere 317, and surplus air 318 circulates again with the mixed merga pass fan 315 of flue gas 316.From the engine of processing for coal and the combustion gas of heater, can be used for providing fire-resistant atmosphere to reduce the danger from the coal-dust explosion of sorting unit.More clean coal dust and the larger coal by disclosed herein x-ray method processed can be merged thereafter.With reference to Fig. 5, be depicted as the amplification schematic section of air table 412.Shown in figure, be vibrator 413, air hose 314 and magnet 510 and air ejector 511.
In a substituting embodiment of the present invention, be different from and measure the first step of the percent transmission of thick sample blocks, the first step can be uses indicating arm 600.Referring now to Fig. 6, be depicted as the cross section of the end-view of X ray determinator, shown device has indicating arm 600 in the appropriate location of its conveyer belt 602.Indicating arm 600 is at x-ray source 604 and have between the detector array 606 of pixel 608.Although the X ray energy range based on given and X-ray production apparatus producing depth, indicating arm 600, for certain percent transmission is provided, is considered to pollutant value lower than this percent transmission.Because different X ray energy ranges and X-ray production apparatus producing depth parameter request indicating arm 600 build with different materials, thereby the composition of indicating arm 600 can change.In some embodiments, indicating arm 600 can consist of plastic mixture and the graphite of hydro carbons and carbohydrate.As known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, useful forming technique makes the plastics of indicating arm 600 and graphite composite be shaped to appropriate size and shape, thereby makes it adapt in X ray determinator and length is enough to cover the width of conveyer belt to arrive all the sensors.In some embodiments, can build by the information in any figure the indicating arm 600 for given X ray energy range and X-ray production apparatus producing depth parameter.Method disclosed herein comprises measures the producing depth of X ray sensing device to measure the step of producing depth, because producing depth is relevant with the use of indicating arm 600.In some embodiments of the present invention, indicating arm 600 will have and with the identical X ray of the maximum producing depth of the coal of pollutant, not absorb.In other embodiments, the atomic weight absorption coefficient of indicating arm 600 and atomicity are the direct ratio that is scattered in of element below 10.Through the element of air dried raw coal, form and can be measured by standard method, and build as lower device for the mixture from hydro carbons, carbohydrate and carbon: this device has with atomicity and is less than the X ray absorption that 10 the sample producing depth compared with light element is identical.For example, if the average element set through air dried raw coal becomes 55% carbon, 8% hydrogen, 28% oxygen, 7% silicon and 4% sulphur and metal, air dried composition of silicate, sulfate and metal is not 67% carbon, 7.3% hydrogen and 25.6% oxygen, and has that this atom forms and 600 permissions of the indicating arm of producing depth are carried out Fast Calibration (calibration) to described raw coal.Indicating arm 600 is for demarcating coal separation device.In the embodiment of substituting processing gold mine, the X ray that indicating arm is designed for to the producing depth of remaining granite absorbs.As seen in Figure 6, by indicating arm 600 being placed in to the path of X ray, use it.Percent transmission information is stored by machine and for the Voltage-output of each pixel of corrected X ray detector array.The pixel count of threshold value and percentage are the customized parameters that can set manually or automatically in X ray determinator.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1: linear absorption coefficient
Pyrite (FeS), coal and silica (SiO in certain X ray energy range from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Fig. 7, have been shown
2) mass-absorption coefficient (μ).The density that has shown in addition them.Notice that coal is the mixture of carbon and hydro carbons, and do not have the NIST " standard " for coal.So the X-ray absorption coefficient of coal is the NIST data to the graphite of the coal density of 1.2 grams/cc (g/cc) for correction.As shown in this paper other parts, for the X ray of 8～20 kiloelectron-volts (KeV), the pyritous absorption in the absorptance silicate of coal is much smaller.Use the information in Fig. 7 to illustrate how can from coal, distinguish pollutant.
Embodiment 2: the X ray percent transmission at different-energy place
Method disclosed herein is used and is allowed to select pollutant to be provided the detectable X ray energy that sees through the transmission of coal to discharge simultaneously.As the first step, by the size reduction of raw coal to being less than 5 centimetres, to the remarkable transmission through coal sample is provided, simultaneously as the percent transmission of the opaque pollutants such as sulfide and silicate by the X ray through these materials reduce detected.In Fig. 8, shown the percent transmission of being calculated by NIST absorption coefficient information.
As best visible in Fig. 8, the transmission allowing with other materials is compared, and coal makes the very easily transmission of X ray energy.For example, according to calculating, use the X ray energy of 15KeV level to cause 56.6% the transmission of passing the coal that thickness is 1cm, and thickness is only for the pollutant of 1mm have lower percent transmission: 0% (FeS), 20.5% (SiO
2).By the second example, the coal that to calculate for thickness be 1cm is used the X ray of the energy of 20KeV level to have 73.2% percent transmission, by comparison, and as FeS and SiO
2percent transmission Deng pollutant is respectively 0% and 50%.
Embodiment 3: from coal separating contaminants
To 100 pounds of coal samples through wet scrubbing carry out following method in case from coal separating contaminants.Sample is dry to remove by the residual moisture of wet scrubbing step in the sun.After weather-drying, sample is contracted to the individual block that size is less than 10cm.A sample is placed in to X-ray scanning device (being purchased the Detection from Smiths, Danbury, the 7555th type luggage scanning machine of CT).X-ray apparatus is regulated to detect the X ray energy up to 160KeV.At two energy range places, measure the transmission through each sample blocks.Set to make transmission through coal to produce the X-ray detector that receives X ray energy transmission and the transmission that provides the atomicity that is roughly less than 10 at two energy range places associated.As noted in the application, these pollutants can cause the percent transmission of the X ray of permeable material to reduce, thereby produce higher atomicity in scanning means.Coal sample is placed in to scanning machine so that the percent transmission value of scanning samples piece.The piece in coal sample with the field trash that X ray transmission reduces is placed in " eliminating " part.Approximately 10% sample has detectable field trash and is placed in " eliminating " group.Two parts sample is all analyzed as further discussed below.This alanysis can commerciality realize conventionally.Yi Gezhe class provider is HawkmtnLabs, Inc., Hazle Township, PA." eliminating " part of sample contains the following characteristics of measuring just like the ASTM international standard scheme of institute's reference: moisture percentage (ASTM D5142): 6.05%; Ash content percentage (ASTM D5142): 12.62%; BTU/ pound (ASTM D5865): 11834; Sulphur percentage (ASTM D4239): 6.59%; And mercury: 0.552 milligram/gram.On the contrary, the coal sample not being discharged from partly has following characteristic: moisture percentage (ASTM D5142): 5.75%; Ash content percentage (ASTM D5142): 7.05%; BTU/ pound (ASTM D5865): 12846; Sulphur percentage (ASTMD4239): 1.32%; And mercury: 0.091 milligram/gram.Can notice, " eliminating " part has higher ash content percentage, sulphur percentage and mercury level.In addition, the sulphur in the coal sample part not being excluded is 1.027 pounds/MBTU, and " eliminating " part is 5.569 pounds/MBTU.
Embodiment 4: from the separated rock of coal
The sample that the mixture that comprises coal and rock is of a size of to 1/4 inch～1 inch is analyzed.After setting threshold value, as further discussed below, by sample by the charging of differential X ray separator.This class machine can be used as the model that is called zSort and is purchased the RecoveryTechnologies from National, Inc., Nashville, TN.Sample is processed by this machine with the processing speed of 6 feet per seconds.In one embodiment, the setting of the threshold value of machine comprises the following steps: described indicating arm is placed on conveyer belt, measure average signal voltage, and the signal voltage of all detector pixel is normalized to the described mean pixel signal voltage signal through the X ray of described indicating arm from transmission.
Experimental result the best is found in Fig. 9.Tested sample consists of approximately 27.5 ounces of coals and 42 ounces of rocks.This is about 40% coal and 60% rock.Along with sample is through machine charging, be set into by coal separation to terminal by rock sorting to another terminal.As best visible in Fig. 9, coal terminal consists of 96.4% coal and 3.6% rock.
Embodiment 5: from the separated rock of coal
Another sample being formed by the rock of the coal of 378 ounces and 42 ounces according to the step analysis described in embodiment 4.Sample mixture is approximately 90% coal and approximately 10% rock.As best visible in Figure 10, sorting causes material to be placed in coal terminal, the coal that this material is 96.4% and 3.6% rock.The rock that the material that shows in addition arrival rock terminal is 85.7% and 14.3% coal.It is believed that 14.3% the rock that is not discharged to rock terminal is mainly due to valve problem on opportunity but not test problems.Obviously, method disclosed by the invention effectively and uniformity ground by rock from coal separately.
With regard to the flux of machine, notice that sample (1.7 pounds) intersperses among whole surface with density of single layer.The reinforced of this sample produces the flux rates of approximately 9 tons/hour for the zSort machine of 24 inches wide, or the zSort machine of 96 inches wide is produced to the flux rates of 36 tons/hour.The discharge footprint of supposing to have on incoming flow surface the air of 1 square inch to spray.Line speed is 72 inch per seconds, thereby incoming flow is with 0.072 inch of/millisecond of movement.Suppose the valve opening time of approximately 10 milliseconds, thereby incoming flow is moved approximately 0.7 inch in discharge process, provides the discharge route of 1.7 inches long.For each discharge all discharge the incoming flow surface area of 1.7 square inch thereafter.In this case, every 28 inches of long conveyer belts have 24 these classes discharges, thereby discharges the material of 24 * 1.7 square inches.Corresponding incoming flow surface area is 672 square inches, therefore can estimate to discharge 6% incoming flow area.Any, while once discharging, suppose that 1/3 discharge area is rock, the 2/3rd, coal.If coal is uniformly distributed, can estimate that approximately 4% coal is discharged the rock discharge rate along with 95%～99% for the processing speed of 36 tons/hour on the zSort unit of 96 inches wide.Therefore,, with reference to Figure 10, the coal product of discharge will be 98.4% coal and 1.6% rock.With regard to larger sized sample blocks, disposal ability is by the linear increase effectively along with the increase of particle size.For example, if the normal size of material is 1.5 inches, disposal ability will increase with twice.If coal is of a size of 3 inches, disposal ability will be with 4 times of increases.Therefore, process according to estimates the particle size of 1.5 inches and will 96 inches of unit be produced to the ability of 72 tons/hour.In addition, process according to estimates the particle size of 3 inches and will 96 inches of unit be produced to the ability of 144 tons/hour.
By reference to being specially incorporated to all lists of references disclosed herein, publication and patent.
Therefore visible, method of the present invention has realized mentioned and wherein intrinsic those targets and advantage easily.Although some of the preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated and is described in object of the present disclosure, but those skilled in the art can carry out multiple variation to described method, described variation is covered by by within the scope and spirit of the present invention defined by the following claims.
Claims (6)
1. from a method for ore sorting material, comprising:
Sampling, wherein said sample comprises ore and other material;
With multiple X ray energy, irradiate sample;
Detect described ore and material in the X ray absorption value at the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place;
X ray absorption value based on described the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place is measured the atomicity scope of ore;
X ray absorption value based on described the first X ray energy and the second X ray energy place is measured the atomicity scope of every kind of material;
Whether the atomicity of working sample piece is greater than the atomicity of ore;
According to this, measure sorted sample piece.
2. the method for claim 1, wherein whether to be greater than the atomicity of ore be whether the atomicity of working sample piece is than the atomicity of ore at least large 4 to the atomicity of working sample piece.
3. the method for claim 1, wherein sorted sample piece also comprises:
Sample is transported to pneumatic discharge array; With
To at least one pneumatic displacer energy supply of this pneumatic discharge array to carry out sorted sample based on described mensuration.
4. the method for claim 1, wherein detects X ray absorption value and also comprises sample is carried between x-ray source and X-ray detector.
5. the method for claim 1, wherein said ore is coal.
6. the method for claim 1, wherein said material is the metallic inclusion in ore.
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| CN102416386B (en) * | 2011-10-27 | 2013-09-18 | 山东博润工业技术股份有限公司 | Process and system for sorting coal by discharging coal gangue through dry method |
| CN106694398A (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2017-05-24 | 北京默德科技有限公司 | Gangue sorting system and method |
| WO2019153040A1 (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2019-08-15 | Boomer Advanced Manufacturing Holdings Pty Ltd | Apparatus and method for analysing and processing granular material |
| CN109668916B (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2021-02-19 | 大连理工大学 | Hydrate deposit CT triaxial test device |
| EP3930929A4 (en) * | 2019-02-27 | 2023-01-25 | Li Industries Inc. | Methods and systems for smart battery collection, sorting, and packaging |
| CN112439703A (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2021-03-05 | 合肥约翰芬雷矿山装备有限公司 | Durable type ore edulcoration device of intelligence |
| CN113941515B (en) * | 2021-09-26 | 2022-05-31 | 河南中平自动化股份有限公司 | Intelligent separation device for mine coal gangue and identification method thereof |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN102166572A (en) | 2011-08-31 |
| CN103962316A (en) | 2014-08-06 |
| CN104772291B (en) | 2017-07-07 |
| RU2548979C2 (en) | 2015-04-20 |
| CN103962316B (en) | 2016-08-24 |
| AU2010202919B2 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
| CN103962317B (en) | 2016-05-25 |
| RU2677716C2 (en) | 2019-01-21 |
| RU2015108746A3 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
| CN102166572B (en) | 2015-04-01 |
| RU2010137724A (en) | 2012-03-20 |
| CN104772291A (en) | 2015-07-15 |
| RU2015108746A (en) | 2016-09-27 |
| AU2010202919A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
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