CN103901107A - Method for testing ultrasonic wave velocity of frozen soil under axial pressure - Google Patents
Method for testing ultrasonic wave velocity of frozen soil under axial pressure Download PDFInfo
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- CN103901107A CN103901107A CN201410154924.7A CN201410154924A CN103901107A CN 103901107 A CN103901107 A CN 103901107A CN 201410154924 A CN201410154924 A CN 201410154924A CN 103901107 A CN103901107 A CN 103901107A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing the ultrasonic wave velocity of frozen soil under axial pressure. The method comprises the following steps: manufacturing a frozen soil sample; preparing testing equipment; testing the ultrasonic wave velocity of the frozen soil sample under axial pressure; and analyzing the change conditions of the wave velocity of the frozen soil sample under the axial pressure. According to the method for testing the ultrasonic wave velocity of the frozen soil under axial pressure provided by the invention, the damage characteristics in the frozen soil loading process are detected, and the change characteristics of acoustic wave propagation of the frozen soil in the loading process have important guiding significance for predicting the dynamic change of cracks in cold frozen soil engineering and evaluating the stability in China.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for testing of a kind of frozen soil ultrasonic velocity in single shaft pressurization situation.
Background technology
Frozen soil has distribution widely in the whole world, China is the Russia that continues, Canadian the 3rd frozen soil big country, and permafrost distribution area accounts for 22.3% of China's area.The resources such as abundant mineral reserve, fresh water, wild animals and plants are contained in these regions, its existence and develop the sustainable development of environment for human survival and the mode of production and life, human society is all had to material impact.Along with the perforation in succession of Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Han Qu exploitation is constantly accelerated, and Structure Dynamics In The Qinghai-tibet Region is also extensively distributed with transmission line of electricity pile foundation, the engineerings such as electric wire tower.The areal geology complexity at these engineering places, bad frozen soil extensively distributes.Stability and the frozen soil of engineering are closely bound up, and the further investigation of frozen soil strength and frozen soil damage is seemed to more and more important.Wherein, the research of frozen soil damage feature is the theoretical foundation that solves frozen soil breakdown strength and frozen soil body stability problem.Therefore, researching and analysing of frozen soil damage feature seemed to particularly important.
Frozen soil by mineral grain, ice, do not freeze multicomponent and heterogeneous system that water and gas etc. form.After frozen soil is exerted pressure, in the soil body, can crack, microfissure, along with the increase of load, finally cause the destruction of the soil body.This process, can be regarded as generation and the evolution of frozen soil body internal injury.For the analysis of frozen soil damage, except determining the type of damage, the evolutionary process that development and change that the quantitative identification of damage and damage apply along with external loads damage is very important.The method of present analysis damage has deformation modulus method, variable density measuring method, resistance method of changing, supercritical ultrasonics technology etc.Wherein, deformation modulus method and variable density measuring method can cause certain destruction to sample in test process.Although change in resistance method can not damage sample, inadaptable to some insulating material.Supercritical ultrasonics technology is a kind of physical characteristics of utilizing the velocity of propagation of ultrasound wave in different medium to carry out test sample, is a kind of nondestructive determination, is widely used.Given this, our using ultrasound ripple method to frozen soil damage develop and analyze, seek more effective parameter and characterize the injuring rule of frozen soil.
Summary of the invention
In ultrasonic velocity detects, in the time running into crackle, microfissure and barrier in the process that ultrasound wave is propagated in sample by reflecting, diffraction and scattering, ultrasound wave waveform amplitude will reduce, vibration frequency and velocity of wave also will reduce greatly.Therefore, the relative variation of ultrasonic amplitude, velocity of wave etc. has reflected the situation of change of sample inner structure in pressure process.The damage problem of frozen soil sample can be by the variation of acoustic velocity, and the variation of amplitude etc. embodies.In view of above-mentioned, object of the present invention aims to provide the method for testing of frozen soil ultrasonic velocity under a kind of axial compression, utilizes single shaft pressue device and the supersonic reflectoscope being connected with transmitting transducer and the receiving transducer of pressure-bearing to test the variation of frozen soil velocity of wave in pressure process.Analyze the degree of impairment of frozen soil in pressure process by the situation of change of surveyed frozen soil ultrasonic velocity.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
A ultrasonic velocity method of testing for frozen soil under axial compression, comprises the following steps:
A: select the soil body or rock mass as test material, sample is made by the requirement of standard;
B: the sample of making is packed in mould, and the constant temperature oven of then putting into temperature-20 ℃ freezes, and after 24 hours, sample is taken out to the demoulding; With the sample of the rubber sleeve parcel demoulding, the sample of parcel is put into temp. controllable constant temperature oven, constant temperature makes specimen temperature reach test subzero temperature value for 24 hours; Temp. controllable constant temperature oven is put into single shaft pressue device, make the environment temperature of single shaft pressue device reach test subzero temperature value by temp. controllable constant temperature oven;
C: transmitting transducer, receiving transducer that sample is housed are vertically placed in single shaft pressue device; Sample occupy between transmitting transducer and receiving transducer, vaseline is evenly spread upon to the surface of contact of sample and transmitting transducer and receiving transducer; After sample to be tested installs, by the pressure of transmitting transducer top and displacement transducer zeroing;
D: start single shaft pressue device, single shaft pressue device at the uniform velocity loads, the displacement that the pressure in single shaft pressue device and displacement transducer decline pressure size suffered sample in loading procedure, sample and loading until the time tranfer destroying to data collecting instrument;
E: start the supersonic reflectoscope being connected with transmitting transducer and the receiving transducer of pressure-bearing, supersonic reflectoscope produces the electric pulse the stimulated emission transducer that repeat simultaneously; The ultrasound wave of transmitting transducer transmitting is through being coupled into tested sample, and after propagating in sample, received converter receives and be converted to electric signal; Electric signal is delivered to supersonic reflectoscope, and waveform is drawn and recorded to supersonic reflectoscope; While collecting ultrasound wave always walking in sample by supersonic reflectoscope
t, while measuring ultrasound wave by the walking of two transducer containment vessels simultaneously accurately
t 0 , during by the walking of sample, be
t-t 0 , the data collecting instrument of single shaft pressue device records the initial length L of sample, records sample simultaneously and adds the displacement △ in drops process
l, can pass through formula
Calculate the actual value of wave speed of sample this moment;
F: repeating step b-e, the situation of change of frozen soil sample ultrasonic velocity under axial compression while testing different subzero temperature;
G: test according to the data of single shaft pressue device data collecting instrument collection and supersonic reflectoscope the result obtaining, make frozen soil in the time of different subzero temperature velocity of wave with the trend curve figure of stress, strain variation.
advantage of the present invention
1, the present invention utilizes single shaft pressue device and the supersonic reflectoscope being connected with transmitting transducer and receiving transducer to test the variation of frozen soil velocity of wave in pressure process; Compared with prior art, the present invention is a Non-Destructive Testing, can react really the situation of change of sample velocity of wave in loading procedure;
2, utilize the ultrasonic velocity method of testing of frozen soil under axial compression, not only can obtain intensity size, the strain-stress relation of frozen soil, the while can obtain the information such as the size of ultrasonic velocity in frozen soil loading procedure; The analysis changing by velocity of wave in loading procedure, just can change and predict frozen soil internal crack, and frozen soil damage evolution is analyzed;
3, supercritical ultrasonics technology is provided fundamental basis for solving frozen soil breakdown strength and frozen soil body stability problem to the research of frozen soil damage feature; Utilize the method just can tremble with fear compacting situation and the engineering stability evaluation of cold district of district's ground soil property; Promote the application of ultrasonic investigation technology in frozen soil engineering;
4, the present invention can be used for indoorly also can be used for outdoorly, simple to operate, and accuracy is high.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is test macro schematic diagram of the present invention.
In figure: 1-terminal; 2-supersonic reflectoscope; 3-data collecting instrument; 4-wire; 5-pressure and displacement transducer; 6-containment vessel lid; 7-transmitting transducer; 8-transducer containment vessel; 9-sample; 10-receiving transducer; 11-temp. controllable constant temperature oven; 12-single shaft pressue device.
Fig. 2 is transmitting transducer or receiving transducer schematic diagram in Fig. 1
Fig. 3 is pressure-bearing transducer wiring layout in Fig. 1.
In figure: 13-cushion block.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram that is related to of Frozen Silt soil sample velocity of wave and stress.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram that is related to of Frozen Silt soil sample velocity of wave and strain.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, technical scheme of the present invention is further described again:
Sample 9 of the present invention adopts the silt of taking from river, Qinghai-Tibet northern foot railway test section; Liquid limit 24%, plastic limit 15.6%, moulding index 8.4; Optimum moisture content 16%, maximum dry density 1.76g/cm
3; Wherein the grogs of particle diameter 0.1 ~ 0.05mm accounts for 30.39% of total soil body, and the grogs of particle diameter 0.05 ~ 0.01mm accounts for 58.29% of total soil body, and the grogs of particle diameter 0.01 ~ 0.005mm accounts for 4.32% of total soil body, and the grogs that particle diameter is less than 0.005mm accounts for 6.99% of total soil body.Concrete operation step is as follows:
(1), in order to compare with engineering is actual, it is 1.76g/cm that test adopts optimum moisture content 16% to be made into maximum dry density
3sample 9; Get the silt 666.5g after oven dry, distilled water 98.6ml; Silt is mixed with distilled water, and sealing is placed at least 12 hours; Being 61.8 mm by being pressed into diameter by standard (GB50324-2001, frozen soil engineering geological exploration norm) in the soil sample threading sampling machine mixing, is highly the sample 9 of 125 mm, and scale error control is ± 0.3mm;
(2) sample of making 9 is packed in mould, the constant temperature oven of then putting into temperature-20 ℃ freezes, and after 24 hours, sample 9 is taken out to the demoulding; With the sample 9 of the rubber sleeve parcel demoulding, the sample of parcel 9 is put into temp. controllable constant temperature oven 11, constant temperature makes sample 9 temperature reach test temperature-15 ℃ for 24 hours; Temp. controllable constant temperature oven 11 is put into single shaft pressue device 12, make the environment temperature of single shaft pressue device 12 reach test temperature-15 ℃ by temp. controllable constant temperature oven 11;
(3) proportion is 50kHz P wave emission transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 are tested, and transmitting transducer 7 is measure-alike with receiving transducer 10, the right cylinder that transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 are made up of transducer containment vessel 8 and containment vessel lid 6 respectively, transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 occupy respectively in right cylinder, transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 arrange respectively terminal 1, and joint 1 connects wire 4, and wire 4 connects supersonic reflectoscope 2, because transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 can only bear limited pressure, so adopt transducer containment vessel 8 to protect transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10, transducer containment vessel 8 adopts Steel material to make, and has the thickness of 5mm, is the right cylinder of hollow, the transmitting transducer 7 of 50kHz, the diameter of receiving transducer 10 are 49mm, and the internal diameter of transducer containment vessel 8 is 52mm, and external diameter is 62mm, stay the space of 3mm to facilitate the handling of transducer containment vessel 8, transducer containment vessel 8 exceeds 3mm than transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 simultaneously, by transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 packs in transducer containment vessel 8, wire 4 is drawn by the openning of transducer containment vessel 8 sides, before covering containment vessel lid 6 due to transmitting transducer 7, between receiving transducer 10 and transducer containment vessel 8, there is space, in order to make transmitting transducer 7, together with receiving transducer 10 closely suits with transducer containment vessel 8, not only will be at transmitting transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 is evenly smeared vaseline with transducer containment vessel 8 surface of contact, also need to be at transmitting transducer 7, between receiving transducer 10 and containment vessel lid 6, put into elastomeric pad, for the less transducer of size, only need overlap again a cushion block 13 identical with P wave emission transducer 7, receiving transducer 10 external dimensions of 50kHz in this transducer outside, the material of this cushion block 13 can be plastics or Steel material, wire 4 is drawn from cushion block 13 sides, loads onto transducer containment vessel 8 by packaging the transducer of cushion block 13 according to the method for the P wave emission transducer 7 of 50kHz, receiving transducer 10, transducer containment vessel 8 protects transducer not damaged by pressure in loading procedure, power is passed to sample 9 uniformly simultaneously,
(4) transmitting transducer 7, the receiving transducer 10 of the pressure-bearing that sample 9 is housed are vertically placed in the single shaft pressue device 12 with temperature controlling function; Sample to be tested 9 occupy between the transmitting transducer 7 and receiving transducer 10 of pressure-bearing, and vaseline is evenly spread upon to sample 9 and the transmitting transducer 7 of pressure-bearing and the surface of contact of receiving transducer 10; After sample to be tested 9 installs, the pressure of transmitting transducer 7 tops and displacement transducer 5 are returned to zero;
(5) start single shaft pressue device 12; Single shaft pressue device 12 is pressed sample 9 axial deformation controlled loadings, and uniaxial compression speed is 1mm/s, sample 9 strains is constantly increased until generation stops loading after destroying completely; The displacement that pressure in single shaft pressue device 12 and displacement transducer 5 decline pressure size suffered sample in loading procedure 9, sample 9 and loading until destroy time tranfer to data collecting instrument 3;
(6) start the supersonic reflectoscope 2 being connected with transmitting transducer 7 and the receiving transducer 10 of pressure-bearing, supersonic reflectoscope 2 produces the electric pulse the stimulated emission transducer 7 that repeat simultaneously; The ultrasound wave that transmitting transducer 7 is launched is through being coupled into tested sample 9, and after propagating in sample 9, received converter 10 receives and be converted to electric signal; Electric signal is delivered to supersonic reflectoscope 2, and waveform is drawn and recorded to supersonic reflectoscope 2; While collecting ultrasound wave always walking in sample 9 by supersonic reflectoscope 2
t, while measuring ultrasound wave by the walking of two transducer containment vessels 8 simultaneously accurately
t 0 , during by the walking of sample 9, be
t-t 0 , the initial length that the data collecting instrument 3 of single shaft pressue device 12 records sample 9 is L, records sample 9 simultaneously and adds the displacement △ in drops process
l, can pass through formula
(1)
Calculate the actual value of wave speed of sample 9 this moment;
(7) under axial compression, the ultrasonic velocity testing experiment of Frozen Silt soil sample 9 obtains following data: load time T(s), stress σ (MPa), strain stress (%), sample 9 decline displacement △
l(mm) when, ultrasound wave passes through always walking of sample 9
t(
μand velocity of wave s)
v(m/s), as shown in table 1:
The test result of ultrasonic velocity under the axial compression of silt sample when table 1 temperature is-15 ℃
The initial length L that the data collecting instrument 3 of single shaft pressue device 12 records Frozen Silt soil sample 9 is 125mm, while accurately measuring ultrasound wave by the walking of two transducer containment vessels 8 by supersonic reflectoscope 2
t 0 be 16.5
μs; So, the velocity of wave in loading procedure is:
By the displacement that in table 1, Frozen Silt soil sample 9 declines
△ L(mm) when, ultrasound wave passes through always walking of Frozen Silt soil sample 9
t(
μs) substitution formula (2) just can obtain the value of wave speed of Frozen Silt soil sample 9 in loading procedure
v(m/s), as shown in last row of table 1.
As seen from Table 1: along with the increase stress of load time first increases rear minimizing, ultimate strength is 8.613 MPa, and strain is now 7.586%; Strain increases along with the increase of load time, and loading the strain finishing is 12.412%; Carry out sample 9 constantly by densification along with what load, the final decline displacement of sample 9 is 15.516mm; When in the time of original upload, ultrasound wave is by always the walking of sample 9, be 51
μs, carries out sample 9 by densification along with what load, and the travel-time of ultrasound wave in sample 9 reduces; In the time of original upload, the velocity of wave of sample 9 is 3623.2m/s, and limit velocity of wave is 3860.8 m/s, and velocity of wave is along with the carrying out loading first increases afterwards and reduce; In the time of data analysis value, test change point is removed.
Fig. 4 is the graph of relation that provides Frozen Silt soil sample 9 velocities of wave and stress according to test figure.As seen from Figure 4, sample 9 is along with the increase stress of load time first increases rear minimizing, and after the intensity that reaches capacity 8.613 MPa, stress is decayed gradually, along with the velocity of wave that reduces of stress reduces gradually; Fig. 5 is the graph of relation of Frozen Silt soil sample 9 velocities of wave and strain.As shown in Figure 5, sample 9 is along with the increase strain of load time increases gradually, along with the increase velocity of wave of strain first increases afterwards and reduces.According to the relation of Frozen Silt soil sample 9 velocities of wave and stress, strain, sample 9 variation of velocity of wave in loading procedure is divided into four-stage by the present invention: the first stage, the initial velocity of wave of sample 9 is 3623.2m/s, the velocity of wave of original upload stage sample 9 has obvious increase with stress, original upload makes the original hole of sample 9 and microfissure closure, acoustic signals can effectively pass sample 9, and decay reduces, and velocity of wave increases; Subordinate phase, the new crackle of sample 9 starts germinating, and velocity of wave increases and obviously reduces, but along with the increase of stress, velocity of wave slowly increases; Phase III, sample 9 reaches peak value velocity of wave 3860.8 m/s, and now, the stress of sample 9 is 60% left and right of ultimate strength 8.613 MPa, reaches the new crackle of sample 9 after peak value velocity of wave and starts expansion, directly affects the Changing Pattern of velocity of wave with stress; Fourth stage, along with the increase of strain, longitudinal wave velocity starts to decline, and expansion and the perforation of new crackle, destroy sample 9, and velocity of wave constantly declines;
In loading procedure, be mainly to change because the variable density of sample 9 causes velocity of wave.Sample 9 holes and microfissure closure make to reduce, and velocity of wave increases; When sample 9 continues to load while producing new microfracture or crack, ultrasound wave is propagated reflecting in sample 9, diffraction and scattering, and ultrasound wave waveform amplitude will reduce, and vibration frequency and velocity of wave also will reduce greatly; Relatively velocity of wave, with the variation of stress, strain, is determined this four-stage, realizes the prediction to sample 9 anomalies for fracturing; So the variation characteristic of the Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics that Frozen Silt soil shows in test loading procedure all has important directive significance to the evaluation of internal crack dynamic change prediction and stability.
Claims (1)
1. a ultrasonic velocity method of testing for frozen soil under axial compression, comprises following steps:
A: select the soil body or rock mass as test material, sample (9) is made by the requirement of standard;
B: the sample of making (9) is packed in mould, and the constant temperature oven of then putting into temperature-20 ℃ freezes, and after 24 hours, sample (9) is taken out to the demoulding; With the sample (9) of the rubber sleeve parcel demoulding, the sample (9) of parcel is put into temp. controllable constant temperature oven (11), constant temperature makes sample (9) temperature reach test subzero temperature value for 24 hours; Temp. controllable constant temperature oven (11) is put into single shaft pressue device (12), make the environment temperature of single shaft pressue device (12) reach test subzero temperature value by temp. controllable constant temperature oven (11);
C: transmitting transducer (7), receiving transducer (10) that sample (9) are housed are vertically placed in single shaft pressue device (12); Sample (9) occupy between transmitting transducer (7) and receiving transducer (10), vaseline is evenly spread upon to the surface of contact of sample (9) and transmitting transducer (7) and receiving transducer (10); After sample to be tested (9) installs, by the pressure of transmitting transducer (7) top and displacement transducer (5) zeroing;
D: start single shaft pressue device (12), single shaft pressue device (12) at the uniform velocity loads, the displacement that the pressure in single shaft pressue device (12) and displacement transducer (5) decline pressure size suffered sample in loading procedure (9), sample (9) and loading until the time tranfer destroying to data collecting instrument (3);
E: start the supersonic reflectoscope (2) being connected with transmitting transducer (7) and the receiving transducer (10) of pressure-bearing, supersonic reflectoscope (2) produces the electric pulse the stimulated emission transducer (7) that repeat simultaneously; The ultrasound wave of transmitting transducer (7) transmitting is through being coupled into tested sample (9), and after propagating in sample (9), received converter (10) receives and be converted to electric signal; Electric signal is delivered to supersonic reflectoscope (2), and waveform is drawn and recorded to supersonic reflectoscope (2); While collecting ultrasound wave always walking in sample (9) by supersonic reflectoscope (2)
t, while measuring ultrasound wave by the walking of two transducer containment vessels (8) simultaneously accurately
t 0 , during by the walking of sample (9), be
t-t 0 , the data collecting instrument (3) of single shaft pressue device (12) records the initial length L of sample (9), records sample (9) simultaneously and adds the displacement △ in drops process
l, can pass through formula
Calculate the actual value of wave speed of sample (9) this moment;
F: repeating step b-e, the situation of change of frozen soil sample (9) ultrasonic velocity under axial compression while testing different subzero temperature;
G: according to single shaft pressue device (12) data collecting instrument (3) gather data and supersonic reflectoscope (2) test the result obtaining, make frozen soil in the time of different subzero temperature velocity of wave with the trend curve figure of stress, strain variation.
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| CN105178281A (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2015-12-23 | 北京中企卓创科技发展有限公司 | Intelligent dynamic compaction construction monitoring method and system |
| CN107101890A (en) * | 2017-06-23 | 2017-08-29 | 西南石油大学 | High temperature rock sample is strained and sonic test device and method of testing |
| CN108662994A (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2018-10-16 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Pass through the method for ultrasound examination closure of freezing wall situation |
| CN108776175A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-11-09 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | A kind of frost wall mean compressive strength ultrasonic detection method |
| CN112433044A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-03-02 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Freezing similarity simulation test platform for ultrasonic resistivity parameter of frozen wall development condition |
| CN112858630A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-05-28 | 安徽理工大学 | Deep clay high pressure K0Consolidation refreezing experimental device |
| CN113325027A (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2021-08-31 | 西南交通大学 | Method for measuring unfrozen water content of frozen soil by piezoelectric ceramic |
| CN115290450A (en) * | 2022-10-09 | 2022-11-04 | 北京建筑大学 | Loading device, triaxial apparatus pressure chamber and frozen soil triaxial apparatus |
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| CN105178281A (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2015-12-23 | 北京中企卓创科技发展有限公司 | Intelligent dynamic compaction construction monitoring method and system |
| CN107101890A (en) * | 2017-06-23 | 2017-08-29 | 西南石油大学 | High temperature rock sample is strained and sonic test device and method of testing |
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| CN108662994A (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2018-10-16 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Pass through the method for ultrasound examination closure of freezing wall situation |
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| CN108776175B (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2020-10-16 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Ultrasonic detection method for average compressive strength of frozen wall |
| CN112433044A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-03-02 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Freezing similarity simulation test platform for ultrasonic resistivity parameter of frozen wall development condition |
| CN112858630A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-05-28 | 安徽理工大学 | Deep clay high pressure K0Consolidation refreezing experimental device |
| CN113325027A (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2021-08-31 | 西南交通大学 | Method for measuring unfrozen water content of frozen soil by piezoelectric ceramic |
| CN113325027B (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2021-09-28 | 西南交通大学 | Method for measuring unfrozen water content of frozen soil by piezoelectric ceramic |
| CN115290450A (en) * | 2022-10-09 | 2022-11-04 | 北京建筑大学 | Loading device, triaxial apparatus pressure chamber and frozen soil triaxial apparatus |
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