CN103842195A - 混合动力车 - Google Patents

混合动力车 Download PDF

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CN103842195A
CN103842195A CN201280047104.7A CN201280047104A CN103842195A CN 103842195 A CN103842195 A CN 103842195A CN 201280047104 A CN201280047104 A CN 201280047104A CN 103842195 A CN103842195 A CN 103842195A
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hybrid electric
electric vehicle
motor
energy storage
flywheel
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CN103842195B (zh
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J·达维德齐亚科
S·克莱门特
M·席费尔
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Audi AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/40—Controlling the engagement or disengagement of prime movers, e.g. for transition between prime movers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/08—Prime-movers comprising combustion engines and mechanical or fluid energy storing means
    • B60K6/10—Prime-movers comprising combustion engines and mechanical or fluid energy storing means by means of a chargeable mechanical accumulator, e.g. flywheel
    • B60K6/105—Prime-movers comprising combustion engines and mechanical or fluid energy storing means by means of a chargeable mechanical accumulator, e.g. flywheel the accumulator being a flywheel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/30—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by chargeable mechanical accumulators, e.g. flywheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/52—Driving a plurality of drive axles, e.g. four-wheel drive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B60K2006/4825—Electric machine connected or connectable to gearbox input shaft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2400/00—Special features of vehicle units
    • B60Y2400/15—Pneumatic energy storages, e.g. pressure air tanks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/96—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor having chargeable mechanical accumulator

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  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
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Abstract

一种混合动力车，包括发动机（2）连同用于驱动至少一车桥（7）的车轮的驱动轴（4）以及至少一电机（11、12），该至少一电机用于驱动所述车桥的车轮或至少一个另外的车桥（10）的车轮，其中，所述至少一电机能在制动过程中作为发电机运行并且能在加速过程中作为马达运行，该混合动力车还包括与所述至少一电机耦合的另一电机（18），该另一电机包括一具有转子（14）的飞轮蓄能器，该飞轮蓄能器能在制动过程中被充载并且能在加速过程中被卸载，其中，所述转子（14）能通过至少一可切换的接合装置（23）与能被发动机驱动的所述至少一车桥（7）的驱动轴（4）机械地耦合。

Description

混合动力车
技术领域
本发明涉及一种混合动力车，包括发动机连同用于驱动至少一车桥的车轮的驱动轴以及至少一电机，该至少一电机用于驱动所述车桥的车轮或至少一个另外的车桥的车轮，其中，所述至少一电机能在制动过程中作为发电机运行并且能在加速过程中作为马达/驱动机运行，该混合动力车还包括与所述至少一电机耦合的另一电机，该另一电机包括一具有转子的飞轮蓄能器，该飞轮蓄能器能在制动过程中被充载/充入能量并且能在加速过程中被卸载/释放能量。
背景技术
早就公知在车辆中使用飞轮。在DE639717A中提出了一种用于车辆的飞轮蓄能器，其中，在车辆的飞轮与驱动系之间布置有可切换的变速器。代替机械的有级变速器也可以使用包括一电机的电变速器。
由AT147860B已知一种用于机动车的飞轮蓄能器。发动机作为主驱动器驱动一轴，飞轮蓄能器驱动一个或多个附加的驱动轴。
在DE102010007632A1中提出了一种混合动力车，它具有一驱动后轴的发动机和两个在前轴上的电机。电机在制动过程中作为发电机运行，用于回收动能。在回收范围中获得的能量被输送到用作为蓄能器的飞轮。为此由布置在前轴上的电机产生电流，该电流被输送到布置在飞轮蓄能器中的第三电机，用于使飞轮蓄能器的转子运动。这个转子可以达到直到40.000转/分钟的转速。设置在混合动力车中的转子用作为机械的蓄能器，因此无需像在其它常见的混合动力车中那样的电化学蓄能电池。紧接着制动过程之后，以动能形式储存的再回收的能量供加速过程使用。为此，飞轮蓄能器的第三电机作为发电机运行，由此在转子减速的情况下产生电能，它又被输送到在前轴上的第一和第二电机。该电能作为附加的驱动能量起作用，它支持驱动后轴的发动机。
为了改善效率和可调节性，在混合动力车中一般使用具有至少一电机的电变速器或者CVT变速器（continuously variable transmission无级变速）。但是不仅电变速器而且CVT在传递大功率时都导致大的系统重量。因此只能将事实上产生的制动能量的一个明显的部分转换成动能。大部分制动能量仍然未被利用地作为热量丢失。但是许多车辆如定线公交车、垃圾车或载货车这样运行，它们经常被制动并重新加速。这同样也适用于赛车，并且通常也适用于城市交通中的车辆。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是，给出一种混合动力车，它能够回收更大部分的制动能量。
为了实现这个目的，在上述形式的混合动力车中按照本发明规定，所述转子能通过至少一可切换的接合装置/离合器与能被发动机驱动的所述至少一车桥的驱动轴机械地耦合。
本发明基于这样的认识：飞轮蓄能器的转子除了由至少一电机提供的能量之外还能机械地与被发动机驱动的车桥的驱动轴连接，由此可以提高回收的制动能。通过这种方式这样改进常见的混合动力车，使得可以再回收绝大部分制动能。在常见的混合动力车中——其中电机在制动过程期间可以作为发电机运行，可回收的能量相当于可由两个电机以发电机方式产生的电流量，但是这个能量远小于总体产生的制动能，并且可再回收能量的增大由于重量的原因不是适宜的。因此在常见的混合动力车中供加速使用的能量近似相当于在制动过程中回收的能量——如果不考虑转换损失的话。相反，利用按照本发明的混合动力车通过以下方式可以回收更大部分制动能：飞轮蓄能器附加机械地通过与发动机连接的驱动轴加速。
在按照本发明的混合动力车中可以规定，所述可切换的接合装置设计成摩擦接合装置。该摩擦接合装置原则上相当于在具有变速机构的机动车中使用的摩擦接合装置。通过可切换的接合装置可以使与发动机连接的驱动轴在制动过程期间与飞轮蓄能器连接，以便使该飞轮蓄能器附加地充载。
在按照本发明的混合动力车中特别优选的是，在所述摩擦接合装置与能被发动机驱动的车桥的驱动轴之间布置有可切换的变速器，该车桥与发动机连接。在此所述变速器优选为在发动机与被驱动的车桥之间本来就存在的变速器。
如果按照本发明的混合动力车的飞轮蓄能器布置在密封的或可密封的壳体中，就可以得到特别好的效率。通过密封避免流动损失，否则可能鉴于转子的高转速而产生流动损失。
为了进一步改善按照本发明的混合动力车的效率可以规定，容纳飞轮的壳体能借助真空泵排真空。可控的真空泵提供这样的可能性：使飞轮蓄能器空气密封地封闭，由此使在转子中储存的运动能量更长时间地保持，否则空气的流通将导致流动损失。
如果所述飞轮蓄能器包括内部的接合装置，还能够达到更高的效率。由此可以在充载状态中分离不必要的零部件。在此可以是其它、尤其是第三电机的电组成部分，它们只在马达运行中是必需的，但是在飞轮充载时不是必需的。与此相关特别有利的是，通到飞轮的壳体中的驱动轴能借助密封件密封。该密封件优选是锥形的并且通过内部的接合装置的操纵而起作用。只有当接合装置分离时，才以这种方式密封壳体。按照本发明设置的锥形密封件替换有磨损的径向轴密封环。
为了使电机转速适配于（在变速前的）飞轮转速，在按照本发明的混合动力车中可以规定，该混合动力车具有控制装置。利用该控制装置分级地切换变速器，即，当电机转速在制动过程期间下降到确定的值时，由控制装置切换到更低的挡位，用于使电机转速提高并且适配于在变速前的飞轮转速。所述变速器优选为自动变速器，由此可以无需使用者干预地实现切换过程。
所述另一电机、尤其是第三电机可以包括转子和定子作为飞轮蓄能器的组成部分，其中，所述转子或者所述定子具有永久磁铁。其它的组成部分分别具有激励绕组，在其中通过旋转感应电压。
在按照本发明的混合动力车中，所述可切换的摩擦接合装置可以配备有防抱死制动系统。由此确保可靠地将转矩从驱动轴传递到飞轮蓄能器上。
附加地，按照本发明的混合动力车可以包括换能器，用于在制动过程中将与发动机耦合的驱动轴的动能转换成气动能、液压能或电能并且以这种方式输送到飞轮蓄能器。例如所述动能可以用于充载压缩空气蓄能器，通过压缩空气蓄能器可以驱动涡轮，该涡轮与飞轮耦合。通过这种方式，所述飞轮可以借助气动能加速。优选除了机械驱动装置之外还设有用于产生气动能、液压能或电能的飞轮蓄能器，但是也可以设想这样的实施例：其中代替机械耦合和能量传递借助气动能、液压能或电能实现飞轮加速。因此所述换能器转换驱动轴的动能，被转换的能量用于在制动过程期间加速转子。
鉴于由驱动轴传递的高功率可以在按照本发明的混合动力车中规定，所述摩擦接合装置与热交换器耦合。该热交换器用于排出在接合装置中产生的热量。首先，如果在两个接合装置侧面之间补偿转速差，则该热量通过接合装置的打滑产生。所述热交换器优选设计为油热交换器/冷却水热交换器。所述热交换器可以集成在发动机的冷却循环回路中，通过冷却摩擦接合装置来实现附加负载是没有问题的，这是因为所述电机在制动过程期间对冷却循环回路的加载程度变小。
附图说明
根据实施例参照附图详细解释本发明的其它优点和细节。附图是示意图并且示出：
图1按照本发明的混合动力车的主要组成部分；和
图2曲线图，其中标出在制动过程期间飞轮和驱动轴的转速以及车辆速度与时间的关系。
具体实施方式
在图1中所示的混合动力车1包括发动机2，该发动机与自动变速器3连接。通过与自动变速器3连接的驱动轴4驱动第一车桥7的车轮5、6。第二车桥10的车轮8、9通过电机11、12驱动。在制动过程中，电机11、12能作为发电机运行。在以发电机方式运行时通过旋转的车轮8、9产生电压，产生的电流用于为飞轮蓄能器13充载。该飞轮蓄能器13包括转子14和定子15。转子14和定子15共同形成电机18，该电机能作为发电机或者作为马达运行。
在制动过程中，电力电子设备16控制第二车桥10的电机11、12。在制动过程期间产生的电能通过导线17被输送到飞轮蓄能器13的电机18，由此使转子14加速。
飞轮蓄能器13布置在壳体19中，该壳体能借助密封件20密封。密封件20设计为锥形的并且抵靠驱动轴21密封壳体19。借助真空泵22可以在密封状态下对壳体19内部排真空，由此降低流动损失。除了飞轮蓄能器13的转子14的所说明的加速以外，该还可以附加机械地通过驱动轴21使飞轮蓄能器加速。飞轮蓄能器13通过摩擦接合装置23可选择地与自动变速器3的驱动轴25连接。在制动过程期间，转子14可以通过可切换的摩擦接合装置23机械地通过自动变速器3的驱动轴25与第一车桥7的驱动轴4耦合，由此使通到飞轮蓄能器13的壳体19中的驱动轴21加速。在摩擦接合装置23与驱动轴21之间设有变速器24。在开始制动过程时摩擦接合装置23接合，由此使驱动轴21并进而使飞轮蓄能器13的转子14加速。第一车桥7的车轮5、6的动能以这种方式被机械地转换成飞轮蓄能器13的动能。因此在制动过程中一方面通过使第二车桥的电机11、12以发电机方式运行来驱动转子14，另一方面机械地通过驱动轴4来驱动转子14。由此与仅仅使用一个车桥的制动能的混合动力车相比，可以将更大的制动能部分输送到转子14。
在图2中示出所述制动过程与时间的关系，其中可定性地看出车辆速度、电机转速和（在变速前的）转子转速。可以看出，车辆速度近似恒定地降低。在制动过程开始时自动变速器3以第6挡位运行，在开始时电机转速高于转子转速。通过在摩擦接合装置23上的打滑补偿转速差，由此加热摩擦接合装置。摩擦热通过热交换器排出，其中，接合装置23在油池中运行，它与发动机2的冷却水循环回路耦合。
在图2中可以看出，在制动过程期间转子转速上升。如果电机转速与转子转速（在变速前）是相同的，则转子不能继续加速。然后自动变速器3切换到更低的挡位、即从第6挡位到第5挡位，由此提高驱动轴25在摩擦接合装置23的输入端上的转速。在这种状态下，转子14继续加速。类似地分级地切换到更低挡位，直到在第1挡位中不能再使转子继续加速。自动变速器3的这种切换过程自动地由控制器触发。在这个状态下，飞轮蓄能器13的转子14以非常高的转速旋转。为了使得由于摩擦效应引起的能量损失最小化，借助密封件20密封飞轮蓄能器13的壳体19，通过真空泵22对壳体19的内部排真空，由此可以在一定的时间内保持作为动能储存在转子14中的能量。在这种状态下，摩擦接合装置23再次分离。在飞轮蓄能器13内部中的内部接合装置26同样分离，这起到不驱动不必要的部件的作用。
在加速过程期间可以使用储存在转子14中的动能。在这个运行状态中，包括转子14和定子15的第三电机18作为发电机运行，由此制动转子14。通过发电机方式的运行产生电流，该电流通过导线17和电力电子设备16被输送到电机11、12。由此加速第二车桥的车轮8、9。通过电能引起的这种加速附加于如下转矩起作用：该转矩通过发动机2产生并且通过自动变速器3和驱动轴4输出到第一车桥7。

Claims (13)

1.一种混合动力车，包括发动机连同用于驱动至少一车桥的车轮的驱动轴以及至少一电机，该至少一电机用于驱动所述车桥的车轮或至少一个另外的车桥的车轮，其中，所述至少一电机能在制动过程中作为发电机运行并且能在加速过程中作为马达运行，该混合动力车还包括与所述至少一电机耦合的另一电机，该另一电机包括一具有转子的飞轮蓄能器，该飞轮蓄能器能在制动过程中被充载并且能在加速过程中被卸载，
其特征在于，
所述转子（14）能通过至少一可切换的接合装置（23）与能被发动机驱动的所述至少一车桥（7）的驱动轴（4）机械地耦合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述可切换的接合装置（23）设计成摩擦接合装置。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
在所述摩擦接合装置（23）与能被发动机驱动的车桥的驱动轴（4）之间布置有可切换的变速器（3）。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述飞轮蓄能器（13）布置在密封的或可密封的壳体（19）中。
5.根据权利要求4所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
容纳飞轮的壳体（19）能借助真空泵（21）排真空。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述飞轮蓄能器（13）包括内部的接合装置（26）。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
通到飞轮的壳体（13）中的驱动轴（21）能借助密封件（20）密封，该密封件优选是锥形的。
8.根据权利要求3至7中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
该混合动力车具有用于变速器的控制装置，该控制装置用于在制动过程中调整电机转速，其中，所述变速器优选为自动变速器（3）。
9.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述另一电机（18）包括转子（14）和定子（15），其中，所述转子（14）或者所述定子（15）具有永久磁铁。
10.根据权利要求2至9中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述可切换的摩擦接合装置（23）配备有防抱死制动系统。
11.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
该混合动力车包括换能器，用于在制动过程中将与发动机（2）耦合的驱动轴（4）的动能转换成气动能、液压能或电能并且输送到飞轮蓄能器（13）。
12.根据权利要求11所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
对于产生气动能的换能器的情况设有与飞轮蓄能器（13）耦合的涡轮。
13.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的混合动力车，
其特征在于，
所述摩擦接合装置（23）与热交换器耦合，尤其与油热交换器/冷却水热交换器耦合。
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