CN103817922A - 复合材料接合系统和方法 - Google Patents
复合材料接合系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103817922A CN103817922A CN201310576407.4A CN201310576407A CN103817922A CN 103817922 A CN103817922 A CN 103817922A CN 201310576407 A CN201310576407 A CN 201310576407A CN 103817922 A CN103817922 A CN 103817922A
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Abstract
本发明的名称是复合材料接合系统和方法。由复合结构形成的接合表面,所述复合结构具有至少一个铺层和被固化至复合结构的外表面的可剥保护层,所述可剥保护层包括每个均填充有接合材料的多个微胶囊,其中在从复合结构的外表面移除可剥保护层后,微胶囊碎裂并且释放树脂,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
Description
技术领域
本公开一般涉及复合材料接合(joining),更具体地,涉及接合表面和形成复合材料的方法,所述复合材料包括具有多个可暴露微胶囊的可剥保护层(peel ply),所述微胶囊在碎裂后释放树脂,用于接合至相邻材料。
背景技术
将未固化第二材料接合至现有已固化的复合材料通常需要较大组件和相对厚和/或薄的单独复合材料零件,然后可将其接合在一起。该接合方法可提供较弱、第二结合处,其可能难以使用标准检测方法验证强度和耐久性。该第二接合中反复出现的问题是第二结合(bond)可能未被完全层压或者可能是弱结合,并且由于机械疲劳、撞击或者老化,复合结构往往衰退或者退化。该问题由于航空航天工业中所使用的复合材料的广泛使用而受到极大关注。现有解决方案包括手工打磨形成磨光表面、使用干燥可剥保护层以及多阶段固化过程或者第二结合组件,这可需要具体的时间控制以及额外的粘合剂以固定结合。
因此,本领域技术人员在复合材料接合领域继续研究和开发努力,从而改善未固化材料接合至固化复合结构。
发明内容
在一个实施方式中,本公开复合材料接合系统可包括复合结构,其具有至少一个铺层和被固化至复合结构外表面的可剥保护层,所述可剥保护层包括每个填充有接合材料(例如树脂)的多个微胶囊,其中在从复合结构外表面移除可剥保护层后,微胶囊碎裂并释放接合材料,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
在另一个实施方式中,公开的复合材料接合系统可包括复合结构,其具有至少一个铺层和被固化至复合结构外表面的可剥保护层,所述复合结构包括在外表面下的多个微胶囊,其中每个微胶囊均填充有树脂,其中在从复合结构外表面移除可剥保护层后,微胶囊碎裂并释放接合材料,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
在另一个实施方式中,公开的复合材料接合系统可包括具有至少一个铺层的复合结构,所述铺层包括嵌入基体的多个增强纤维以及每个均填充有树脂的多个微胶囊,其中在制备组合结构外表面后,微胶囊碎裂并释放树脂,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
在又一个实施方式中,公开的是形成接合表面的方法,其包括以下步骤:(1)装配具有至少一个铺层和可剥保护层的复合结构,所述可剥保护层包括每个均填充有树脂的多个微胶囊,(2)从复合结构移除可剥保护层,以及(3)碎裂多个微胶囊,以释放树脂并形成未固化表面用于接合。
根据以下具体实施方式、附图和所附权利要求,将明白公开的复合材料接合系统的其他方面和方法。
附图说明
图1是公开的接合表面的一个实施方式的复合结构的横截面图;
图2是公开的接合表面的另一个实施方式的复合结构的横截面图;
图3是描绘移除可剥保护层的图2的复合结构的侧视图;
图4是公开的接合表面的可剥保护层的放大横截面图;
图5是图3中描绘的单个微胶囊的放大横截面图;
图6是描绘移除可剥保护层后富含树脂加工面的图2的复合结构的侧视图;
图7是图2的复合结构的侧视图,其中第二结构附着至树脂覆盖加工面的周围;
图8是公开的接合表面的另一个实施方式的复合结构的横截面图;和
图9是公开的接合表面的另一个实施方式的聚合物结构的横截面图。
具体实施方式
以下具体实施方式涉及图解本公开具体实施方式的附图。具有不同结构和操作的其他实施方式不背离本公开的范围。类似标识数字可在不同附图中涉及相同元件或者部件。
参考图1和图2,自接合复合材料,一般指定为10,可包括由组成材料所构成的复合结构12。复合结构12可由单铺层14(图1)组成,或者可以是由多个铺层14(图2)的堆叠组件所形成的层压件。每个铺层14可以是这样的复合材料,其具有嵌入基体的多个增强纤维16。作为一种替代,铺层14可包括带(或者其他增强材料)而不是纤维16。作为另一种替代,铺层14可以是混合物,其包括增强纤维16和增强带(或者其他增强材料)。
例如,单铺层14可包括以单一方向(即单向)或者以两个方向(即,双向;例如织物)取向的纤维16。如图1所示,为了图解的清楚性,示出单一方向的单铺层14的纤维16。此外,如图2所示的,为了图解的方便性,示出为单一方向的堆叠复合结构12的多个铺层14中的每个的纤维16;然而,本领域技术人员可明白在实践中,可改变多个铺层14的堆叠中的纤维方向,从而给予复合结构12所需的机械性能。堆叠复合材料12可具有以堆叠顺序铺放和固化的任何数量的铺层14。
纤维16可沿着零件长度平行(单一/纵向,0°)、圆周(双轴,90°)或者螺旋形(偏置,±33°至45°)延伸,或者具有随机连续线股(strand)。也可改变线股,产生在所有方向上具有相等强度的近乎各向同性的层压件。例如,图2图解的复合结构12可以是具有四个铺层(或者薄片)14A、14B、14C、14D的层压件。第一铺层14A可具有纵向取向的纤维16。第二铺层14B可具有相对于第一铺层14A成四十五度(45°)取向的纤维16。第三铺层14C可具有相对于第一铺层14A成九十度(90°)取向的纤维。第四铺层可具有相对于第一铺层14A成四十五度(45°)取向的纤维。本领域技术人员能够明白虽然复合结构一般是该对称铺叠(lay-up),但是可使用其他不对称取向。
使用任何合适的制造技术可形成复合结构12,其包括湿铺叠、喷雾成型(spray-up)、压缩、喷射、树脂传递、真空灌注或者类似方法。可选地,每个铺层14可以是使用树脂预浸渍的纤维增强的现成模制板,即预浸渍制品。
接下来参考图3至图5,可剥保护层18可被施加至复合结构12的至少一个表面。可剥保护层18可以是被施加和固化至复合结构12的加工面20的织物30和树脂介质32的形式。本领域技术人员能够意识到可使用任何合适的织物类型,例如机织的(woven)、毡制的(felted)、或者编织的(matted)织物。可剥保护层18可消除砂磨或者喷铁砂的需要,并且在被移除时,加工面20上将留下较少或者没有残留纤维。
可剥保护层18可包括嵌入纤维30和树脂介质32的多个微胶囊22。每个微胶囊22,也被称为空心微球、微泡或者微球囊,可以是具有固体壁34的较小主体,所述固体壁34经制造以封入树脂24或者可聚合的其他可流动接合材料。如在此使用的,“树脂”指代或者广义上指代任何合适的接合材料,不管是否是树脂。微胶囊22在可剥保护层18的聚合物基体内均匀分布或者基本上均匀分布通常是优选的,但并非对所有应用需要。可制造几百微米或者更小的各种直径范围内的微胶囊22。在相同应用中,可使用各种尺寸的微胶囊22。给定多个微胶囊22的外径可具有依据应用所预想的尺寸分布范围。
微胶囊22的壁34的厚度和脆度可被选择以在功能上足够在移除可剥保护层18后故意碎裂,同时防止在通常遇到压缩力或者张力下过早破裂。可理解壁厚度一般随微胶囊22直径的增加而增加,并且微胶囊22的碎裂强度一般随壁厚度增加而增加。微胶囊22形状可以是大体球形的,但可以使用其他几何形状。微胶囊的壁34可以由,例如热塑性树脂、热固性树脂、水合金属氧化物、硅石、硼硅酸盐、硅酸型溶胶-凝胶前体、碳或者聚合物例如脲甲醛或者酚醛塑料形成。另外地,微胶囊22的壁34或者微胶囊外壳的一些部分可以由或者部分由这样的材料形成,所述材料在被固化时额外地韧化树脂24的原料聚合物,从而维持符合航空航天复合系统或者其他预期使用的碎裂韧性,例如聚醚酮酮(PEKK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚酰胺、聚醚砜(PES)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚亚芳醚、或者羧端基丙烯腈-丁二烯(CTBN)橡胶。
树脂24可以是被封装在微胶囊22内的任何合适的液体环氧树脂或者其他可聚合材料,所述微胶囊22在可剥保护层18被固化或者被部分固化至复合结构12时是稳定的。树脂24可以是任何合适的单体、低聚物或者其组合。任选地,可并入少量的溶剂,从而在微胶囊22碎裂后促进树脂24的流动。树脂24可以是具有粘性的材料,这允许其在从复合结构12的加工面20移除可剥保护层18的预期使用条件下,从微胶囊22中流出。树脂24一般可具有粘性和流变学特性,这允许其在使用可剥保护层18的预期操作温度下流动。可选地,在固化或者部分固化过程期间,树脂24可具有允许其在增加的温度下流动的特性。通过目前已知的或者对于该一般目的将知的合适的技术,可将树脂24封装在微胶囊22内。
任选地,溶剂可与树脂24一起被包括在微胶囊22内(例如物理上混合),其量在微胶囊22的破裂或者碎裂后有效促进树脂24流动。在使用时,一般选择在预期或者设计使用树脂24的温度下为液态或者可流动材料的溶剂。在使用时,优选地,溶剂相对于树脂为化学上惰性的。此外,可选择溶剂,以便溶剂不会影响接合系统的质量。
任选地,聚合剂可被附着至微胶囊22的外表面36。聚合剂可以是这样的材料,其在树脂24开始与聚合剂接触时,例如在通过移除可剥保护层18使微胶囊22破裂时,将引起或者促进封入微胶囊22内的具体树脂24或者其他可聚合材料聚合。微胶囊22的外表面36可以是微胶囊22本身的裸露表面,或者可选地,可以是可被整体应用在微胶囊22表面上的一个或多个薄膜涂层的表面。可选地,聚合剂可被封入独立的多个微胶囊内,其也在移除可剥保护层18后破裂,并且与树脂24接合材料混合。
一般地,可剥保护层18可通过任何技术成形为所需形状,所述技术包括,例如层压、注射、挤出、挤出覆盖、薄膜吹塑、压延、薄板热成型、吹塑、基片上涂布、旋转模塑、铸造、压缩模塑以及传递成型。微胶囊22可在硬化前的任何方便时候嵌入可剥保护层18内。作为实际问题,如果使用,在将微胶囊22引入可剥保护层18之前,聚合剂可被附着至微胶囊22的表面。例如,在将树脂介质32和织物30混合期间中,可引入微胶囊22。如果在硬化前将可剥保护层18通过具有高剪切力和与其相关的类似技术,例如注射成型或者挤出,成形为所需几何形状,则应注意微胶囊22被设计来承受成形条件而不会过早破裂。
参考图3和图6,在已组装复合结构12和可剥保护层18后(图1和图2),可例如在高压釜中进行固化或者部分固化。在移除可剥保护层18以及微胶囊22破裂后,大量未固化树脂24保留在复合结构12的加工面20上,用于接合第二结构26。因此,在移除可剥保护层18后,复合结构12的加工面20留下作为富含树脂加工面28或者接合表面——为固化表面和未固化表面的组合,在无需粘合剂的情况下第二结构26可与其接合。
参考图7,第二结构26可以是未固化的,即未加工的(green)、复合材料,可以是第二复合结构的加工面,可以是已移除其可剥保护层18的第二堆叠复合结构12的富含树脂加工面28,或者可以是复合材料的额外铺层,其允许在不使用粘合剂的情况下,使用未固化和固化的层压件堆叠系统增大(build up)或者以其他方式装配较厚的结构。在某些应用中,可能需要第二结构26为富含树脂复合材料铺层,以便在无需粘合剂的情况下实现恰当的接合。该方法可提供在固化期间对放热的控制和平衡,这将引起最终复合材料的热降解,并且可减少总的固化时间。
富含树脂加工面28可允许复合结构12的加工面和第二结构26在结合处38接合在一起,这可允许树脂24化学混合并且反应,以形成均质界面。均质结合处38可允许为空隙检测(void detection)进行标准的通过超声传播(TTU)检验。目前TTU检验能够检测由于两接合铺层或者基片之间的紧密接触,即吻接(kissing bond)导致的层离或者弱结合。该缺陷可通过公开的接合表面克服,因为富含树脂加工面28可将湿的,即未固化的,表面提供至湿表面接合和固化结构,其具有与共同固化复合材料类似的性能。
任选地,分隔物(veil)40可被添加至组合结构42(即,组合的复合结构12和第二结构26)。分隔物40可被整合在复合结构12的富含树脂加工面28和第二结构26的加工面44之间,成为接合处38的一部分。分隔物40可被用于额外地韧化注入的结构12、26。分隔物40可以是独立的基片或者可以是第二结构26的部分,例如复合材料的预浸料铺层,其被附着至或者固化至复合结构12的富含树脂加工面28。
公开的接合表面的各种实行可被用于形成组合结构42。作为例子,可以铺叠和固化单铺层或者多片复合结构12和可剥保护层18。当第二结构26被添加至复合结构12时,可从加工面20中移除,即拉开可剥保护层18,这碎裂多个微胶囊22和形成富含树脂加工面28。然后,可将第二结构26接合至富含树脂加工面28,并且任选地固化至复合结构12,以形成组合结构44。作为另一个例子,可铺叠和任选地固化两个复合结构12,其每个均具有可剥保护层18。可移除每个复合结构12的可剥保护层18,以产生接合在一起形成组合结构42的两个相对富含树脂加工面28。如又一个例子,可铺叠和任选地固化两个复合结构12,其每个均具有可剥保护层18。可移除每个复合结构12的可剥保护层18,以产生用额外的粘合剂接合在一起形成组合结构42的两个相对富含树脂加工面28。
公开的接合表面的益处可以是通过使用由微胶囊22破裂所产生的富含树脂加工面28,沿着接合处38,接合各种不同材料的第二结构26的能力。
接下来参考图8,自接合复合材料,一般指定为50,可包括由组成材料构成的复合结构52。复合结构52可由单铺层54形成,或者可以是由多个铺层54的堆叠组件形成的层压件,例如,仅示出单铺层54。每个铺层54可以是这样的复合材料,其具有通过树脂介质58,例如预浸渍铺层,嵌入基体内的多个增强纤维56(或者其他增强材料)。铺层54可包括嵌入树脂介质58内的多个微胶囊60。微胶囊60可以是具有固体壁62的较小主体,所述固体壁经制造以封入树脂64或者其他可流动接合材料。微胶囊60的壁62的厚度和脆度可经选择在功能上足够故意碎裂,同时防止在通常遇到压缩力或者张力,或者在复合结构52的初始固化期间的过早破裂。
微胶囊60可被分布在接近(即,在或附近)复合结构52的外表面68,以在外表面68的表面制备后故意碎裂。例如,传统的可剥保护层可被固化至外表面68,其在移除后将碎裂外表面68和使嵌入的微胶囊60破裂,从而形成第二结构可接合的富含树脂加工面。可剥保护层可消除对砂磨或者喷铁砂的需要,并且在被移除时,在加工面20上将留下较少或者没有残留纤维。如另一个例子,通过使用激光、喷CO2(CO2blasting)或者蚀刻处理,可制备复合结构52的外表面68,从而碎裂外表面68和使微胶囊60破裂。
接下来参考图9,自接合复合材料,一般指定为70,可包括由组成材料构成的聚合物结构72。聚合物结构72可包括多个微胶囊74,其嵌入和分布在接近聚合物结构72的外表面76,从而在表面制备后提供故意碎裂。微胶囊74可以是具有固体壁78的较小主体,所述固体壁经制造以封入树脂78或者其他可流动接合材料,例如可聚合的接合材料。在所选的表面处理后,可碎裂聚合物结构72的外表面76,因此使微胶囊74破裂和释放树脂78,从而形成富含树脂加工面,另一结构在有或者没有额外的粘合剂的情况下可接合该加工面。
因此,公开的接合表面可提供复合结构或者聚合物结构,其在所选表面制备后可故意碎裂多个嵌入树脂所填充的微胶囊,其形成固化和未固化加工面,各种材料的第二结构可接合至该加工面。
本公开包括根据以下条款的实施方式:
1.一种复合材料接合系统,其包括:
包括至少一个铺层的复合结构,所述复合结构具有外表面;
固化至所述外表面的可剥保护层;以及
多个微胶囊,每个均填充有接合材料。
2.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中配置所述多个微胶囊,以便在从所述外表面移除所述可剥保护层后,所述多个微胶囊的至少一部分碎裂,并且释放所述接合材料,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
3.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述接合材料是树脂。
4.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊被放置在接近所述外表面和所述可剥保护层之间的界面处。
5.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊被分布在所述可剥保护层内。
6.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊的每个包括封入所述接合材料的外壁。
7.条款6中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊进一步包括聚合剂。
8.条款6中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊的所述外壁进一步包括韧化所述接合材料的材料。
9.条款1中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述接合材料包括可流动聚合树脂。
10.条款2中的复合材料接合系统,其中第二结构被共同固化至所述未固化表面。
11.条款10中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述未固化表面进一步包括粘合剂层。
12.一种复合材料接合系统,其包括:
复合结构,其包括具有嵌入有基体的多个增强纤维的至少一个铺层,所述复合结构具有外表面;
多个微胶囊,其被接近所述外表面的所述复合结构支撑,其中所述多个微胶囊的每个填充有接合材料。
13.条款12中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述接合材料包括树脂。
14.条款12中的复合材料接合系统,其中在制备所述外表面后,所述多个微胶囊的至少一部分碎裂并且释放接合材料,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
15.条款12中的复合材料接合系统,进一步包括被共同固化至所述外表面的可剥保护层。
16.条款13中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊中的每个包括封入所述树脂的外壁。
17.条款16中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊的所述外壁进一步包括韧化所述树脂的材料。
18.条款13中的复合材料接合系统,其中所述树脂包括可流动聚合材料。
19.一种形成接合表面的方法,其包括以下步骤:
组装包括至少一个铺层和可剥保护层的复合结构,所述可剥保护层包括每个均填充有树脂的多个微胶囊;
固化所述复合结构;以及
从所述复合结构移除所述可剥保护层,以碎裂所述多个微胶囊的至少一部分并释放所述树脂,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
20.条款19所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
将第二结构连接(coupling)至所述未固化表面;以及
将所述复合结构和所述第二结构固化在一起,以形成组合结构。
尽管示出和描述了本公开复合接合系统和方法的各个方面,但是在阅读说明书后,本领域技术人员可想到修改。本申请包括此类修改并且仅受到权利要求范围的限制。
Claims (13)
1.一种复合材料接合系统,其包括:
包括至少一个铺层(14)的复合结构(12),所述复合结构(12)具有外表面(36);
固化至所述外表面(36)的可剥保护层(18);以及
多个微胶囊(22),每个均填充有接合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料接合系统,其中配置所述多个微胶囊(22),以便在从所述外表面(36)移除所述可剥保护层(18)后,所述多个微胶囊(22)的至少一部分碎裂,并且释放所述接合材料,以形成未固化表面用于接合。
3.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述接合材料是树脂(24)。
4.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊(22)被放置在接近所述外表面(36)和所述可剥保护层(18)之间的界面处。
5.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊(33)被分布在所述可剥保护层(18)内。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的复合材料接合系统,其中每个所述多个微胶囊(22)包括封入所述接合材料的外壁。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊(22)进一步包括聚合剂。
8.根据权利要求6所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述多个微胶囊(22)的所述外壁进一步包括韧化所述接合材料的材料。
9.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述接合材料包括可流动聚合树脂。
10.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料接合系统,其中第二结构(26)被共同固化至所述未固化表面。
11.根据权利要求10所述的复合材料接合系统,其中所述未固化表面进一步包括粘合剂层。
12.一种形成接合表面的方法,其包括以下步骤:
组装包括至少一个铺层(14)和可剥保护层(18)的复合结构(12),所述可剥保护层(18)包括每个均填充有树脂(24)的多个微胶囊(22);
固化所述复合结构(12);以及
从所述复合结构(12)移除所述可剥保护层(18),以碎裂所述多个微胶囊(22)的至少一部分并释放所述树脂(24),以形成未固化表面用于接合。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:
将第二结构(26)连接至所述未固化表面;以及
将所述复合结构(12)和所述第二结构(26)固化在一起,以形成组合结构。
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CN106182749A (zh) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-12-07 | 道生天合材料科技(上海)有限公司 | 玻璃纤维布粘接方法 |
CN107107489A (zh) * | 2014-09-03 | 2017-08-29 | 空中客车集团简化股份公司 | 预聚合的热固性复合部件及其制造方法 |
CN107672085A (zh) * | 2016-08-01 | 2018-02-09 | 波音公司 | 力响应性预浸渍复合方法、系统和装置 |
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CA2921904C (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2021-03-16 | Cytec Industries Inc. | Bonding of composite materials |
GB2521370A (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2015-06-24 | Prodrive Composites Ltd | A product and a method of making a product |
US9676148B2 (en) * | 2014-08-04 | 2017-06-13 | Spirit Aerosystems, Inc. | System and method for manufacturing and testing composite acoustic panels |
DE102015225467B4 (de) * | 2015-12-16 | 2019-12-19 | Airbus Defence and Space GmbH | Beschichtetes Verbundbauteil und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines beschichteten Verbundbauteils |
US11306211B2 (en) * | 2019-08-21 | 2022-04-19 | International Business Machines Corporation | Porosity reduction by encapsulated polymerizing agents |
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CN107107489A (zh) * | 2014-09-03 | 2017-08-29 | 空中客车集团简化股份公司 | 预聚合的热固性复合部件及其制造方法 |
CN107107489B (zh) * | 2014-09-03 | 2019-05-17 | 空中客车集团简化股份公司 | 预聚合的热固性复合部件及其制造方法 |
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CN107672085B (zh) * | 2016-08-01 | 2021-06-15 | 波音公司 | 力响应性预浸渍复合方法、系统和装置 |
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US9193129B2 (en) | 2015-11-24 |
EP2732957A3 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
EP2732957A2 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
JP2014100913A (ja) | 2014-06-05 |
US20140141234A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
CN103817922B (zh) | 2017-10-13 |
EP2732957B1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
JP6239347B2 (ja) | 2017-11-29 |
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