CN1039407C - Dry internal-combustion cement-producing technology and equipment - Google Patents
Dry internal-combustion cement-producing technology and equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN1039407C CN1039407C CN95111088A CN95111088A CN1039407C CN 1039407 C CN1039407 C CN 1039407C CN 95111088 A CN95111088 A CN 95111088A CN 95111088 A CN95111088 A CN 95111088A CN 1039407 C CN1039407 C CN 1039407C
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/43—Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
- C04B7/44—Burning; Melting
- C04B7/4469—Burning; Melting in shaft or vertical kilns
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/43—Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
- C04B7/44—Burning; Melting
- C04B7/4407—Treatment or selection of the fuel therefor, e.g. use of hazardous waste as secondary fuel ; Use of particular energy sources, e.g. waste hot gases from other processes
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- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an internal-combustion cement calcination technology by a dry method and a special device thereof. Raw material powder containing coal is pressed and molded into compact raw material blocks in definite geometric shapes and sizes not exceeding 100mm by a pressure molding machine. The raw meal blocks are calcined into cement clinker by internal combustion due to contact with the counter flow of air and solid in the internal-combustion calcination device of a feeding bed of vertical motion. Meanwhile, high-temperature waste gas containing CO is combusted and heated up in the combustion replenishing device of the special equipment, and combusted waste gas is sent to a residual heat boiler for power generation. The present invention has the advantages of simple technology, energy saving, high comprehensive using degree and broad industrialized prospect.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of technology by cement raw meal manufacturing cement clinker, particularly a kind of cement dry method internal combustion burns till common electrification technique as well as and specific equipment thereof.
At present, cement clinker sintering technology mainly contains two kinds in the Cement industry, i.e. the modern shaft kiln firing process (hereinafter to be referred as " wet method internal combustion ") of cement raw meal predecomposition rotary kiln firing process (hereinafter to be referred as " dry method predecomposition ") and wet method balling-up.
Since the seventies, under the promotion of energy-conservation demand, world's manufacture of cement has realized wetting and has changed dried fundamental transformation, and cement raw meal predecomposition firing process becomes the dominant technology that modern cement burns till.Simultaneously, in some developing countries (particularly China), wet method balling-up shaft kiln firing process still is being widely used these national suitabilities with it.
Typical predecomposition firing process is divided into placed in-line four steps with sintering process, finishes in dissimilar reactors respectively:
(1) is to carry out the gas-solid countercurrent heat-transfer in the series connection cyclone preheater of feature with the gas phase fluidization at one group, realizes the material preheating;
(2) be the fluidized-bed reactor of feature with the gas phase fluidization or spurt, realize in the Cyclonic reactor decomposition of CaCO3 in fuel combustion, gas-solid heat exchange and the raw material at one;
(3) in a machinery rotation moving-bed (rotary kiln), realize burning till of fuel combustion, the heat exchange of gas-solid upstream surface and grog;
(4) in a mechanically-propelled moving-bed (calculating cold machine), carry out grog and gas cross-flow heat exchange, realize the cooling of recovery of heat and grog.
This technology is compared with wet process rotary kiln technology, when having realized reducing hear rate and scale operation significantly, is also exposing following various shortcoming:
(1) inside of sintering process is cut apart, and causes the complicacy of technology, equipment and automatic control technology.The prediction of kiln system operation index still is the most complicated problem in the manufacture of cement, the clear proof of its complicacy just so far.
(2) rotary kiln is a principal character with external firing (material relatively) and gas-solid surface heat transmission, and rate of heat transfer is slow, causes equipment volume huge.The granulation process that the powder firing process is followed causes the kiln operation poor stability.
(3) whirlwind preheating and the cold technology of calculation produce a large amount of low temperature (about 300 ℃) waste gas, can't make full use of.
(4) the circulation component causes the uncertainty on the raw material flowing property in the cohesion of high temperature preheating and decomposition section in the raw material, has constituted headachy operating barrier.
On the basis that each link of predecomposition firing process is updated, and after the various effort of seeking novel process for calcining come a howler, cement circle it is generally acknowledged that existing predecomposition firing process will become the dominant technology that cement burns till in the quite a while both at home and abroad.
Be that the wet method balling-up internal combustion firing process of representative is accounting for a position on the ground always with the shaft kiln on Cement industry history.In China, shaft kiln technology is with its less investment, and device fabrication and production management technical requirements are low, is still bearing the production task more than 80% in the national cement output at present.Meanwhile, its labor condition is poor, the seriously polluted relative inferior serious social concern day by day that also constituted with quality product.Rely on internal combustion to burn till to integrate burning, conduct heat, preheating, decompose, burn till, cool off the inherent characteristics in one, shaft kiln technology has shown its technology and the advantage that electromechanical equipment is simple, equipment volume is little, reliability is high, the running technology requirement is low.Because adopt the wet method balling-up to get the raw materials ready, also there is following critical defect in modern shaft kiln technology:
1. the raw material ball moisture content of wet moulding accounts for more than 13% of raw material weight, physical strength is low, and poor heat stability causes bed of material physical property instability in the kiln, and then destroyed the stability that must be based upon the sintering process on the even ventilation basis, greatly reduce clinker quality.
2. conduct heat with the final step of material before leaving the bed of material as gas in the kiln, flowing out thermal zone waste gas not only will be for evaporating the sensible heat that moisture content consume about 150kcal/kg-grog with the heat transfer process of just going into kiln wet feed layer, and the kiln gas temperature that causes thus sharply descends and suppressed the wherein burning of CO, it can't be utilized and is discharged.This a part of thermosteresis is also about the 150kcal/kg-grog.Both have weakened the internal combustion firing process advantage on energy-conservation widely.Tradition shaft kiln firing process with the competition of modern cement nsp kiln technology in be in the status that is eliminated.Reference: " manufacturing of cement and application ", Hu Hongtai etc. write, Shandong science and technology press, 1994, pp.199-271 chapter 6 rotary system, the running of pp.309-331 chapter 8 shaft kiln cement plant.
Seek simpler than rotary kiln technology, compact and energy-conservation firing process is the target of the long-term and unremitting effort of international cement circle.Since the World War II, following study route is mainly being followed in this effort:
(1) stove operator internal combustion established law: this research that is begun by German slip-stick artist in World War II ends at the beginning of the fifties, because the inherent defect of wet granulation process and mechanical moving-bed, research work does not obtain competitive achievement.
(2) segmentation fixed bed sintering method (row crust (Reba) method): by German Readymix cement works company in research success in 1977 and obtain patent.The techno-economic effect of claiming is: industrial scale 100-500t/d; Investment cost 130-140 dollar/ton/year; Hear rate 730kcal/kg-grog; Power consumption 14kwh/T-grog, but do not see the report of commercial applications so far.
(3) fluidized-bed sintering method: from the beginning of the fifties so far, U.S. Fuller, the F.L.Smidth of Denmark, companies such as the river fine jade of Japan, order father, Ishikawa island, Sumitomo all will develop focusing on this study route of new method firing process, its common practice is: continue to use whirlwind preheating of powder dilute phase and predecomposition technology in the predecomposition rotary kiln firing process, replace rotary kiln and cooler with fluidized-bed, finish the cooling of burning till of grog.Above-mentioned each company has all carried out the commerical test of 100-200T/D scale.At present, Fuller company claims: new method fluidized-bed firing process can be used for handling the kiln ash and produces white cement; Order father company claims: its fluidized-bed firing system of producing 100000 tons of scales per year has following technico-economical comparison: hear rate 760Kcal/kg-grog; Power consumption 40kwh/T-grog; The existing technology of NOX quantity discharged reduces 80%-90%.In any case the fluidized-bed firing process of each company there is no the report of commercial applications so far.
The reason that the fluidized-bed firing process does not obtain business success roughly has two:
1. keep the first two link (preheating and decomposition) in the pre existing decomposition firing process, substitute mechanical moving-bed with fluidized-bed and finish two links (burn till, cool off) thereafter, be difficult in comparing, be better than predecomposition rotary kiln technology comprehensively.
2. the existing technology of the amplification ratio of fluidized-bed firing process is much more difficult.
The objective of the invention is, overcome the shortcoming of combustion process in dry method predecomposition technology and the wet method, provide that a kind of technology is simple, energy-conservation, comprehensive utilization degree is high, have the cement dry method internal combustion of industrial prospect to burn till common generation process.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of cement dry method internal combustion that is applicable to burn till the specific equipment of common generation process.
Consider in the wet method that the energy consumption of combustion process more than 1/3rd is because of due to the wet method balling-up, and because of wet method pellet intensity low, it is poor that poor heat stability causes internal combustion to burn till process stability, poor product quality, the main points of process technology scheme of the present invention are: cancellation raw material wet method balling-up operation, to contain the coal cement raw meal and make raw material piece with certain intensity and density with the method for dry method pressurization, vertical shifting packed bed internal combustion at a similar shaft kiln burns till in the kiln plant, carry out vertical direction gas-solid counter current contact, realize that the raw material piece includes burning of coal, the preheating of material, burning till of the decomposition of CARBONATE COMPONENT and material, produce cement clinker, heat up to containing CO high temperature (about 500 ℃) waste gas afterburning after the gas-solid contact simultaneously, send into waste heat boiler, be used for generating.
Specifically, processing step of the present invention comprises that cement raw material and raw coal are mixed in proportion, become behind the drying grinding and contain coal raw material powder, it is characterized in that, the raw material powder by pressure forming machine under the pressure more than the 100MPa extrusion forming for being certain geometrical shape, overall dimension is no more than the fine and close raw material piece of 100mm, screening back feeding vertical shifting packed bed internal combustion calcining kiln device, by vertical direction gas-solid counter current contact, internal combustion becomes cement clinker, in this process, the CO high-temp waste gas that contains that leaves the bed of material in the device is carried out afterburning and heats up, making spent air temperture t scope is 500 ℃＜t＜1000 ℃, send into waste heat boiler, produce steam and drive the generator acting.
The fine and close raw material piece of operation pressure moulding of the present invention should possess certain intensity and thermostability, promptly can bear the various mechanical stresses in conveying and the feeding procedure at normal temperatures, not explosion in heat-processed can be born bed layer pressure, simultaneously, expect that piece includes coal and should have suitable inflammableness.Show through the calculating and the experimental result of theoretical value, satisfy that porosity should be less than 25% under the raw material piece normal temperature of above-mentioned requirements.The raw material piece can be single particle shape, for example avette, spherical, pincushion or other geometrical shape.In order under not too big pressure, to suppress the raw material piece that meets the requirements, further aspect of the present invention is the water that adds in the raw material powder less than raw material grain weight amount 5%, with the water of minute quantity as binding agent, can reduce requirement to press device, reduce material formation of lots operation consumption, and very little to the influence of sintering process energy consumption.
Technology gas collection of the present invention conducts heat admittedly and fuel combustion is an one, compares with dry method predecomposition technology, has the following advantages:
1. avoid the inside of cement burning assembly procedure to cut apart, simplify technology, reduction equipment, electric and construction investment expense.
2. having strengthened conducts heat handles, and the reduction equipment space has suppressed the body heat lost by radiation.
3. altogether electrification technique as well as high-temp waste gas that process is produced has obtained effective utilization, has reduced the comprehensive energy consumption (equivalent of hear rate and power consumption and) of firing system significantly and has correspondingly reduced CO
2Quantity discharged.
4. internal combustion burns till under lesser temps and reducing atmosphere and finishes combustion processes, has reduced generation and the discharging of NOx significantly.
5. avoid the fluctuation of service phenomenon that the clinkering zone granulation process causes in the working cycle of volatiles in the raw material and the kiln, simplified operative technique.
Technology of the present invention replaces wet bulb with the fine and close raw material piece of dry method, compares with combustion process in the wet method, has following advantage:
1. eliminated the evaporation moisture content hear rate in the internal combustion sintering process, and made the chemical incomplete combustion latent heat that exists with the CO form in the waste gas obtain efficient recovery and utilization.Thereby make the two burn till under the roughly fair situation of hear rate, novel process of the present invention can increase the electric energy output of 100-150KWh/T-grog extraly.
2. the siccative piece of pressure forming has better thermostability, hot strength and non-deformability than the wet feed ball, thereby improved the homogeneity of sintering process, avoid the wild effect such as burning, underburnt, refining limit, frit in the wet method shaft kiln technology, improved clinker quality.
3. can satisfy the requirement of modern production stablizing implementation procedure amplification on the basis of thermal process.
Combustion process and process synthesis hear rate of the present invention, discharge amount of pollution and investment cost relatively sees Table 1 in dry method predecomposition technology, the wet method.
Drawings attached of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is an exemplary embodiments block diagram of technology of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a process special equipment structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the vertical view of Fig. 2.
1 also in conjunction with the embodiments technology of the present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings." → " represents air flow line among Fig. 1, and " " represents the materials flow direction, and "--→ " represents available technology.
Example 1, cement raw material and raw coal are mixed in proportion, (above technology is prior art to the drying grinding, not emphasis of the present invention), enter the static pressure machinery device from raw material powder storehouse, the pressure that adopts is more than the 100Mpa, be pressed into the raw material powder avette, overall dimension is no more than the fine and close raw material piece of 100mm, porosity is less than 2% under the raw material piece normal temperature, the raw material piece feeds a similar shaft kiln after sieving internal combustion burns till in the kiln plant, the internal combustion calcination of cement clinker (cement internal combustion sintering process with in shaft kiln, burn till identical, also be prior art), in this process, the CO high-temp waste gas that contains that produces in the device is replenished a certain amount of air combustion, be warming up to 750 ℃～850 ℃, send into waste heat boiler, the steam of generation is used for the generator acting is realized cogeneration, the a part of gas that is lower than 300 ℃ in waste heat boiler middle part can return exhaust flow again after being used to dry grinding, then through fly-ash separator, induced draft fan is discharged into atmospheric layer.
Example 2 adopts the roller pressure shaped device to do continuously shapedly to containing coal raw material powder, and the nominal pressure ratio of roller footpath, the wide product of roller (total pressure with) is more than the 5Mpa, be pressed into pincushion, maximum limit size is no more than the fine and close raw material piece of 80mm, all the other are with example 1.
Example 3, raw material powder are mixed the water that weight is raw material grain weight amount 2% in the device of prewetting, adopt the pressurization of roller pressure shaped device, and nominal pressure is more than the 5Mpa, is pressed into the fine and close raw material piece about spheric, diameter 60mm, and all the other are with example 1.The embodiment of one group of different operating parameter of the present invention sees Table 2.
The requirement of technology according to the present invention has designed the cement dry method internal combustion and has burnt till specific equipment.As shown in Figures 2 and 3, it has vertical kiln body 9, kiln body top is opening for feed 1, distributor 2, and the middle part is the reverse contact reacts of gas-solid space 5, and there is discharging operator 8 kiln body below, it is characterized in that below kiln body distributor, the reaction compartment top has the combustion-compensating device of being made up of airtight afterburning space 4 and controlled induction trunk 3, and combustion-compensating device is communicated with waste heat boiler 7 by waste gas flue 6, and kiln body bottom is communicated with atmosphere, heat boiler outlet and induced draft fan (not drawing among the figure, referring to Fig. 1) are communicated with.Raw material piece through pressure forming exists with the packed bed form at internal combustion calcining kiln reaction compartment, realizes top-down moving by gravity, contacts with from bottom to top air-flow, and preheating, the material of finishing material include burning of coal, CaCO
3Burning till and process of cooling of the decomposition of component, grog, and draw off by discharging grate and dumping device.Meanwhile, the CO high-temp waste gas that contains that leaves the rising of gas-solid contact area carries out afterburning by the additional a certain amount of air of controlled induction trunk in combustion-compensating device, the high temperature gas flow that is warming up to below 1000 ℃ is sent into waste heat boiler through the waste gas flue, produces steam, is used for generating.Because dry method internal combustion calcining kiln of the present invention has lower bed of material pressure drop and satisfactory stability when operating, bed of material top is the high temperature enclosed space, so transfer of gas adopts negative pressure form, the material discharging of having exempted existing shaft kiln in the system.The reaction compartment cross section can be rectangle, ellipse or circular in the specific equipment kiln body of the present invention, perhaps certain geometrical shape of these several combination of shapes one-tenth.Because the sintering process of technology of the present invention has good operational stability, so specific equipment internal combustion calcining kiln kiln body size of the present invention can amplify, to adapt to the needs of modernized scale operation.For example reaction compartment adopts the round rectangle cross section of size 2M * 4M, can satisfy the requirement of 500 tons of cement clinkers of daily output.Table 1:
* be equivalent to 3000kcal by 1kwh and consider that * * does not comprise Power Generation Section submeter 2:
| Dry method predecomposition | Combustion process in the wet method | Combustion process in the dry method | ||
| Hear rate | The kcal/k9 grog | 750 | 870 | 870 |
| Power consumption | The kwh/T grog | 25 | 20 | ～-100 |
| Comprehensive heat consumption * | The kcal/k9 grog | 825 | 930 | 570 |
| ％ | 100 | 112 | 69.0 | |
| Pollutant discharge amount CO2 NO * | ％ | 100 | 105 | 87.0 |
| ％ | 100 | ～30 | ～30.0 | |
| Investment and site area * * | ％ | 100 | ～50 | ～60.0 |
| Numbering | Fuel type | Mix coal amount Kcal/k9 grog | Moulding moisture content % | Name pressure Mpa | Lumpiness mm | Generated energy kwh/T grog |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | Coke coke coke coke coke coke anthracite anthracite anthracite anthracite anthracite anthracite bituminous coal bituminous coal bituminous coal bituminous coal bituminous coal bituminous coal | 850 850 850 850 850 850 950 950 950 950 950 950 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 | 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 | 10 10 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 | 30 60 100 30 60 100 30 60 100 30 60 100 30 60 100 30 60 100 | 100 100 100 80 80 80 130 130 130 110 110 110 180 180 180 160 160 160 |
Claims (9)
1, a kind of cement dry method internal combustion burns till common electrification technique as well as, step comprises that cement raw material and raw coal are mixed in proportion, become behind the drying grinding and contain coal raw material powder, it is characterized in that, the raw material powder by pressure forming machine under the pressure more than the 100Mpa extrusion forming for being certain geometrical shape, overall dimension is no more than 100mm's, porosity is less than 25% fine and close raw material piece under the normal temperature, screening back feeding vertical shifting packed bed internal combustion calcining kiln device, by vertical direction gas-solid counter current contact, internal combustion becomes cement clinker, in this process, the CO high-temp waste gas that contains that leaves the bed of material in the device is carried out the afterburning intensification, making spent air temperture T scope is 500 ℃＜T＜1000 ℃, send into waste heat boiler, produce steam and drive the generator acting.
2, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that adding in the raw material powder water less than raw material grain weight amount 5%.
3, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that the raw material powder is by the extrusion forming of static pressure machinery device.
4, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that the raw material powder by the extrusion forming of roller pressure device, its nominal pressure
More than 5Mpa.
5, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that the fine and close raw material piece of pressure forming is a pincushion.
6, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that the fine and close raw material piece of pressure forming is avette.
7, technology according to claim 1 is characterized in that being warming up to 750 ℃-850 ℃ to containing CO high-temp waste gas afterburning, sends into waste heat boiler.
8, a kind of cement dry method internal combustion burns till common electrification technique as well as specific equipment, has vertical kiln body (9), kiln body top is opening for feed (1), distributor (2), the middle part is the reverse contact reacts of gas-solid space (5), there is discharging grate (8) kiln body below, it is characterized in that below kiln body distributor, have the combustion-compensating device of forming by airtight afterburning space (4) and controlled induction trunk (3) above the reaction compartment, combustion-compensating device is communicated with waste heat boiler (7) by waste gas flue (6), kiln body bottom is communicated with atmosphere, and waste heat boiler (7) outlet is communicated with induced draft fan.
9, equipment according to claim 8 is characterized in that dry method internal combustion calcining kiln reaction compartment cross section is a round rectangle.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN95111088A CN1039407C (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1995-06-27 | Dry internal-combustion cement-producing technology and equipment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN95111088A CN1039407C (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1995-06-27 | Dry internal-combustion cement-producing technology and equipment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1139081A CN1139081A (en) | 1997-01-01 |
| CN1039407C true CN1039407C (en) | 1998-08-05 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN95111088A Expired - Fee Related CN1039407C (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1995-06-27 | Dry internal-combustion cement-producing technology and equipment |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN1039407C (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109520295B (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2020-05-05 | 江苏鹏飞集团股份有限公司 | Cement decomposing furnace processing system capable of feeding materials vertically in layered mode |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102767A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-09-10 | 中国科学院环境化学研究所 | The moulded coal heating and producing cement chamotte simultaneously |
| CN85102297A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-10-22 | 匡文彦 | Produce the method and apparatus of shaft kiln cement with the siccative ball of compacting |
| CN1069955A (en) * | 1991-08-22 | 1993-03-17 | 葛长庚 | Vertical kiln method for calcining cement with block material |
-
1995
- 1995-06-27 CN CN95111088A patent/CN1039407C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN85102767A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-09-10 | 中国科学院环境化学研究所 | The moulded coal heating and producing cement chamotte simultaneously |
| CN85102297A (en) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-10-22 | 匡文彦 | Produce the method and apparatus of shaft kiln cement with the siccative ball of compacting |
| CN1069955A (en) * | 1991-08-22 | 1993-03-17 | 葛长庚 | Vertical kiln method for calcining cement with block material |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1139081A (en) | 1997-01-01 |
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Free format text: CORRECT: APPLICANT; FROM: CHEN HANMIN TO: NANJING CEMENT INDUSTRY DESIGN AND RESEARCH INST. |
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Address after: 210029 No. 209, Hanzhoung Road, Nanjing Applicant after: Nanjing Cement Industry Design and Research Inst. Address before: 210029 No. 8 North Han street, Nanjing Applicant before: Chen Hanmin |
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