CN103900958A - Method for evaluating scraping performance of sealed coating and material - Google Patents
Method for evaluating scraping performance of sealed coating and material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of sealed coatings and materials and particularly relates to a method for evaluating the scraping performance of a sealed coating and a material. The method comprises the following steps: simulating a scraping condition on a high-speed high-temperature scraping abrasion testing machine under a simulated condition; establishing an abrasion mechanism pattern; and judging and optimizing the coating and the material which are suitable for corresponding service conditions. According to an experimental method for evaluating the scraping performance of the sealed coating and the material, scraping experiments under high-speed and high-temperature conditions are simulated aiming at a service environment so as to obtain testing data of a specific friction sealing pair under the influences of conditions including a rotary speed, a temperature, a scraping manner, a scraping speed, a depth and the like; proper engineering criteria can be established according to a transformation condition of a friction and abrasion mechanism and can be suitable for evaluating the scraping performance of the sealed coating and the material; the method particularly has engineering meanings on the evaluation of scraping and abrasion behaviors of a friction pair of a turbojet engine gas circuit seal and the like and can provide technical guidance to high-speed and high-temperature tribology performance researches and novel material researches of the material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to seal coating and Material Field, be specially a kind of method of evaluating seal coating and material can scraping performance, the evaluation of the tribological property of the rubbing wear by simulated condition to material.
Background technology
Seal coating and material are applicable to seal friction that can scraping and join pair, to reduce seal clearance, avoid joining the frictionally damage of secondary parts, improve leakage efficiency.Research shows: in turbojet engine gas circuit sealing, application can scraping seal coating, can make high-pressure turbine blade tip gas circuit gap reduce 0.254mm, and fuel efficiency can improve approximately 1%; Make pneumatic plant radial play reduce 0.076mm, fuel efficiency can increase approximately 1%.Therefore,, in the crucial seal member in the fields such as aviation, naval vessel, automobile, electric power, apply this technology and all obtained positive effect.
The military service operating mode of seal coating and material is very harsh, the complex conditions of swiping for (generally exceeding hundred meter per seconds) and high temperature at a high speed (from room temperature to up to 1000 DEG C) in turbojet engine gas circuit sealing.And parts at different levels are in different speed and temperature parameter matching state, the speed that fan and pneumatic plant section need is high, temperature lower (generally lower than 450 DEG C); Turbine section is because of the relatively little speed of blade diameter lower (greatly about 150～200 meter per seconds), and temperature can be up to more than 1000 DEG C.For ensureing that seal coating and material possess reliable usage performance, first require seal coating and material in the time coming in contact with friction pair and rub, to possess preferentially by the performance of scraping, and rotatable parts (blade of engine or comb tooth etc.) are not damaged or only produce tolerable damage, can accurately coordinate or adapt to the secondary shape of rubbing to ensure the optimal working clearance.Require also to have good antifriction performance to reduce friction energy loss, worn-out surface is smooth and abrasive dust is tiny simultaneously.For the difference of the required operating mode of all parts, need the multiple coating material adopting to comprise: the rubber that easily rubs, zeyssatite, Alpax, nickel graphite, nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium coating, and zirconia and yttria composite ceramic coat etc., material has antifriction self-lubricating material and cellular material etc.They,, except having key propertys such as wear-resisting, heat-resisting, anti-corrosion, anti-oxidant, Anti-erosion, also will meet " scraping (abradability) " in scraping process.
As the important engineering criterion of evaluating seal coating and material compatibility, " scraping (abradability) " first requires seal coating and material in the time coming in contact with friction pair and rub, to possess preferentially by the performance of scraping, rotatable parts (blade of engine or comb tooth etc.) are not damaged or only produce tolerable damage, can accurately coordinate or adapt to the secondary shape of rubbing to ensure the optimal working clearance.Require also to have good antifriction performance to reduce friction energy loss, worn-out surface is smooth and abrasive dust is tiny simultaneously.
Evaluate the scraping of seal coating and material, must adopt the operating mode of swiping under simulation high-speed and high-temperature to test.Existing result of study shows: adopt the mechanical and physical performances such as simple measurement hardness and carry out conventional wear test and evaluate wearing quality, the experimental result drawing differs larger with engineering is actual in evaluation scraping, and practical application is not had to the effect of guidance.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of test method of evaluating seal coating and material can scraping performance, solve in prior art and can scraping method for testing performance to exist experimental result and engineering actual conditions differ greatly, cannot play to practical application the problem of directive function.
In order to realize above-mentioned object, the technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
A kind of method of evaluating seal coating and material can scraping performance, by carry out the scraping experiment under simulated condition condition on high-speed and high-temperature friction wear testing machine, set up Wear Mechanisms Map, judgement is applicable to coating and the material under service condition, specifically comprises following step:
1) according to simulated condition need to select specific experiment parameter, and work out on computers experimental arrangement according to experiment parameter, carry out computer simulation operation, confirmation process is errorless, and saves backup;
The concrete effect of this step is: rotating speed, temperature, the scraping feeding parameter set carried out to uniting and adjustment, makes to test setting operation and meet expection object, and in computer simulation checking in service;
2) experiment parameter is as required debugged testing machine, and then the experimental data that the collection of friction pair sample running test machine can directly be measured is installed;
3) experimental data recording is processed and obtained a series of experimental datas that gather, draw the Wear Mechanisms Map taking experiment parameter as variable, according to scraping criterion, judgement is applicable to coating and the material under corresponding working condition.
Described testing machine adopts the Chinese patent that the patent No. is 200910249051.7, patent name: a kind of high-speed high-temperature multifunctional frictional abrasion tester.
The described testing machine range of speeds 240～24000rpm., relative motion linear velocity is 10m/s～450m/s, and heating-up temperature is from room temperature to 1200 DEG C, and friction pair is swiped and rubbing contact with pin/piece or ring/block mode.
Described step 2) testing machine is debugged to concrete grammar be:
(1) frequency control parameter and acceleration curve are set to reach and to control the spindle speed of requirement of experiment;
(2) to testing the speed, survey the processing of returning to zero of the torque gauge of moment of torsion, make the no-load speed of rotating sample pin or ring reach the condition that steady testing requires, the torque value while loading is demarcated as zero;
(3) according to the requirement of experimental temperature, regulate size and the position of heating region, carry out sample and add heat control;
(4) sample pin or the contact point of ring on translation sample blocks are rotated in selection, set the starting point that translation sample blocks and rotation sample pin or ring start scraping;
(5) be chosen in scraping invasion speed and the degree of depth on translation sample blocks, set scraping wear extent.
Described experiment parameter comprises: preset rotating speed and target velocity curve, relative motion linear velocity, preset temperature, scraping invasion speed, the degree of depth and feeding mode.
Described step 2) experimental data that directly records, through the measurement of testing machine, and machine disposal system calculates and gathers experimental data as calculated, comprising: rotation speed change, temperature variation, energy loss, the actual measurement scraping degree of depth, friction factor, wear extent, can the scraping factor and polishing scratch situation.
Described computer processing system comprises:
Data are accepted module, accept from the experimental data of the direct measurement of testing machine and send processing module to;
Processing module, calculates the experimental data of measurement derivative experimental data and is sent to image processing module according to stored calculation command;
Image processing module, accepts the experimental data of module by data and the derivative experimental data of processing module is made form, curve, data decimation image result according to operational order, draws on demand Wear Mechanisms Map.
Described step 3) scraping criterion is: the number of energy loss and to rubbing part in the time that seal coating and material have identical wear extent, the size of both wear extent ratio in the size of friction factor numerical value and stability, friction process.
The present invention has following advantage and beneficial effect:
(1) the evaluation seal coating that the present invention proposes and the experimental technique of material scraping, simulating high speed for Service Environment tests with the scraping under worst hot case, obtain the experimental data of concrete friction pair under the condition impacts such as speed, temperature, scraping mode and scraping speed and the degree of depth, set up suitable engineering criterion evaluation scraping.Experimental data comprises: the friction factor in scraping wear process, scraping energy loss (changing value of moment of torsion and speed), friction Temperature Rise, wear extent (wear weight loss and polishing scratch length), and the actual scraping degree of depth (invasion amount) etc.The present invention proposes a kind of effective ways of evaluating seal coating and material scraping, carry out the high-speed and high-temperature scraping experiment of simulated condition, obtain concrete friction pair and be subject to the experimental data under the condition impacts such as speed, temperature, scraping mode and scraping speed and the degree of depth, to reality, directive function is effectively played in experiment.
(2) the present invention tests the Wear Mechanisms Map of setting up by simulated condition, can be used as engineering criterion, judge the service condition that seal coating and material are suitable, also can several samples of comparative evaluation under identical working condition can scraping performance index good, solved such as can scraping seal coating in the sealing of turbojet engine gas circuit can scraping performance evaluation difficulty key issue.
(3) friction wear test method of simulated condition of the present invention, being applicable to evaluate seal coating and material can scraping performance, especially the friction of turbojet engine gas circuit sealing is joined and is secondaryly waited the scraping abrasional behavior evaluation under high-speed and high-temperature to have Engineering Guidance meaning, can be the high-speed and high-temperature tribological property of evaluating material and friction pair preferably and new material research and development technical support is provided.
(4) the present invention proposes the testing machine function that should possess and the experimental data that should record that experiment relates to, that is: function comprises at a high speed, high temperature and scraping combine with rubbing wear, can preset rotating speed and target velocity curve, relative motion linear velocity, preset temperature, scraping invade speed, the degree of depth and feeding mode; The experimental data of measuring comprise friction factor, velocity variations, temperature variation, energy loss, the actual measurement scraping degree of depth, wear extent, can the scraping factor and polishing scratch situation etc.; Needing the parameter that testing machine possesses is the range of speeds 240～24000rpm., relative motion linear velocity be 10m/s to 450m/s, heating-up temperature is from room temperature to 1200 DEG C.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention's high-speed and high-temperature scraping experiment machine used; Wherein, (a) being front view, is (b) B-B cut-open view.In figure, 1 stepper motor; 2 servomotors; 3 longitudinal slide units; 4 dynamometric systems; 5 horizontal slide units; 6 sample fixed supports; 7 temperature measuring equipments; 8 heating arrangements; 9 rolling discs; 10 torque gauges; 11 electric main shafts; 12 grating sensors; 13 guide rails; 14 rotate sample; 15 translation samples.
Fig. 2 is major parameter and the measurement data block diagram that the present invention carries out simulated condition experiment.
Fig. 3 is the functional block diagram of computer processing system of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the workflow diagram of computer processing system of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is that the present invention carries out several wear mechanism illustrated example that scraping is evaluated; Wherein, (a) be linear velocity-temperature relation figure; (b) be the variation relation figure of wear extent with linear velocity and temperature; (c) be wear mechanism figure transition.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, principle of the present invention and feature are described, example, only for explaining the present invention, is not intended to limit scope of the present invention.
It is the testing machine in 200910249051.7 that the embodiment of the present invention adopts Chinese Patent Application No., as shown in Fig. 1 (a), for the structural representation of the present invention's high-speed and high-temperature scraping experiment machine used, translation sample 15(piece) be arranged on fixed support 6, rotate sample 14(pin or ring) be arranged on rolling disc 9, formed the relative contact movement of friction pair by the high-speed rotation of rolling disc 9 and feeding (invasion) motion of longitudinal slide unit 3.While experiment, the frequency control parameter of first preset electric main shaft 11 and acceleration curve are to reach and to control the spindle speed of requirement of experiment.To testing the speed, survey the processing of returning to zero of the torque gauge 10 of moment of torsion, make the no-load speed of rotating sample (pin or ring) reach the condition that steady testing requires again, the torque value while loading is demarcated as zero.And according to the requirement of experimental temperature, by irradiation optically focused nonstorage calorifier 8 and temperature measuring equipment 7(infrared thermometer or thermopair) to carry out sample and add heat control, the size of heating region and position are by regulating focus to ensure.As shown in Fig. 1 (b), for high-speed and high-temperature scraping experiment machine B-B cut-open view of the present invention, regulating stepper motor 1 to control horizontal slide unit 5 critically moves in X-direction along guide rail 13, select to rotate the contact point of sample (pin or ring) on translation sample (piece), then adjust servomotor 2 and drive longitudinal slide unit 3 to set translation sample (piece) and the starting point of rotating sample (pin or ring) and starting scraping.Be chosen in scraping invasion speed and the degree of depth on translation sample blocks, set scraping wear extent.Determine under constant speed feed mode, at the zero point using this as data acquisition, the starting point of the required measurement parameter of all experimentations all arrives as reference taking longitudinal slide unit 3, and the scraping degree of depth and speed of feed are also put as reference origin taking this.Survey sensor is carried out preheating and sets and adjust: in experimentation, the actual displacement amount of Y-axis is measured by high-precision grating sensor 12, by computer system acquisition and processing; The two-way dynamometric system 4 of high frequency response is arranged between longitudinal slide unit 3 and sample fixed support 6, and tangential force and normal force signal that the experimentation recording produces send computer processing system acquisition and processing, in order to calculate friction factor and energy variation situation.The conditions such as speed, temperature, the scraping degree of depth, speed of feed, feeding curve and the multiplicity needing according to predetermined scheme, establishment experimental arrangement dry run for computing machine.After all process checks are errorless, carry out the operation of heat temperature raising, spindle operation and sample feeding by experimental procedure, measure related experiment parameter and data result.Mensuration wear extent and polishing scratch observation need to be taken off sample, on corresponding instrument and equipment, are carrying out.Testing machine needs the range of speeds 240～24000rpm., relative motion linear velocity be 10m/s to 450m/s, heating-up temperature is from room temperature to 1200 DEG C, friction pair can be swiped and rubbing contact with pin (ring)/block mode.
Scraping criterion as important experimental results is: the less and stable person of friction factor numerical value in experimentation, can keep stable scraping; In friction process, energy loss is little, and the little person of surface temperature rise has scraping preferably; To the part that rubs (blade etc.) in the time that seal coating and material have identical wear extent, the ratio of both wear extenies (call in the following text can scraping factor S), this value is less show the damage of the part that rubs (blade etc.) less; Basis for estimation transition of wear mechanism is the part that rubs (blade etc.) to be occurred to the states such as adhesion, scorch, now follows friction factor to occur sudden change.
The present invention evaluates the experimental technique that seal coating and material can scraping performances, and concrete steps are as follows:
(1) need to select specific experiment parameter according to simulated condition: preset rotating speed and target velocity curve, relative motion linear velocity, preset temperature, the scraping degree of depth, feeding (invasion) speed and feeding mode (constant speed, speed change and advance and retreat combination etc.) are as shown in Figure 2;
(2) establishment experimental arrangement, carries out computer simulation operation through input testing machine, checks after errorless and saves backup; The concrete effect of this step is: rotating speed, temperature, the scraping feeding parameter set carried out to uniting and adjustment, makes to test setting operation and meet expection object, and in computer simulation checking in service;
(3) sample is installed, is adjusted testing machine and enter test preparation;
(4) starting characteristics test machine, running experiment program, gather relevant experimental data, relevant experimental data comprise rotation speed change, temperature variation, energy loss, the actual measurement scraping degree of depth, friction factor, wear extent, can the scraping factor and polishing scratch situation, as shown in Figure 2.
(5) experimental arrangement end of run, stops testing machine, and the experimental data gathering is processed and measured wear extent, adopts optics or electron microscope observation polishing scratch.
As shown in Figure 3, computer processing system of the present invention comprises: data are accepted module, for accepting the experimental data from the direct measurement of testing machine, and sends processing module to; Data processing module, for the experimental data of measurement is calculated to derivative experimental data according to stored calculation command, and is sent to image processing module; Image processing module, for accepting data the experimental data of module and the derivative experimental data of processing module is depicted as Wear Mechanisms Map according to operational order; Data judging module, accepts the Wear Mechanisms Map of image processing module, and judges suitable operating mode according to the scraping criterion arranging in program.By above-mentioned processing, staff can learn whether measured sample meets the needs of reality of work situation quickly.
As shown in Figure 4, adopt computer processing system to carry out analyzing and processing to the experimental data obtaining, detailed process is as follows:
First accept the experimental data (step S41) directly obtained, experimental data carried out to analyzing and processing (step S42), draw Wear Mechanisms Map Wear Mechanisms Map (S43) according to experiment parameter, distinguish and judge wear mechanism and transition condition.
Wherein, draw the Wear Mechanisms Map taking experiment parameter as variable, can mainly contain linear velocity-temperature as the experiment parameter of two-dimentional independent variable coordinate, linear velocity-feeding (invasion) speed, linear velocity-scraping degree of depth, and mutually combination etc., dependent variable mainly contain friction factor, wear extent, energy consumption, can scraping factor S and the criterion factor of the wear mechanism such as adhesion, scorch transition.Aforesaid independent variable is also capable of being combined with dependent variable, sets up three-dimensional coordinate to judge the wear mechanism condition of transition.
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the inventive method is further described.
Embodiment
Adopt the present invention to evaluate the method that seal coating and material can scraping performances, for sealing with turbojet engine gas circuit, it is example that the friction of the nickel graphite seal coating that pneumatic plant section is conventional and titanium alloy blade composition is joined secondary, the operating mode of friction pair is carried out to analytical calculation, determine that its relative motion linear velocity is up to 350m/s, temperature is room temperature～300 DEG C, and the scraping degree of depth that coating allows is 1mm.Swipe the accordingly setting of experiment parameter: linear velocity is selected 50m/s, 100m/s, 150m/s, 200m/s and 350m/s, temperature is room temperature and 300 DEG C, and the preset scraping degree of depth is 0.5mm and 1mm, feeding (invasion) speed 0.05mm/s, 0.1mm/s and 0.2mm/s, the experiment that need to carry out is altogether 180 groups (parallel repetitions 3 times).Nickel graphite seal coating sample is designated as A sample, another comparative sample is as B sample, sample is arranged on sample fixed support 6 as translation sample (piece), titanium alloy blade sample is arranged on rolling disc 9 as rotating sample (pin), formed the relative contact movement of friction pair by the high-speed rotation of rolling disc 9 and feeding (invasion) motion of longitudinal slide unit 3, be that the end face of 2 dentations and the coating sample of translation contact because rotating sample (pin), scrape scrape along scraping therefore form.
Set up Wear Mechanisms Map according to the experimental data recording, determine its scraping queuing and suitable duty parameter region, be preferably applicable to seal coating and the material of actual working conditions.
As shown in Fig. 5 (a), test according to above-mentioned method the experimental data obtaining and draw Wear Mechanisms Map.Curve a1 corresponding A sample, the corresponding B sample of curve a2, that can find out that A sample compares that B sample adapts to is can scraping condition wider.
As shown in Fig. 5 (b), it is less that A sample is compared B sample wear extent under identical condition, so judge that A sample can scraping performance be better than B sample under this operating mode.
As shown in Fig. 5 (c), provide a kind of typical seal coating wear mechanism situation transition, as wearing and tearing system figure transition of A sample, show the variation with speed and temperature, wear mechanism, from slight scraping C1 to cutting C2, changes its scraping variation to there is adhesion C3, oxidative wear C4.The region of slight scraping and cutting is large, can scraping better performances.Can, in order to judge the suitable operating mode of coating, aspect research new coating and process modification, provide important references thus.
Embodiment result shows, the present invention evaluates the experimental technique that seal coating and material can scraping performances, simulating high speed for Service Environment tests with the scraping under worst hot case, obtain concrete friction pair in the experimental data being subject under the condition impacts such as speed, temperature, scraping mode and scraping speed and the degree of depth, according to condition transition of wear mechanism, set up suitable engineering criterion evaluation scraping.
Claims (8)
1. the method evaluating seal coating and material can scraping performance, it is characterized in that, by carry out the scraping experiment under simulated condition condition on high-speed and high-temperature friction wear testing machine, set up Wear Mechanisms Map, judgement is applicable to coating and the material under service condition, specifically comprises following step:
1) according to simulated condition need to select specific experiment parameter, and work out on computers experimental arrangement according to experiment parameter, carry out computer simulation operation, confirmation process is errorless, and saves backup;
The concrete effect of this step is: rotating speed, temperature, the scraping feeding parameter set carried out to uniting and adjustment, makes to test setting operation and meet expection object, and in computer simulation checking in service;
2) experiment parameter is as required debugged testing machine, and then the experimental data that the collection of friction pair sample running test machine can directly be measured is installed;
3) experimental data recording is processed and obtained a series of experimental datas that gather, draw the Wear Mechanisms Map taking experiment parameter as variable, according to scraping criterion, judgement is applicable to coating and the material under corresponding working condition.
2. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, is characterized in that, described testing machine adopts the Chinese patent that the patent No. is 200910249051.7, patent name: a kind of high-speed high-temperature multifunctional frictional abrasion tester.
3. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, it is characterized in that, the described testing machine range of speeds 240～24000rpm., relative motion linear velocity is 10m/s～450m/s, heating-up temperature is from room temperature to 1200 DEG C, and friction pair is swiped and rubbing contact with pin/piece or ring/block mode.
4. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, is characterized in that step 2) testing machine is debugged to concrete grammar be:
(1) frequency control parameter and acceleration curve are set to reach and to control the spindle speed of requirement of experiment;
(2) to testing the speed, survey the processing of returning to zero of the torque gauge of moment of torsion, make the no-load speed of rotating sample pin or ring reach the condition that steady testing requires, the torque value while loading is demarcated as zero;
(3) according to the requirement of experimental temperature, regulate size and the position of heating region, carry out sample and add heat control;
(4) sample pin or the contact point of ring on translation sample blocks are rotated in selection, set the starting point that translation sample blocks and rotation sample pin or ring start scraping;
(5) be chosen in scraping invasion speed and the degree of depth on translation sample blocks, set scraping wear extent.
5. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, it is characterized in that, described experiment parameter comprises: preset rotating speed and target velocity curve, relative motion linear velocity, preset temperature, scraping invasion speed, the degree of depth and feeding mode.
6. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, it is characterized in that, step 2) experimental data that directly records, through the measurement of testing machine, and machine disposal system calculates and gathers experimental data as calculated, comprising: rotation speed change, temperature variation, energy loss, the actual measurement scraping degree of depth, friction factor, wear extent, can the scraping factor and polishing scratch situation.
7. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 6 and material can scraping performances, is characterized in that, described computer processing system comprises:
Data are accepted module, accept from the experimental data of the direct measurement of testing machine and send processing module to;
Processing module, calculates the experimental data of measurement derivative experimental data and is sent to image processing module according to stored calculation command;
Image processing module, accepts the experimental data of module by data and the derivative experimental data of processing module is made form, curve, data decimation image result according to operational order, draws on demand Wear Mechanisms Map.
8. the method that evaluation seal coating according to claim 1 and material can scraping performances, it is characterized in that, step 3) scraping criterion is: the number of energy loss and to rubbing part in the time that seal coating and material have identical wear extent, the size of both wear extent ratio in the size of friction factor numerical value and stability, friction process.
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| CN105277484A (en) * | 2014-07-21 | 2016-01-27 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Non-destructive adhesion testing of coating to engine cylinder bore |
| CN108120650A (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2018-06-05 | 沈阳黎明航空发动机(集团)有限责任公司 | One kind can scraping performance detection and evaluation method for seal coating |
| CN108693060A (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2018-10-23 | 郑州磨料磨具磨削研究所有限公司 | A kind of Medical abrasive wheel piece mill stroke method for testing performance and detection device |
| CN109307600A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-02-05 | 北京矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Abradable coating performance test methods and system |
| CN111855384A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-10-30 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | System and method for testing performance of abradable coating capable of efficiently calculating intrusion depth ratio |
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| CN109307600B (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-07-03 | 北京矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Method and system for testing performance of abradable coating |
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| CN112903496A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-06-04 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空精密机械研究所 | High-speed brush type sealing test device and system |
| CN113959485A (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2022-01-21 | 军事科学院系统工程研究院军事新能源技术研究所 | Method for evaluating comprehensive efficiency of hydraulic transmission oil |
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