CN103797321A - 用于co2的液化的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于co2的液化的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN103797321A
CN103797321A CN201280013148.8A CN201280013148A CN103797321A CN 103797321 A CN103797321 A CN 103797321A CN 201280013148 A CN201280013148 A CN 201280013148A CN 103797321 A CN103797321 A CN 103797321A
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O·德卡耶
A·达德
H·勒比昂
X·特拉维萨
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

在一种用于使包含至少60mol%CO2的气体液化以生产至少一种液体产品的方法中,第一原料气体被从第一压力压缩至第二压力并冷却以形成液体或超临界流,所述液体或超临界流的至少一部分在热交换器(E1)中冷却以形成处于第二压力下的循环液体,所述循环液体被分成包括辅助部分的至少两个部分,至少一个部分在所述热交换器中通过与所述液体或超临界流部分交换热量而蒸发,并且在存在至少两个部分的情况下,各部分在不同压力下蒸发,所形成的至少一种气体然后被压缩并与第一原料气体混合,所述辅助部分(13)或者构成液体产品或液体产品之一,或者在至少一个分离装置(P1,P3)中在低于环境温度下通过分离被处理,以便形成液体产品。

Description

用于CO2的液化的方法和设备
本发明涉及用于CO2的液化的方法和设备。
设想用于运输CO2的工业方法是通过船舶运输,这需要例如来自各种源的CO2的液化:来自燃煤发电厂、炼钢设备、SMR、气化工艺等的气体。
有时需要在超临界压力下通过管道输送CO2,为此,待输送的液体必须在高压下被加压。
在液化之前可通过物理和/或化学分离方法进行一种或多种烟气(或合成气)处理。
US-A-4699642描述了一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的用于使富含CO2的气体液化的方法。
在该方法中,循环液体在基本上等于待液化气体的压力的压力下蒸发。
本发明提出用于CO2的液化、和可选地对通过管道从多个源中的一者输送CO2的调节、使CO2的损失最小化以及与CO2的净化和液化相关的比能量的优化方案。
根据本发明,从一个或多个源流出的不纯的CO2经由循环压缩机被压缩至期望的压力以用于使CO2在环境温度下(或者与中间冷流体相互作用)冷凝。该CO2的一部分可以在充分压力下被直接压缩以用于通过管道输送CO2,该CO2的另一部分可以在冷箱中使用。被传送进冷箱的液态CO2潜在地具有两个用途:一部分可被净化以用于生产液态CO2,其它部分通过液态CO2的膨胀提供制冷平衡。单元可还包括以下技术阶段:
·在压缩机的上游通过吸附使气体干燥。
·消除或减少杂质,例如通过吸附消除或减少Hg,经由蒸馏塔消除或减少NOx。
·经由蒸馏塔净化CO2
·经由冷箱中的中间压缩改进CO2产量。
该布置结构因此允许即使CO2源中的一者丢失也能够可靠地使用液化装置。
如果不纯的CO2的至少一个源处于用于使CO2液化的正确压力下,则该源的气体优选地被选择用于生产液态CO2
可选地,为了使至少所生产的液态CO2的压力均一,可能需要压缩来自所述源中的一者的气体。
根据JP-A-58208117,EP-A-0646756和SU-A-1479802已知通过压缩和冷却CO2使其液化。
根据本发明的一个主题,提供了一种用于使包含至少60%mol CO2、或者甚至至少80%CO2的气体液化以生产至少一种液态产品的方法,其中,原料气体被从第一压力压缩至第二压力并冷却以形成液体或超临界流,所述液体或超临界流的至少一部分在热交换器中冷却以形成处于第二压力下的循环液体,所述循环液体或源自所述循环液体的液体被分成包括辅助部分的至少两个部分,至少一个部分在该交换器中通过与所述液体或超临界流的所述部分交换热量而蒸发,所述至少一个部分蒸发,并且在存在至少两个部分的情况下,各部分在不同压力下蒸发,所形成的气体然后被压缩并与第一原料气体混合,所述辅助部分或者构成液态产品或液态产品之一,或者在至少一个分离装置中通过在低于环境温度下分离被处理,以便形成液态产品或液态产品之一,所述方法的特征在于,所述原料气体在与通过循环液体的蒸发形成的至少一种气体混合之后被从第一压力压缩至第二压力,所述通过蒸发形成的气体已经在不与第一气体混合的情况下被从其蒸发压力压缩至第一压力。
因此,循环液体在比第一压力低的压力下蒸发。
优选地,循环液体在两个不同的压力下蒸发,每个压力都低于第一压力。
可选地:
-所述源自循环液体的液体这样得到:通过在相分离器中分离以便生成气态部分和液态部分,所述液态部分构成所述源自循环液体的液体;
-循环液体在交换器中以与在交换器中冷却的液体或超临界流相同的组分蒸发;
-所述液体或超临界流的一部分未在热交换器中冷却并且用作产品;
-第二原料气体在没有与第一原料气体一起被压缩的情况下在分离装置或者分离装置的至少一者中被净化;
-循环气体的至少一个部分在低于第一压力的压力下蒸发并且在与第一原料气体混合之前被压缩至第一压力;
-所述辅助部分和/或第二原料气体通过在至少一个相分离器和/或至少一个蒸馏塔中分离而被净化,以形成液体产品或液体产品之一;
-在第二压力下与循环气体混合的原料气体在热交换器的上游被冷却以便供应所述液体或超临界流,并且所述液体或超临界流随后被传送至所述热交换器;
-处于第二压力下的原料气体在热交换器的上游被冷却以便形成单一液体或超临界流而没有气态流;
-所述液体或超临界流在所述热交换器(E1)中被过冷却。
根据本发明的另一个主题,提供了一种用于使包含至少60%mol.CO2的气体液化以生产至少一种液态产品的设备,包括:热交换器;包括至少两个串联的级的压缩装置,所述级包括第一级和位于第一级下游的第二级;用于将原料气体传送至压缩装置的第二级的入口以将原料气体从第一压力压缩至第二压力的管道;用于使处于第二压力下的气体冷却以形成液体或超临界流的装置;可选地,用于输送所述液体或超临界流的一部分作为产品而不经过热交换器的管道;用于输送所述液体或超临界流的至少一部分使其在热交换器中冷却以便形成处于第二压力下的循环液体的管道;用于传送所述液体的至少一部分使其在交换器中蒸发的至少一个管道;对于其中数个部分在交换器中蒸发的情况,用于使所述至少两个部分分别在不同压力下蒸发的装置;用于将所形成的气体传送至压缩装置的至少一个管道;以及用于循环液体的辅助部分的管道,该管道连接到热交换器以便输送所述液体产品或液体产品之一或者待处理以形成所述液体产品或液体产品之一的液体,所述设备的特征在于,用于将所形成的气体传送至压缩装置的所述管道是用于传送在所述第一级的入口处形成的至少一种气体以便形成压缩气体的管道,所述设备包括用于将在第一级中压缩的气体传送至第二级的管道。
根据其它可选的特征:
-用于将通过蒸发形成的气体传送至压缩装置的至少一个所述管道连接到所述压缩装置的一位置,所述位置在第一原料气体在所述压缩装置的进入位置的上游;
-设备包括冷箱,所述冷箱容纳以下装置:所述交换器;使将要在所述交换器中蒸发的液体减压的装置;以及用于处理循环液体的辅助部分的装置,该装置包括至少一个相分离器和/或至少一个蒸馏塔;
-设备包括用于将第二原料气体在其没有在所述压缩装置中被压缩的情况下传送至所述处理装置的管道;
-用于将第二原料气体传送至所述处理装置的所述管道连接到交换器;
-所述交换器包括单个交换器本体;
-设备不包括任何在循环液体分开之前利用CO2使循环液体增浓的装置。
下面将参照附图更详细地描述本发明。
在图1中,设备包括由钎焊铝制成的板式热交换器E1,泵42,具有四个级C1、C2、C3、C4的压缩机,和一系列相分离器P1、P2、P3。
相分离器、热交换器和膨胀阀位于冷箱中。
来自三个不同源的气体的混合物被液化以形成超临界的和净化的CO2的流,以便形成纯CO2的液态流。
气体1将要被液化,该气体1包含至少60%mol CO2,或者甚至至少90%mol CO2,或者可选地至少95%mol CO2,以及至少一种其它气体,该其它气体例如可以是氮气、甲烷、或一氧化碳。在该量化的示例中,气体包含99%的CO2和1%的氮气。处于第一压力下的气体1与气体1A、1B混合并且形成的混合物被传送至四级压缩机的第三级C3。该气体在冷却器R3中被冷却,在第四级C4中被压缩至超出临界压力的第二压力,例如83bar(绝对压力),然后在交换器E3、E4中冷却以便形成超临界流体。可选地,该流体的一部分40没有被传送到热交换器E1,而是通过泵42被加压至150bar的压力以便形成例如被传送至管道中的产品。该流体的剩余部分或者处于级C4的输出压力下的流体在交换器E1中被冷却至大约-50℃以便形成循环液体,因为其不再是超临界的。该液体可选地被分成五部分。处于非常高压力下的一部分4在阀6中膨胀、在交换器E1中蒸发并且被传送至压缩机的第四级C4。处于高压下的一部分5在阀15中膨胀、在交换器E1中蒸发并且被传送至压缩机的第三级C3。处于中压下的一部分7在阀中膨胀、在交换器E1中蒸发并且被传送至压缩机的第二级C2的入口。处于低压下的一部分在6.9bar(绝对压力)下在阀43中膨胀并且被传送至相分离器35。如果氮浓度被减小至大约100ppm,则该低压部分将处于5.6bar(绝对压力);限制压力降低的因素是温度:需要避免该流体太冷(例如-54.5℃)以便阻止该流体接近CO2将凝固的温度。所需要的仅是流在交换器中的蒸发,例如低压部分的蒸发。在这种情况下,若干压力下的蒸发改善了热交换并降低了能量消耗。生成的液体39和生成的气体37在交换器E1中蒸发并被加热,混合后被传送至压缩机的第一级C1的入口。
该液体的剩余部分13在不经过交换器E1的情况下在阀19(或液体涡轮)中膨胀,并被传送至相分离器P1。在该相分离器中,其形成液体23和气体21。液体23在交换器中被加热,然后被传送至第三相分离器P3。来自该分离器的液体是设备的富含二氧化碳的产品25,其处于-50℃和7bar(绝对压力)下。来自相分离器P1和P3的气体被混合,在交换器E1中冷却,通过压缩机C5压缩(例如在20bar(绝对压力)下),在冷却器31中冷却,然后在交换器E1中部分冷凝并被传送至第二相分离器P2。来自该分离器的气体33包含39%的二氧化碳和61%的氮气,并且在交换器E1中被加热。液体作为流36在交换器中被加热,然后与被传送至分离器P1的部分13混合。
显见的是,该方法不一定包括对部分13的或者对来自罐P1和P3的气态相的处理,因此这些气态部分可以在于交换器E1中加热后被简单地传送至压缩机。在这种情况下,液体20和/或液体22或25构成本方法的液体产品之一。
还可以通过蒸馏处理所述部分13以便生产富含二氧化碳的液体产品,或者非常简单地对其处理以便去除气态部分。
根据图2,在图1中已经描述过的元件将不再描述。与图1的方法不同,原料流的部分1已经处于足够高的压力下以便将要在交换器E1中被过冷却。处于第一压力下的两股流1A、1B因此通过被传送至压缩机的第三级而被压缩至第二压力,如上所述,并且处于第二压力下的另一股流1被直接传送至交换器E1,该流在被传送至相分离器之前在交换器E1中被至少部分地过冷却。应当理解,流1可以是在相分离器中处理的唯一流,或者,其可以在膨胀后与部分13混合。这种处置方式还使得可以处理其中流1和流1A、1B具有明显不同的纯度的情况。例如,流1可以根据其组分被传送至分离器P1或分离器P2或分离器P3。
根据图3——与图2不同,即使流1也必须在辅助压缩机C6中被压缩以获得所需压力,可以从一源将气体直接传送用以净化处理并且将其它气体传送用以CO2液化循环。这种处置方式还使得可以处理其中流1和流1A、1B具有明显不同的纯度的情况。例如,流1可以根据其组分被传送至分离器P1或分离器P2或分离器P3。
应指出,除了旨在用于液体生产的流之外,在交换器E1中冷却的液体流被分成四个部分4、5、7和41,它们然后在交换器E1中被加热以便被传送至压缩机C1、C2、C3、C4。因此,存在多达压缩机级数的蒸发的流,各流处于不同的压力下,各自的蒸发压力对应于压缩机级输入压力。这对应于最优情况,并且显然可以仅使旨在用于压缩机的一股流(例如处于最低压力下的流)蒸发,或者使少于压缩机级数的流蒸发。
根据期望的纯度,可以回收直接来自交换器E1的液体20,并且根据客户的需求不在相分离器中处理液体的剩余部分,或者对其进行处理。
也可以在相分离器P1的输出部回收液体22作为唯一的产品或者作为产品之一。
最后,来自相分离器P3的液体25可以是唯一的产品或者产品之一。
为了获得更纯的产品,相分离器P1、P3中的至少一者可以被替换为蒸馏塔。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于使包含至少60%mol CO2、或者甚至至少80%CO2的气体液化以生产至少一种液体产品的方法,其中,原料气体被从第一压力压缩至第二压力并冷却以形成液体或超临界流,所述液体或超临界流的至少一部分在热交换器(E1)中冷却以形成处于第二压力下的循环液体,所述循环液体或源自所述循环液体的液体被分成包括辅助部分的至少两个部分,至少一个部分在所述热交换器中通过与所述液体或超临界流的所述部分交换热量而蒸发,并且在存在至少两个部分的情况下,各部分在不同压力下蒸发,所形成的气体然后被压缩并与第一原料气体混合,所述辅助部分(13)或者构成液体产品或液体产品之一,或者在至少一个分离装置(P1,P3)中在低于环境温度下通过分离被处理,以便形成液体产品或液体产品之一,所述方法的特征在于,所述原料气体在与通过所述循环液体的蒸发形成的至少一种气体混合之后被从第一压力压缩至第二压力,所述通过蒸发形成的气体已经在不与所述第一气体混合的情况下被从其蒸发压力压缩至第一压力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述源自循环液体的液体这样得到:通过在相分离器中分离以便生成气态部分和液态部分,所述液态部分构成所述源自循环液体的液体。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述液体或超临界流的一部分(42)没有在热交换器中冷却并且用作产品。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,第二原料气体在没有与所述第一原料气体一起被压缩的情况下在所述分离装置(P1,P3)或者所述分离装置的至少一者中被净化。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述循环气体的至少一个部分在低于第一压力的压力下蒸发并且在与第一原料气体混合之前被压缩至第一压力。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述辅助部分和/或第二原料气体通过在至少一个相分离器和/或至少一个蒸馏塔中分离而被净化,以形成液体产品或液体产品之一。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,在第二压力下与循环气体(3)混合的原料气体在所述热交换器(E1)的上游被冷却以便供应所述液体或超临界流,并且所述液体或超临界流随后被传送至所述热交换器。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,处于第二压力下的所述原料气体(3)在所述热交换器(E1)的上游被冷却以便形成单一液体或超临界流而没有气态流。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法,其中,所述液体或超临界流在所述热交换器(E1)中被过冷却。
10.一种用于使包含至少60%mol CO2的气体液化以生产至少一种液体产品的设备,包括热交换器(E1);包括至少两个串联的级的压缩装置(C1,C2,C3,C4),所述级包括第一级和位于第一级下游的第二级;用于将原料气体传送至压缩装置的第二级的入口以将原料气体从第一压力压缩至第二压力的管道;用于使处于第二压力下的气体冷却以形成液体或超临界流的装置;可选地用于输送所述液体或超临界流的一部分作为产品而不经过所述热交换器的管道;用于输送所述液体或超临界流的至少一部分使其在所述热交换器中冷却以便形成处于第二压力下的循环液体的管道;用于传送所述液体的至少一部分使其在所述交换器中蒸发的至少一个管道;对于其中数个部分在交换器中蒸发的情况,用于使至少两个部分分别在不同压力下蒸发的装置;用于将所形成的气体传送至所述压缩装置的至少一个管道;以及用于循环液体的辅助部分的管道,该管道连接到所述热交换器以便输送所述液体产品或液体产品之一或者待处理以形成所述液体产品或液体产品之一的液体,所述设备的特征在于,用于将所形成的气体传送至所述压缩装置的所述管道是用于传送在所述第一级的入口处形成的至少一种气体以便形成压缩气体的管道,所述设备包括用于将在第一级中压缩的气体传送至第二级的管道。
11.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其中,用于将通过蒸发形成的气体传送至所述压缩装置(C1,C2,C3,C4)的至少一个所述管道连接到所述压缩装置的一位置,所述位置在第一原料气体在所述压缩装置的进入位置的上游。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的设备,包括冷箱,所述冷箱容纳以下装置:所述交换器;使将要在所述交换器中蒸发的液体膨胀的装置(6,15,16,43);以及用于处理所述循环液体的辅助部分的装置,所述装置包括至少一个相分离器(P1,P2)和/或至少一个蒸馏塔。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备,包括用于将第二原料气体在其没有在所述压缩装置中被压缩的情况下传送至所述处理装置(P1,P2)的管道。
14.根据权利要求13所述的设备,其中,用于将第二原料气体传送至所述处理装置的所述管道连接到所述热交换器(E1)。
15.根据权利要求10-14中任一项所述的设备,不包括任何在循环液体分开之前利用CO2使循环液体增浓的装置。
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FR2972792A1 (fr) 2012-09-21
WO2012123690A3 (fr) 2015-08-13
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