CN103918514B - A kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model - Google Patents
A kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model, first determine the sign index of environmental effect; Then draw greenery patches and periphery situation vector drawing by Field Research, then determine the observation station of greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect with grid method, and determine the coordinate of each observation station, measure the concrete data of each sign index of each observation station at the scene simultaneously; Then the environmental effect index of each observation station is calculated according to observation data, and constructing environment effect field model; Finally according to acquisition model, the Form and pattern in adjustment greenery patches, optimizes and promotes greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect.The present invention takes into full account the environmental effect change brought in greenery patches, and urban green space can be made to play larger environmental modulation effect.The present invention has constructed comparatively simple and direct model intuitively, and data more easily obtain, also comparatively accurate, and objectivity is comparatively strong, and can be directly used in and instruct optimizing and revising of urban green space Form and pattern.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to urban planning technical field, relate to a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model.
Background technology
Background technology relates generally to 2 aspects, is respectively environmental effect technology and greenery patches Form and pattern designing technique.
Here environmental effect refers to the change of the environment that greenery patches is brought, and with regard to this specific region, city, the environmental effect in greenery patches is mainly reflected in several aspects such as regulating temperature, humidity, wind speed, noise.Research for environmental effect mainly adopts following method:
1. Body Comfort Index analytical method
Human body experience external environment comfort level determine primarily of the temperature in environment, humidity, noise and wind speed.Wherein temperature, humidity are comparatively stablize in the air when specific, are convenient to measure; Noise intensity takes second place, the most difficult mensuration of wind speed, but noise randomness is comparatively large, and measurement has little significance, and therefore Body Comfort Index mainly considers the impact of temperature, humidity and wind speed, and computing formula is as follows:
S＝0.6(|Ta-24|)+0.07(|RH-70|)+0.5(|V-2|)
In formula, S is comprehensive comfort level index, and Ta is air themperature (DEG C), and RH is relative air humidity (%), V is wind speed (m/s).When: S≤4.55 are comfortable; 4.55<S≤6.95 are more comfortable; 6.95<S≤9.00 are uncomfortable; S>9.00 is extremely uncomfortable, is difficult to stand.
Find in the observation of reality, wind speed affects larger by the movement etc. of observed altitude, people around's car, data randomness is larger, be difficult to as an evaluation criterion, and human comfort is perceptual index, affect by the factor such as habits and customs, growth environment comparatively large, be difficult to form unified standard to defining of its.
2. green component analysis method
Theoretical based on plant transpiration, by calculating the minor climate effect in green amount of growth estimation different structure greenery patches.The method thinks that the environmental benefit of green plants not only depends on the area of greening and the area coverage of plant, and depend on the version of greening, the cover-stratification of plant and the type of configuration, as arbor, shrub, the multi-level structure such as quilt, turf, its ecological functions and for strolling about or have a rest with the function of viewing and admiring higher than the single woods of structure or meadow.Three-dimensional amount promotes the perfect further of City Green figureofmerit, is conducive to environmental benefit and the economic worth of analyzing and weigh urban afforestation, is conducive to improving urban afforestation structure, improves environmental quality.But green component analysis is only limitted to the observation of vegetation itself, result be theory deduction result based on existing green amount, do not consider actual environmental influence.
3.CO
2absorptance analysis method
The method thinks CO in air
2concentration be the key element directly affecting air themperature and humidity, be also the dominant absorption material of photosynthesis of plant, plant is by absorbing the CO in air
2reach the effect regulating temperature and humidity.Main formulas for calculating is:
In formula, D
1for the CO of the spaciousness point away from greenery patches
2concentration, D
2for the CO of trees shade central point
2concentration, T
1for the temperature of the spaciousness point away from greenery patches.
Find in the use of reality, CO
2concentration has much relations by peripheral path garage amount and the movable crowd density of periphery, and be comparatively applicable to the open fields such as the less suburb of environmental disturbances, using at urban inner is there is relatively large deviation.
4. comfort index method
Because the randomness of noise, wind speed is comparatively large, change has no rule, therefore when measuring environmental effect, with comparatively stable, and is comparatively easy to the temperature measured and humidity as leading indicator.Computational methods for comfort index are more, relatively more conventional, obtain the wide comfort index company sent out accreditation and use Noaa to recommend:
THI＝T-(0.55-0.55RH)×(T-14.5)
In formula, THI is environmental effect index, and RH is relative moisture, and T is temperature (DEG C).
This method measures metastable environmental data, the situation of change of objective reaction environment, and is widely used by many experts and scholars, is comparatively ripe environmental effect measuring method.
On this basis, another technical background of the present invention is the optimization method of greenery patches Form and pattern.Research for greenery patches Form and pattern is mainly reflected in following 3 aspects:
1. based on aesthetics design method
According to orographic condition and present situation basis, use the method for the aesthetic of landscape, the layout designs of greenery patches, vegetation is carried out by artificial judgement, the achievement of design depends on the quality of designer individual completely, belong to a kind of design of perception, be difficult to efficiency, ecological effect is also difficult to weigh and evaluate.
2. based on ecological layout method
According to weather and the water and soil condition of locality, select suitable vegetation, and according to the ecological symbiotic relation between vegetation, different growing environment demands, and different production space requirements, carry out effective layout, there is certain scientific basic, but emphasis is it is considered that the ecological effect of inside, greenery patches, lacks greenery patches to the effect appraise of surrounding enviroment effect, and whether the environmental effect in greenery patches meets the actual conditions of periphery, be also difficult to evaluate.
3. the layout method of Behavior-based control
The universal law movable in greenery patches according to people and activity need, arrange different activity spaces and active line, and according to the difference of manner, configure different vegetation, separate different activity to reach, mould flexible and changeable activity space, provide good activity to view and admire the object of view.This method considers the ecological effect in greenery patches hardly, ignores the impact of greenery patches on surrounding enviroment.
The optimization method of the greenery patches Form and pattern adopted in the prior art, subjectivity is strong, can not obtain the greenery patches Form and pattern of optimization intuitively.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: the present invention is in order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention proposes a kind of based on objective rationality data, the evaluation comparatively simplified and hoisting way, and data more easily obtain, accuracy is high, effectively promotes the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model of the environmental effect of urban green space.
Technical scheme: in order to reach foregoing invention object, the invention provides a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model, comprises the following steps:
Step 1: the sign index of set environment effect is temperature and humidity;
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilizes vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches;
Step 3: based on polar plot, utilizes vector edition software, adopts the observation station of grid method determination Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 4: the concrete data measuring the sign index of the environmental effect of each observation station;
Step 5: environmentally calculation of effect formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) × (T-14.5), the concrete data measured in integrating step 4 calculate the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, and RH is the relative moisture of observation station, and T is the temperature of flash ranging point;
Step 6: based on environmental effect index, builds Greenbelt environment effect field model; Wherein, Greenbelt environment effect field model is connected successively by the point of greenery patches periphery equivalent environment effect index, formed centered by greenery patches, the model of reaction surrounding enviroment effect field situation of change;
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model built, adjustment greenery patches border motif and vegetation arrangement situation.
Further, described step 2 comprises the following steps:
Step 2.1: carry out field surveys by total powerstation, obtains greenery patches and peripheral path, building, the coordinate points of structure and needles of various sizes data;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches;
Step 2.3: by AUTOCAD, the surveying and mapping data obtained in step 2.1 and step 2.2 is plotted as vector drawing, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.Obtain the detailed vector drawing of greenery patches and periphery situation, the actual influence region of Greenbelt environment effect can be obtained comparatively accurately, be convenient to observe actual temperature humidity data, the adjustable range obtaining greenery patches Form and pattern that also can be comparatively clear and definite, is convenient to the adjustment of the greenery patches Form and pattern in later stage.
Further, described step 3 comprises the following steps:
Step 3.1: the OFFSET order utilizing AUTOCAD, according to the actual conditions of greenery patches periphery, forms a new border by border, greenery patches to external expansion 50-100m, forms the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect between described new border and border, greenery patches; Greenery patches in general city substantially all surround by urban construction, Greenbelt environment effects scope hinders larger by building, particularly continuous print architectural interface, in general city, greenery patches is little to the distance of neighboring buildings, the bounds of observation can be selected according to actual conditions, simultaneously city environment influence factor is more, and the coverage in greenery patches generally can not more than 100 meters, so the observation scope that border, greenery patches is formed Greenbelt environment effect to external expansion 50-100m is the most suitable.
Step 3.2: the PLINE order utilizing AUTOCAD, in observation scope, draw orthogonal grid network, form the square network that spacing is 10-20 rice, each joint of grid network is an observation station, as the stop such as building, structure, then this observation station is cancelled; Can according to the size determination grid network spacing of greenery patches and observation scope, be generally advisable with 10-20 rice, if grid network spacing is too small, then the data variation observed is little; If grid network spacing is excessive, be then difficult to reflect data situation.
Step 3.3: the PROPERTIES order utilizing AUTOCAD, obtains the coordinate of each observation station.
Further, described step 4 comprises the following steps:
Step 4.1: on the daytime selecting wind speed≤0.5m/s, survey between 9:00-17:00;
Step 4.2: setting air temperature, air humidity observed altitude are 1.5m; Because the outdoor activities of mankind's major part carry out in the scope of liftoff 2m, and surface temperature affects comparatively large by ground pavement material etc., so select 1.5m the most suitable as the observed altitude of temperature, humidity.
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data.
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and inputs EXCEL software, is made into data form.
Further, described step 5 comprises the following steps:
Step 5.1: calculate and obtain to obtain each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature that obtains and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
Further, described step 6 comprises the following steps:
Step 6.1: by the environmental effect index input AUTOCAD software of trying to achieve, as the longitudinal coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: observation station identical for index is connected successively, soil boy structure effect field model.
Operation principle: first the present invention determines the sign index of environmental effect; Then draw greenery patches and periphery situation vector drawing by Field Research, then determine the observation station of greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect with grid method, and determine the coordinate of each observation station, measure the concrete data of each sign index of each observation station at the scene simultaneously; Then the environmental effect index of each observation station is calculated according to observation data, and constructing environment effect field model; Finally according to acquisition model, the Form and pattern in adjustment greenery patches, optimizes and promotes greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect.
Beneficial effect: compared with prior art, a kind of urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model provided by the invention, propose effectively for quantitatively evaluating and the method for adjustment of urban green space Form and pattern, improve traditional based on the Green Space Design method of the perceptual methods such as aesthetics, and take into full account the environmental effect change brought in greenery patches, urban green space can be made to play larger environmental modulation effect.The present invention has constructed comparatively simple and direct model intuitively, and data more easily obtain, also comparatively accurate, and objectivity is comparatively strong, and can be directly used in and instruct optimizing and revising of urban green space Form and pattern.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the method flow diagram of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is greenery patches, center, embodiment of the present invention Shijiazhuang and observation station distribution map;
Fig. 3 is embodiment of the present invention environmental effect field model figure;
Fig. 4 is greenery patches vegetation arrangement figure after embodiment of the present invention adjustment.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further described.
Technical scheme of the present invention is explained below with reference to greenery patches, center, Shijiazhuang and accompanying drawing.
As shown in Figure 1, the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method concrete grammar based on environmental effect field model is as follows:
Step 1: the sign index determining environmental effect; Wherein, temperature and humidity is comprised.The environmental effect in greenery patches is mainly reflected in several aspects such as regulating temperature, humidity, noise and wind speed.And find in concrete practice, noise is comparatively large by surrounding enviroment variable effect, is difficult to the regularity change found wherein, and data variation is comparatively random, is difficult to the standard as a scientific evaluation; Also there is similar problem in air speed data, and the change of wind speed also can occur along with the difference of measuring height, and data variation is random, unordered, is also difficult to the evaluation criterion as a science; Temperature and humidity data are then comparatively stable, and change has certain regularity, and be commonly used the data as observing environment effect change, therefore in the present embodiment, selective temperature and humidity data embody the environmental effect in greenery patches.
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilizes vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches.Obtain the detailed vector drawing of greenery patches and periphery situation, the actual influence region of Greenbelt environment effect can be obtained comparatively accurately, be convenient to observe actual temperature humidity data, the adjustable range obtaining greenery patches Form and pattern that also can be comparatively clear and definite, is convenient to the adjustment of the greenery patches Form and pattern in later stage.Concrete acquisition process is:
Step 2.1: carry out field surveys by professional surveying and mapping instrument total powerstation, obtain coordinate points and the needles of various sizes data such as greenery patches and peripheral path, building, structure, wherein needles of various sizes data comprise road width, trend, building face width, depth, the data such as position, size of structure;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches, wherein in greenery patches, vegetation present situation situation comprises the planting range of all kinds of ground cover plant, the tree trunk position of arbor, height and tree crown coverage, the plantation width of shrub, the situation such as height and scope.In the present embodiment, greenery patches is meadow completely, does not have the plantation of arbor, shrub.
Step 2.3: by vector plotting software AUTOCAD, surveying and mapping data is plotted as vector drawing, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.
Step 3: based on polar plot, utilizes vector edition software, as shown in Figure 2, adopts the observation station of grid method determination Greenbelt environment effect.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 3.1: according to the urban construction situation of greenery patches periphery, utilize the OFFSET order of vector edition software AUTOCAD, by border, greenery patches to external expansion 100m, form a new border, namely the scope between this border and border, greenery patches is the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 3.2: according to city construction situation in the actual size of observation scope and scope, utilize the PLINE order of vector edition software AUTOCAD, orthogonal grid network is drawn in observation scope, form the square network that spacing is 20 meters, each joint of grid network is an observation station, as the stop such as building, structure, then this observation station is cancelled;
Step 3.3: the PROPERTIES order utilizing vector edition software AUTOCAD, obtains the coordinate of each observation station.
Step 4: the on-the-spot environmental effect index simultaneously measuring each observation station.The only synchronism of guaranteed measurement data, the comparability between guarantee data, and scientific, accurately judge the environmental effect situation of change between each observation station.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 4.1: select observe the daytime to citizen's work influence is maximum, and should get rid of the interference of meteorological condition, therefore selects survey the daytime (9:00-17:00) of sunny, quiet wind (wind speed≤0.5m/s);
Step 4.2: in view of the outdoor activities of mankind's major part carry out in the scope of liftoff 2m, and surface temperature affects comparatively large by ground pavement material etc., select 1.5m as the observed altitude of temperature, humidity;
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data.
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and inputs EXCEL software, is made into data form.
Step 5: environmentally calculation of effect formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) × (T-14.5), the concrete data measured in integrating step 4 calculate the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, and RH is the relative moisture of observation station, and T is the temperature of observation station; Its concrete grammar is:
Step 5.1: the formula utilizing EXCEL software, tries to achieve each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature that obtains and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
Step 6: as shown in Figure 3, based on environmental effect index, builds Greenbelt environment effect field model.On the basis of each observation station environmental effect index, construct model, the environmental effect situation of change of greenery patches periphery can be reflected more clearly.Detailed process is as follows:
Step 6.1: by the environmental effect index input AUTOCAD software of trying to achieve, as the longitudinal coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: observation station identical for index is connected successively, soil boy structure effect field model.
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model built, adjustment greenery patches border motif and vegetation arrangement situation, to improve greenery patches surrounding enviroment effect, wherein adjust greenery patches border motif and vegetation arrangement situation mainly increase or reduce greenery area, adjust arbor, shrub, by etc. planting location and matched combined mode.In the present embodiment, from the environmental effect field model in greenery patches, periphery open field environmental effect change in greenery patches is comparatively steady; And side that is higher apart from category of roads, that have Influence on Architecture, environmental effect change is very fast, therefore mainly should strengthen the environmental effect of this side.Due to this greenery patches four periderm urban road institute around, border is difficult to outside expansion, should consider that the mode by increasing vegetation increases environmental effect.As shown in Figure 4, consider the actual conditions in greenery patches, the environmental effect of greenery patches periphery should be promoted by the method optimizing in west side, greenery patches and southern side boundary planting arbor, the accesibility in greenery patches can be ensured like this, the environmental effect in greenery patches can be increased again, promote west side and southern side environmental quality.
Claims (5)
1., based on a urban green space Form and pattern optimization method for environmental effect field model, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
Step 1: the sign index of set environment effect is temperature and humidity;
Step 2: by Field Research, mapping, utilizes vegetation and surrounding cities, greenery patches construction situation vector drawing in border, AUTOCAD Software on Drawing greenery patches, greenery patches;
Step 3: based on polar plot, utilizes vector edition software, adopts the observation station of grid method determination Greenbelt environment effect;
Step 4: the concrete data measuring the sign index of the environmental effect of each observation station;
Step 5: environmentally calculation of effect formula THI=T-(0.55-0.55RH) × (T-14.5), the concrete data measured in integrating step 4 calculate the environmental effect index of each observation station; In formula, THI is environmental effect index, and RH is the relative moisture of observation station, and T is the temperature of observation station;
Step 6: based on environmental effect index, builds Greenbelt environment effect field model;
Step 7: according to the Greenbelt environment effect field model built, adjustment greenery patches border motif and vegetation arrangement situation;
Wherein, the method building Greenbelt environment effect field model is:
Step 6.1: environmental effect index is inputted AUTOCAD software, as the longitudinal coordinate of each observation station;
Step 6.2: observation station identical for index is connected successively, soil boy structure effect field model.
2. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 2 comprises the following steps:
Step 2.1: carry out field surveys by total powerstation, obtains greenery patches and peripheral path, building, the coordinate points of structure and needles of various sizes data;
Step 2.2: utilize GPS location instrument, vegetation present situation situation and coordinate in on-the-spot mark greenery patches;
Step 2.3: by AUTOCAD, the surveying and mapping data obtained in step 2.1 and step 2.2 is plotted as vector drawing, in figure, coordinate and actual coordinate are consistent.
3. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 3 comprises the following steps:
Step 3.1: the OFFSET order utilizing AUTOCAD, according to the actual conditions of greenery patches periphery, forms a new border by border, greenery patches to external expansion 50-100m, forms the observation scope of Greenbelt environment effect between described new border and border, greenery patches;
Step 3.2: the PLINE order utilizing AUTOCAD, in observation scope, draw orthogonal grid network, form the square network that spacing is 10-20 rice, each joint of grid network is an observation station, as building, structure, then this observation station is cancelled;
Step 3.3: the PROPERTIES order utilizing AUTOCAD, obtains the coordinate of each observation station.
4. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 4 comprises the following steps:
Step 4.1: on the daytime selecting wind speed≤0.5m/s, survey between 9:00-17:00;
Step 4.2: setting air temperature, air humidity observed altitude are 1.5 m;
Step 4.3: adopt Thermo Recorder TR-72U type digital display temp .-humidity measuring apparatus, measure air themperature and humidity, and record related data;
Step 4.4: data observational record in every 1 hour once, and inputs EXCEL software, is made into data form.
5. the urban green space Form and pattern optimization method based on environmental effect field model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described step 5 comprises the following steps:
Step 5.1: calculate each observation station mean temperature of a day and humidity data that obtain;
Step 5.2: by the mean temperature that obtains and humidity data input environment calculation of effect formula, try to achieve the environmental effect index of each observation station.
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