CN103865396A - Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint - Google Patents
Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103865396A CN103865396A CN201410124987.8A CN201410124987A CN103865396A CN 103865396 A CN103865396 A CN 103865396A CN 201410124987 A CN201410124987 A CN 201410124987A CN 103865396 A CN103865396 A CN 103865396A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- anticorrosion
- ethyl acetate
- resin
- boron nitride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000003373 anti-fouling effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 title abstract description 8
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004500 asepsis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007634 remodeling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships. The anticorrosion and antifouling paint contains the following components in parts by weight: 20-40 parts of modified natural polysaccharide type high-water-absorption resin, 10-15 parts of water-soluble fluoride resin, 0.3-4 parts of emulsified paraffin, 1-3 parts of phospholipid emulsifiers, 6-12 parts of nanometer titanium dioxide, 4-8 parts of nanometer zinc oxide, 1-2 parts of organic bentonite, 0.8-2 parts of polyacrylate, 2-10 parts of ethyl acetate, and 1-5 parts of boron nitride powder. A preparation method of the paint comprises the following steps: emulsifying modified natural polysaccharide type high-water-absorption resin, water-soluble fluoride resin and emulsified paraffin together for 60-80 minutes; adding phospholipid emulsifiers to obtain a water-soluble emulsion for later use; then adding nanometer titanium dioxide, nanometer zinc oxide, organic bentonite, polyacrylate, ethyl acetate and boron nitride powder at one step; stirring for 10-15 minutes at the temperature of 95-100 DEG C; and filtering to obtain finished products. The anticorrosion and antifouling paint is nontoxic and environmental friendly, thereby causing no pollution to operators and environment.
Description
?
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of coating, particularly a kind of marine ship anticorrosion and antifouling coating, also relates to the preparation method of this coating.
Background technology
Marine corrosion refers to the corrosion that hardware occurs in ocean environment.Ocean environment is a kind of corrosive environment of complexity.In this environment, seawater itself is a kind of strong corrosive medium, simultaneously ripple, wave, tide, stream produce low frequency reciprocation force and impact to hardware again, add that marine microorganism, settled organism and their metabolite etc. are all to corrosion induced directly or indirectly booster action.Marine corrosion is mainly local corrosion, from the surface building, in very little region, corrodes.In addition also have low frequency corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion and microbiological corrosion etc.Conventionally hardware is the highest at the average corrosion rate of Sea Water Splashing Zone.Change that the housing of the underwaters such as ripple harbour is long-time is subject to the corrosion of seawater with contact with sea water, halobionticly adhere to the speed of a ship or plane decline shell erosion rate quickening that makes boats and ships.Data show, in the time that marine biofouling rate is 5%, ship resistance is just equivalent to 2 times of clean surface, and dyestuff consumption increases by 10%.
In the technology that prevents marine organisms apposition growth having developed at present, brushing antifouling paint has economy because of it, the advantages such as validity and ease for operation, and development in recent years the fastest, is most widely used.Antifouling paint is mainly become to be grouped into by resin, stain control agent, subsidiary material, stopping composition and 5 kinds of solvents, wherein, stain control agent is the main poison material that settled organism is played to toxic action, and resin is bonding and the important carrier that disperses stain control agent, and both are the key components that determine antifouling coating performance.
There is following defect in the anticorrosion and antifouling coating that at present, boats and ships use: 1) can not meet preferably and prevent adhering to and halobiontic requirement of adhering to of seawater, marine atmosphere; 2) coating can discharge organic solvent in construction use and solidification process, and environment and health of human body have been formed to serious threat.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating,, containing toxicity, has not significantly reduced operator and ocean environment are polluted.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating, the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 20-40, water soluble fluoridized resin 10-15, emulsified olefin 0.3-4, phosphatide emulsifier 1-3, nano titanium oxide 6-12, nano zine oxide 4-8, organobentonite 1-2, polyacrylic ester 0.8-2, ethyl acetate 2-10, boron nitride powder 1-5.
Preferably, the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 28-35, water soluble fluoridized resin 12-13, emulsified olefin 1.2-1.6, phosphatide emulsifier 2-2.5, nano titanium oxide 7-9, nano zine oxide 3-5, organobentonite 1.4-1.7, polyacrylic ester 1-1.2, ethyl acetate 4-6, boron nitride powder 3-4.
Preferably, the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 32, water soluble fluoridized resin 12.3, emulsified olefin 1.4, phosphatide emulsifier 2.6, nano titanium oxide 7.8, nano zine oxide 3.7, organobentonite 1.5, polyacrylic ester 1.2, ethyl acetate 4.6, boron nitride powder 3.7.
The present invention also provides the preparation method of a kind of boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating: by modified natural glycan super absorbent resin, water soluble fluoridized resin emulsification 60-80 minute together with emulsified olefin, then add phosphatide emulsifier, make water-soluble emulsion stand-by; Nano titanium oxide, nano zine oxide, organobentonite, polyacrylic ester, ethyl acetate and boron nitride powder are once added again, at 95-100 DEG C, stir 10-15 minute, filtration gets product.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: coating asepsis environment-protecting of the present invention, reduce the murder by poisoning to operator and the pollution to environment, improved the antifouling stain resistance of boats and ships, be marine organisms can not adhere to hull on.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, technical scheme of the present invention is elaborated.
The preparation method of anticorrosion and antifouling coating for a kind of boats and ships of the present invention: by modified natural glycan super absorbent resin, water soluble fluoridized resin emulsification 60-80 minute together with emulsified olefin, then add phosphatide emulsifier, make water-soluble emulsion stand-by; Nano titanium oxide, nano zine oxide, organobentonite, polyacrylic ester, ethyl acetate and boron nitride powder are once added again, at 95-100 DEG C, stir 10-15 minute, filtration gets product.
embodiment 1
32 parts of modified natural glycan super absorbent resins, 12.3 parts of water soluble fluoridized resins, 1.4 parts of emulsified olefines, 2.6 parts of phosphatide emulsifiers, 7.8 parts of nano titanium oxides, 3.7 parts of nano zine oxides, 1.5 parts of organobentonites, 1.2 parts of polyacrylic ester, 4.6 parts of ethyl acetate, 3.7 parts of boron nitride powders.
embodiment 2
20 parts of modified natural glycan super absorbent resins, 10 parts of water soluble fluoridized resins, 0.3 part of emulsified olefin, 1 part of phosphatide emulsifier, 6 parts of nano titanium oxides, 4 parts of nano zine oxides, 1 part of organobentonite, 0.8 part of polyacrylic ester, 2 parts of ethyl acetate, 1 part of boron nitride powder.
embodiment 3
40 parts of modified natural glycan super absorbent resins, 15 parts of water soluble fluoridized resins, 4 parts of emulsified olefines, 3 parts of phosphatide emulsifiers, 12 parts of nano titanium oxides, 8 parts of nano zine oxides, 2 parts of organobentonites, 2 parts of polyacrylic ester, 10 parts of ethyl acetate, 5 parts of boron nitride powders.
embodiment 4
29 parts of modified natural glycan super absorbent resins, 12.5 parts of water soluble fluoridized resins, 1.4 parts of emulsified olefines, 2.35 parts of phosphatide emulsifiers, 8.3 parts of nano titanium oxides, 4.2 parts of nano zine oxides, 1.6 parts of organobentonites, 1.15 parts of polyacrylic ester, 5.2 parts of ethyl acetate, 3.7 parts of boron nitride powders.
Foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not the restriction of the present invention being made to other form, and any those skilled in the art may utilize the technology contents of above-mentioned announcement to be changed or be modified as the equivalent embodiment of equivalent variations.But every technical solution of the present invention content that do not depart from, any simple modification, equivalent variations and the remodeling above embodiment done according to technical spirit of the present invention, still belong to the protection domain of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating, is characterized in that: the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 20-40, water soluble fluoridized resin 10-15, emulsified olefin 0.3-4, phosphatide emulsifier 1-3, nano titanium oxide 6-12, nano zine oxide 4-8, organobentonite 1-2, polyacrylic ester 0.8-2, ethyl acetate 2-10, boron nitride powder 1-5.
2. a kind of boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 28-35, water soluble fluoridized resin 12-13, emulsified olefin 1.2-1.6, phosphatide emulsifier 2-2.5, nano titanium oxide 7-9, nano zine oxide 3-5, organobentonite 1.4-1.7, polyacrylic ester 1-1.2, ethyl acetate 4-6, boron nitride powder 3-4.
3. a kind of boats and ships anticorrosion and antifouling coating according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that: the component of this coating and the parts by weight of each component are as follows: modified natural glycan super absorbent resin 32, water soluble fluoridized resin 12.3, emulsified olefin 1.4, phosphatide emulsifier 2.6, nano titanium oxide 7.8, nano zine oxide 3.7, organobentonite 1.5, polyacrylic ester 1.2, ethyl acetate 4.6, boron nitride powder 3.7.
4. the preparation method of a boats and ships use anticorrosion and antifouling coating claimed in claim 1: by modified natural glycan super absorbent resin, water soluble fluoridized resin emulsification 60-80 minute together with emulsified olefin, add again phosphatide emulsifier, make water-soluble emulsion stand-by; Nano titanium oxide, nano zine oxide, organobentonite, polyacrylic ester, ethyl acetate and boron nitride powder are once added again, at 95-100 DEG C, stir 10-15 minute, filtration gets product.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410124987.8A CN103865396B (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2014-03-31 | Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410124987.8A CN103865396B (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2014-03-31 | Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103865396A true CN103865396A (en) | 2014-06-18 |
| CN103865396B CN103865396B (en) | 2017-02-15 |
Family
ID=50904433
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410124987.8A Expired - Fee Related CN103865396B (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2014-03-31 | Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103865396B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106010181A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-10-12 | 上海理工大学 | Preparation methods of metal surface treatment agent containing nano boron nitride and corrosion-resistant coating |
| CN107135988A (en) * | 2017-04-01 | 2017-09-08 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of fish features monitor system |
| CN109321043A (en) * | 2018-09-25 | 2019-02-12 | 海南大学 | A kind of seawater pipeline anticorrosive paint and preparation method thereof |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4828616A (en) * | 1986-08-28 | 1989-05-09 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Surface treatment chemical for forming a hydrophilic coating |
| JPH04306269A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1992-10-29 | D & D Kk | Antifouling paint |
| CN1618893A (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2005-05-25 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Water moistening type non-toxic antifouling paint and its preparation method |
| CN1923932A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2007-03-07 | 中科纳米涂料技术(苏州)有限公司 | Nano modified alkyd paint for ship and preparation method thereof |
| CN1957049A (en) * | 2004-05-26 | 2007-05-02 | 日本油漆株式会社 | Coating composition, coating film, and method of reducing underwater friction |
| CN101423678A (en) * | 2008-10-29 | 2009-05-06 | 国家纳米科学中心 | Light curing nano composite coating |
| CN103589257A (en) * | 2013-09-03 | 2014-02-19 | 刘岩玉 | Antifouling paint for ships |
-
2014
- 2014-03-31 CN CN201410124987.8A patent/CN103865396B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4828616A (en) * | 1986-08-28 | 1989-05-09 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Surface treatment chemical for forming a hydrophilic coating |
| JPH04306269A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1992-10-29 | D & D Kk | Antifouling paint |
| CN1618893A (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2005-05-25 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Water moistening type non-toxic antifouling paint and its preparation method |
| CN1957049A (en) * | 2004-05-26 | 2007-05-02 | 日本油漆株式会社 | Coating composition, coating film, and method of reducing underwater friction |
| CN1923932A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2007-03-07 | 中科纳米涂料技术(苏州)有限公司 | Nano modified alkyd paint for ship and preparation method thereof |
| CN101423678A (en) * | 2008-10-29 | 2009-05-06 | 国家纳米科学中心 | Light curing nano composite coating |
| CN103589257A (en) * | 2013-09-03 | 2014-02-19 | 刘岩玉 | Antifouling paint for ships |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 傅绍燕: "《涂装工艺及车间设计手册》", 30 September 2012 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106010181A (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2016-10-12 | 上海理工大学 | Preparation methods of metal surface treatment agent containing nano boron nitride and corrosion-resistant coating |
| CN106010181B (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2018-04-06 | 上海理工大学 | The preparation method of metal conditioner and its corrosion-resistant finishes containing nm-class boron nitride |
| CN107135988A (en) * | 2017-04-01 | 2017-09-08 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of fish features monitor system |
| CN109321043A (en) * | 2018-09-25 | 2019-02-12 | 海南大学 | A kind of seawater pipeline anticorrosive paint and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103865396B (en) | 2017-02-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Christie et al. | Barnacle fouling and its prevention | |
| JP2003528967A (en) | Antifouling paint composition comprising rosin and enzyme | |
| CN101696340B (en) | Strippable anti-fouling paint | |
| JP2014503646A (en) | Antifouling paint composition | |
| CN104231815A (en) | Functionalized antifouling anticorrosive graphene paint as well as preparation method and painting method thereof | |
| CN102300944A (en) | Marine organism anti-fouling paint and preparing method and use thereof | |
| Callow | Ship fouling: the problem and methods of control. | |
| CN103865396A (en) | Anticorrosion and antifouling paint for ships and preparation method of paint | |
| JP3463240B2 (en) | Additive for antifouling paint | |
| CN104761991A (en) | Environmental-protection type multi-element collaborative marine anti-fouling coating | |
| CN105837733A (en) | Capsaicin [(12-acryloyl-oxy)-dehydroabietate]-acrylic acid copolymer, and preparation and application thereof | |
| CN104403448A (en) | Nano cuprous oxide and nano silver compounded sea anti-fouling paint | |
| Pei et al. | Development of marine antifouling coatings | |
| Sarkar et al. | Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: Synthesis and progress | |
| Tian et al. | Exploring the antifouling performance of non-bactericidal and bactericidal film for combating marine biofouling | |
| CN102504697B (en) | High-efficiency tin-free self-polishing antifouling paint composition and application thereof | |
| CN105400270B (en) | Drive the grease of marine biological polution | |
| CN104559579A (en) | Environment-friendly type self-polishing anti-fouling paint with high adhesive force | |
| Dahlbäck et al. | The challenge to find new sustainable antifouling approaches for shipping | |
| JP2006291085A (en) | Additive for anti-fouling coating | |
| JP5877402B2 (en) | Antifouling paint | |
| CN1616560A (en) | Environment protection anti-foulant material and anti-fouling paint | |
| JP4551963B1 (en) | Shellfish adhesion prevention method and shellfish adhesion prevention coating structure | |
| CN103788812A (en) | Marine antifouling nano paint | |
| Manoj et al. | Review of biofouling paints on the marine vessel |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20170215 |