US20140026612A1 - Method and Apparatus for Liquefying a CO2-Rich Gas - Google Patents
Method and Apparatus for Liquefying a CO2-Rich Gas Download PDFInfo
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- US20140026612A1 US20140026612A1 US14/111,242 US201214111242A US2014026612A1 US 20140026612 A1 US20140026612 A1 US 20140026612A1 US 201214111242 A US201214111242 A US 201214111242A US 2014026612 A1 US2014026612 A1 US 2014026612A1
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- pressure
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012455 biphasic mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 71
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 58
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-AKLPVKDBSA-N carbane Chemical compound [15CH4] VNWKTOKETHGBQD-AKLPVKDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0027—Oxides of carbon, e.g. CO2
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- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for liquefying a CO 2 -rich gas.
- a carbon dioxide-rich gas contains at least 60 mol % of carbon dioxide, or even at least 80 mol % of carbon dioxide.
- the gas also contains at least one impurity that is lighter than carbon dioxide, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, etc.
- An industrial means envisaged for transporting CO 2 is that of boat transportation, requiring liquefaction of the CO 2 , for example coming from different sources: gas from coal-fired power plants, metallurgical plants, SMR, gasification processes, etc.
- This liquefaction can be preceded by one or more fume (or synthesis gas) treatments by physical and/or chemical separation process.
- the invention proposes a solution for managing the content variations of the source(s) in CO 2 liquefaction units in order to prevent any risk of freezing of the CO 2 in the refrigeration circuit of the system. It also proposes a system for optimal regulation of rotary machines.
- the CO 2 -rich gas resulting from one or more sources is compressed via the cycle compressor or is already at the desired pressure for condensing the gas at ambient temperature.
- the condensed gas is cooled. A portion of this condensed gas can be compressed directly at a pressure sufficient for transporting the CO 2 by pipeline. Another portion of the condensed gas, or all of the condensed gas, perhaps, is used in the cold box.
- the condensed gas sent into the cold box has two uses: one portion is purified for the production of liquid CO 2 , the other provides the refrigerating balance by expansion of the condensed gas at one or more pressures.
- the condensed and expanded gas is then vaporized and sent to the cycle compressor.
- a minimum liquefied gas expansion pressure in the cold box will be determined by the temperature of solidification of the CO 2 contained in the condensed gas, because the presence of solids would damage the system.
- a temperature margin will be determined so as to prevent freezing in the cold box ( ⁇ 54.5° C. minimum).
- the composition of impurities in the CO 2 -rich gas strongly influences the suction pressures of the cycle compressor.
- the suction pressures of the different wheels of the compressor must therefore also be adapted.
- the innovative process of the present invention concerns the loop ensuring the refrigeration of the system.
- the invention therefore involves expanding the impure CO 2 in the cold box to a pressure that enables the refrigerating balance of the system, while preventing freezing (the coldest temperature being limited to ⁇ 54.5° C.), then re-expanding the gas under heat so as to obtain the same constant suction pressure for the cycle compressor.
- the latter will moreover be cooled, which will enable a lower energy consumption of the compressor.
- the cycle compressor will not be subject to possible suction pressure variations due to a possible variation in the composition of the source.
- the same liquefactor will therefore make it possible to adapt to the case where the content of the source varies and/or the case where a source with a different composition is connected to the liquefactor over time, which would cause the composition of the incoming flow to vary, while ensuring the safety of the installation.
- the unit can also comprise the following technological components:
- This arrangement thus enables reliable use of the liquefactor even if one of the CO 2 sources is lost.
- At least one impure CO 2 source is at the right pressure for the liquefaction of the CO 2 , the gas from this source is preferentially chosen for the production of liquid CO 2 .
- compression of the gas from one of the sources may be necessary to equalize at least the pressure of the liquid CO 2 produced.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,642 describes a process for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO 2 according to the preamble of claim 1 .
- a process for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % and at least one light impurity to produce at least one liquid product
- a first feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO 2 and at least one light impurity at a feed pressure is cooled in order to form a liquid or supercritical flow, possibly after having been compressed in a cycle compressor, at least a portion of the liquid or supercritical flow is cooled in a heat exchanger in order to form a cycle fluid having a cycle pressure
- the cycle fluid is divided into at least two fractions comprising an auxiliary fraction, one of the fractions being expanded in a valve down to a first pressure to form a biphasic mixture and sent to a phase separator, the liquid fraction of the phase separator is vaporized to form a vaporized gas in the exchanger, the vaporized gas then being expanded from the first pressure to a second pressure in an expansion means and then compressed in the cycle compressor and mixed with the first feed gas, the auxiliary fraction
- the invention also relates to an apparatus for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO 2 and at least one light impurity in order to produce at least one liquid product, comprising a heat exchanger, a cycle compressor, cooling means, a conduit for sending a feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO 2 and at least one light impurity to the cooling means in order to form a liquid or a supercritical fluid, a conduit for sending the liquid or supercritical fluid to the exchanger in order to form a cooled fluid, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid as an auxiliary fraction to a client or to a treatment, an expansion valve, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid to the expansion valve, a phase separator, a conduit for sending a fluid expanded in the expansion valve to the phase separator, a conduit for sending the liquid from the phase separator to the exchanger, expansion means, a conduit for sending the liquid vaporized in the exchanger to the expansion means in order to form an expanded gas
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the present invention.
- the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger E 1 , a pump 42 , a compressor with four stages C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 and a series of phase separators P 1 , P 2 , P 3 .
- phase separators, the heat exchanger and the expansion valves are in a cold box.
- a mixture of gas from three different sources is liquefied so as to form a supercritical CO 2 flow and purified so as to form a pure liquid CO 2 flow.
- the gas 1 containing at least 60 mol % of CO 2 and at least one light impurity, in this case nitrogen, at a first pressure resulting from a co-generation, is mixed with the gases 1 A, 1 B and the mixture formed is sent to the third stage C 3 of a four-stage compressor.
- the gas is cooled by the cooler R 3 , compressed in the fourth stage C 4 up to a second pressure beyond the critical pressure, for example 83 bar abs and then cooled in the exchangers E 3 , E 4 so as to form a supercritical fluid. If the pressure is below the critical pressure, a liquid will obviously be formed.
- the feed gas(es) can be dried by adsorption upstream of the exchanger E 4 or upstream of the compressor.
- a portion 40 of the fluid is not sent to the heat exchanger E 1 , but is pressurized by the pump 42 up to a pressure of 150 bar abs in order to form a product, for example to be sent in a pipeline.
- the rest of the fluid or the fluid at the outlet pressure of stage C 4 is cooled liquefied in the exchanger E 1 in order to form a supercritical fluid or a cycle liquid.
- a supercritical fluid For the present case, it is considered to be a supercritical fluid.
- the supercritical fluid at 83 bar abs is divided into at least five fractions.
- a fraction 4 is expanded in the valve 6 , up to a very high pressure, cooled in the exchanger E 1 and sent to the third stage C 4 of the compressor.
- a fraction 5 is expanded in the valve 15 up to a high pressure, cooled in the exchanger and sent to the third stage C 3 of the compressor.
- a fraction 7 is expanded in a valve 16 up to an average pressure, cooled in the exchanger E 1 and sent to the inlet of the second stage C 2 of the compressor.
- a low-pressure fraction 34 is expanded in a valve 43 .
- the mixture formed of gases 1 , 1 A and 1 B contains CO 2 and only nitrogen as a light impurity, but in variable quantities.
- the effective expansion of the fluid up to the lowest pressure will be from 83 bar abs to 5.85, 7.9 or 8.9 bar abs, respectively, as a function of the amount of nitrogen in the incoming fluid.
- the biphasic mixture at the valve outlet 43 is sent to the phase separator 35 .
- the liquid formed 39 and the gas formed 37 are cooled in the exchanger E 1 and mixed.
- the mixture 41 is expanded in a hot valve 45 up to a pressure of 5.85 bar abs, in order to keep a constant suction pressure of the cycle compressor.
- the inlet pressure of the hot valve 45 is therefore variable since there is neither expansion nor pressurization between the hot valve 45 and the valve 43 .
- the pressure of this valve outlet 43 is controlled by detecting the temperature of the flow expanded at the outlet of the valve 43 to verify that it is not below ⁇ 54.5° C. and by detecting the temperature of the sub-cooled liquid 3 in the exchanger E 1 .
- the non-condensables are in effect more volatile by definition: therefore they are not expanded to such a low pressure if the flow 34 consists of pure CO 2 .
- a temperature detection means TIC that measures the temperature of the sub-cooled liquid 3 and a temperature detection means TSLL that measures the temperature of the fluid expanded in the valve 43 can be noted.
- a low temperature limit not to be exceeded is set and alarms are activated if the temperature goes below a temperature 1° C. above the limit and 0.5° C. above the limit so as to enable the expansion of the valve to be adjusted, as a function of these temperatures.
- the outlet pressure of this valve will be increased.
- the outlet pressure of the valve 43 will be lowered.
- the hot valve 45 receives gas at different pressures.
- the expansion rate of this valve is therefore adjusted as a function of the pressure of the flow 41 measured by a PIC analyzer. If the liquid 3 is pure enough, it is not necessary to expand the liquid 34 to a pressure above the inlet pressure of the compressor C 1 therefore, in this case, the vaporized liquid is sent to a bypass valve 46 that does not expand it substantially or at all.
- the rest of the liquid 13 is expanded in a valve 19 (or a liquid turbine), without going through the exchanger E 1 , and sent to a phase separator P 1 .
- phase separator In the phase separator, it forms a liquid 23 and a gas 21 .
- the liquid 23 is heated in the exchanger then sent to the third phase separator P 3 .
- the liquid of this separator is the carbon dioxide-rich product 25 of the apparatus, at ⁇ 50° C. and 7 bar abs.
- the gases of the separators P 1 and P 3 are mixed, cooled in the exchanger E 1 , compressed by a compressor C 5 , cooled in a cooler 31 , then heated in the exchanger E 1 and sent to be sent to the second phase separator P 2 .
- the gas 33 of this separator contains 30% hydrogen, 50% carbon dioxide and 15% nitrogen and is heated in the exchanger E 1 .
- the liquid is heated in the exchanger as the flow 36 , then mixed with the fraction 13 sent to the separator P 1 .
- the process does not necessarily include the treatment of the fraction 13 .
- the liquid 20 constitutes one of the liquid products of the process.
- fraction 13 by distillation in order to produce a carbon dioxide-rich liquid product or treat it very simply in order to remove a gaseous portion, the portion 22 comprising a liquid product.
- a mercury and/or NOx elimination column can be provided in place of or in addition to a nitrogen or oxygen elimination column.
- the process is fed using a single source and that the composition of the feed gas varies over time. In this case, it will be necessary to adjust the pressure up to which the valve 43 expands the liquid 34 . Thus, the inlet pressure of the valve 45 will also be modified, but the outlet pressure of the valve 45 will remain constant.
- valve 45 of FIG. 1 can be replaced by a turbine that is coupled to the compressor C 5 .
- a portion 1 of the feed gas is already at a high enough pressure to be liquefied in the exchanger E 1 .
- Two flows 1 A, 1 B at the first pressure are therefore compressed up to the second pressure by being sent to the third stage of the compressor, as described above, and the other flow 1 at the second pressure is sent directly to the exchanger E 1 , where it is at least partially liquefied before being sent to the phase separator.
- the flow 1 can be the only flow treated in the phase separator or, otherwise, that it can be mixed with the fraction 13 .
- This procedure also makes it possible to manage the case in which the flow 1 and the flows 1 A, 1 B have very different purities.
- the flow 1 can be sent either to the separator P 1 or to the separator P 2 or to the separator P 3 according to its composition.
- the head gases of the phase separators P 1 , P 2 are compressed by a compressor C 5 , cooled in the cooler 31 , then compressed by a compressor C 6 and then cooled in the cooler 32 before being cooled in the exchanger E 1 upstream of the separator P 2 .
- the turbine 45 is coupled to the compressor C 5 or to the compressor C 6 .
- the regulation is performed as for FIG. 1 , except that the expansion rate of the turbine 46 is adjusted as a function of the pressure of the flow 41 .
- “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing (i.e., anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising”). “Comprising” as used herein may be replaced by the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” unless otherwise indicated herein.
- Providing in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one.
- Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur.
- the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur.
- Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range.
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Abstract
This invention relates to a method for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2, in order to produce at least one liquid product, wherein the gas is cooled in order to form a fluid flow, at least a portion of the liquid or supercritical flow is cooled in a heat exchanger in order to form a cycle fluid having a cycle pressure, the cycle fluid is divided into at least two fractions including an auxiliary fraction, one of the fractions being expanded up to a first pressure in a valve in order to form a biphasic mixture, and then sent to a phase separator. The liquid fraction of the phase separator is vaporized so as to form a vaporized gas in the exchanger, the vaporized gas then being expanded from the first pressure to a second pressure in an expansion means, and then compressed in the cycle compressor and mixed with the first feed gas.
Description
- This application is a §371 of International PCT Application PCT/FR2012/050743, filed Apr. 5, 2012, which claims the benefit of FR 1153128, filed Apr. 11, 2011, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
- The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for liquefying a CO2-rich gas.
- A carbon dioxide-rich gas contains at least 60 mol % of carbon dioxide, or even at least 80 mol % of carbon dioxide.
- The gas also contains at least one impurity that is lighter than carbon dioxide, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, etc.
- An industrial means envisaged for transporting CO2 is that of boat transportation, requiring liquefaction of the CO2, for example coming from different sources: gas from coal-fired power plants, metallurgical plants, SMR, gasification processes, etc.
- It is sometimes necessary to transport CO2 by pipeline at supercritical pressures, and, for this, the liquid to be transported must be pressurized at high pressures.
- This liquefaction can be preceded by one or more fume (or synthesis gas) treatments by physical and/or chemical separation process.
- The invention proposes a solution for managing the content variations of the source(s) in CO2 liquefaction units in order to prevent any risk of freezing of the CO2 in the refrigeration circuit of the system. It also proposes a system for optimal regulation of rotary machines.
- In the diagram, the CO2-rich gas resulting from one or more sources is compressed via the cycle compressor or is already at the desired pressure for condensing the gas at ambient temperature. The condensed gas is cooled. A portion of this condensed gas can be compressed directly at a pressure sufficient for transporting the CO2 by pipeline. Another portion of the condensed gas, or all of the condensed gas, perhaps, is used in the cold box. The condensed gas sent into the cold box has two uses: one portion is purified for the production of liquid CO2, the other provides the refrigerating balance by expansion of the condensed gas at one or more pressures. The condensed and expanded gas is then vaporized and sent to the cycle compressor.
- A minimum liquefied gas expansion pressure in the cold box will be determined by the temperature of solidification of the CO2 contained in the condensed gas, because the presence of solids would damage the system. A temperature margin will be determined so as to prevent freezing in the cold box (−54.5° C. minimum).
- It is also traditionally possible to envisage optimizing the energy at the exchanger block by staging the pressure and therefore have different liquefaction levels. It is possible to recycle these flows by introducing them at the inter-stages of the multi-integrated centrifugal cycle compressor.
- The composition of impurities in the CO2-rich gas strongly influences the suction pressures of the cycle compressor. When the contents vary, the suction pressures of the different wheels of the compressor must therefore also be adapted.
- The innovative process of the present invention concerns the loop ensuring the refrigeration of the system. The invention therefore involves expanding the impure CO2 in the cold box to a pressure that enables the refrigerating balance of the system, while preventing freezing (the coldest temperature being limited to −54.5° C.), then re-expanding the gas under heat so as to obtain the same constant suction pressure for the cycle compressor. The latter will moreover be cooled, which will enable a lower energy consumption of the compressor. In this way, the cycle compressor will not be subject to possible suction pressure variations due to a possible variation in the composition of the source.
- It is also possible to envisage collecting the additional expansion energy by means of a turbine-compressor arrangement in order to minimize losses, or by means of generator turbines.
- The same liquefactor will therefore make it possible to adapt to the case where the content of the source varies and/or the case where a source with a different composition is connected to the liquefactor over time, which would cause the composition of the incoming flow to vary, while ensuring the safety of the installation.
- The unit can also comprise the following technological components:
-
- drying of the gas by adsorption upstream of the compressor,
- elimination or reduction of impurities such as Hg by adsorption, NOx via a distillation column,
- purification of the CO2 via a distillation column,
- improvement of the CO2 yield via intermediate compression in the cold box.
- This arrangement thus enables reliable use of the liquefactor even if one of the CO2 sources is lost.
- If at least one impure CO2 source is at the right pressure for the liquefaction of the CO2, the gas from this source is preferentially chosen for the production of liquid CO2.
- Optionally, compression of the gas from one of the sources may be necessary to equalize at least the pressure of the liquid CO2 produced.
- Liquefying a CO2 flow by compressing it and by cooling it according to JP-A-58208117, EP-A-0646756 and SU-A-1479802 is known.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,642 describes a process for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 according to the preamble of
claim 1. - According to an object of the invention a process is provided for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % and at least one light impurity to produce at least one liquid product wherein a first feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one light impurity at a feed pressure is cooled in order to form a liquid or supercritical flow, possibly after having been compressed in a cycle compressor, at least a portion of the liquid or supercritical flow is cooled in a heat exchanger in order to form a cycle fluid having a cycle pressure, the cycle fluid is divided into at least two fractions comprising an auxiliary fraction, one of the fractions being expanded in a valve down to a first pressure to form a biphasic mixture and sent to a phase separator, the liquid fraction of the phase separator is vaporized to form a vaporized gas in the exchanger, the vaporized gas then being expanded from the first pressure to a second pressure in an expansion means and then compressed in the cycle compressor and mixed with the first feed gas, the auxiliary fraction either comprising the liquid product or one of the liquid products or being treated by separation at sub-ambient temperature in at least one separation means to form the liquid product or one of the liquid products, and wherein the first pressure is varied as a function of the amount of impurities that are lighter than the carbon dioxide contained in the carbon dioxide-rich gas, characterized in that the first pressure is varied so that the higher the concentration of light impurities is, the higher the first pressure is.
- According to other optional features:
-
- the second pressure is substantially constant and independent of the composition of the carbon dioxide-rich gas,
- the second pressure is equal to the inlet pressure of the cycle compressor and the gas expanded in the expansion means is sent directly from the expansion means to the inlet of the cycle compressor,
- the first pressure is chosen to be below the pressure at which the carbon dioxide-rich gas would solidify in the phase separator or in the valve,
- the expansion rate in the expansion means is regulated as a function of the composition of the gas to be expanded in the expansion means and/or as a function of the composition of the fluid expanded in the expansion valve,
- the expansion rate in the expansion means is regulated as a function of the quantity of light impurities in the gas to be expanded in the expansion means and/or as a function of the composition of the fluid expanded in the expansion valve.
- The invention also relates to an apparatus for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one light impurity in order to produce at least one liquid product, comprising a heat exchanger, a cycle compressor, cooling means, a conduit for sending a feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one light impurity to the cooling means in order to form a liquid or a supercritical fluid, a conduit for sending the liquid or supercritical fluid to the exchanger in order to form a cooled fluid, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid as an auxiliary fraction to a client or to a treatment, an expansion valve, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid to the expansion valve, a phase separator, a conduit for sending a fluid expanded in the expansion valve to the phase separator, a conduit for sending the liquid from the phase separator to the exchanger, expansion means, a conduit for sending the liquid vaporized in the exchanger to the expansion means in order to form an expanded gas, a conduit for sending the expanded gas to a cycle compressor, means for mixing the expanded gas with the gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 upstream of, downstream of, or in the cycle compressor and means for varying the outlet pressure of the expansion valve as a function of the composition of the feed gas, characterized in that the expansion means is a turbine.
- According to other optional features:
-
- the apparatus comprises a treatment unit connected to the conduit to send a portion of the cooled fluid as an auxiliary fraction to a treatment, the treatment unit being a liquefaction unit or a separation unit at sub-ambient temperature,
- the apparatus comprises a means for detecting the temperature of the fluid to be expanded and/or the temperature of the fluid expanded in the expansion valve and means for varying the expansion rate in the expansion valve as a function of this or these temperature(s),
- the apparatus comprises a means for detecting the concentration of the gas sent to the expansion means and/or the fluid sent to the expansion valve and means for varying the expansion rate of the expansion means as a function of this concentration,
- the apparatus comprises means for detecting the pressure of the gas sent to the expansion means and a means for varying the expansion rate in the expansion means as a function of this pressure,
- the turbine is coupled to the cycle compressor or the treatment unit comprises a compressor and the turbine is coupled to the compressor of the treatment unit,
- the exchanger is arranged so that the latent heat from vaporization of the liquid of the phase separator is transferred to the liquid or to the supercritical fluid that is cooled through the exchanger.
- These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, claims, and accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only several embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope as it can admit to other equally effective embodiments.
-
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the present invention. - The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the figures that show the processes according to the invention.
- In
FIG. 1 , the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger E1, apump 42, a compressor with four stages C1, C2, C3, C4 and a series of phase separators P1, P2, P3. - The phase separators, the heat exchanger and the expansion valves are in a cold box.
- A mixture of gas from three different sources is liquefied so as to form a supercritical CO2 flow and purified so as to form a pure liquid CO2 flow.
- The
gas 1, containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one light impurity, in this case nitrogen, at a first pressure resulting from a co-generation, is mixed with thegases - The feed gas(es) can be dried by adsorption upstream of the exchanger E4 or upstream of the compressor.
- Optionally, a
portion 40 of the fluid is not sent to the heat exchanger E1, but is pressurized by thepump 42 up to a pressure of 150 bar abs in order to form a product, for example to be sent in a pipeline. The rest of the fluid or the fluid at the outlet pressure of stage C4 is cooled liquefied in the exchanger E1 in order to form a supercritical fluid or a cycle liquid. For the present case, it is considered to be a supercritical fluid. The supercritical fluid at 83 bar abs is divided into at least five fractions. Afraction 4 is expanded in thevalve 6, up to a very high pressure, cooled in the exchanger E1 and sent to the third stage C4 of the compressor. Afraction 5 is expanded in thevalve 15 up to a high pressure, cooled in the exchanger and sent to the third stage C3 of the compressor. Afraction 7 is expanded in avalve 16 up to an average pressure, cooled in the exchanger E1 and sent to the inlet of the second stage C2 of the compressor. A low-pressure fraction 34 is expanded in avalve 43. The mixture formed ofgases fraction 34 ofsupercritical fluid 3 will not freeze while expanding in thevalve 43 from 83 bar abs, an expansion pressure is calculated as illustrated in the following table: -
mol % N2 Lowest vaporization pressure in flow 34abs bar 0.035 5.85 1 7.9 2 8.9 - This means that, in the
valve 43, the effective expansion of the fluid up to the lowest pressure will be from 83 bar abs to 5.85, 7.9 or 8.9 bar abs, respectively, as a function of the amount of nitrogen in the incoming fluid. The biphasic mixture at thevalve outlet 43 is sent to the phase separator 35. The liquid formed 39 and the gas formed 37 are cooled in the exchanger E1 and mixed. Themixture 41 is expanded in ahot valve 45 up to a pressure of 5.85 bar abs, in order to keep a constant suction pressure of the cycle compressor. The inlet pressure of thehot valve 45 is therefore variable since there is neither expansion nor pressurization between thehot valve 45 and thevalve 43. - The pressure of this
valve outlet 43 is controlled by detecting the temperature of the flow expanded at the outlet of thevalve 43 to verify that it is not below −54.5° C. and by detecting the temperature of thesub-cooled liquid 3 in the exchanger E1. The higher the level of non-condensables in theflow 34 is, the more quickly theflow 34 will be cooled with the expansion. The non-condensables are in effect more volatile by definition: therefore they are not expanded to such a low pressure if theflow 34 consists of pure CO2. - A temperature detection means TIC that measures the temperature of the
sub-cooled liquid 3 and a temperature detection means TSLL that measures the temperature of the fluid expanded in thevalve 43 can be noted. A low temperature limit not to be exceeded is set and alarms are activated if the temperature goes below atemperature 1° C. above the limit and 0.5° C. above the limit so as to enable the expansion of the valve to be adjusted, as a function of these temperatures. Thus, if a temperature reduction is observed in the fluid at the outlet of thevalve 43, which indicates a reduction in purity of thefluid 3, the outlet pressure of this valve will be increased. Similarly, if the temperature of the expanded fluid increases, the outlet pressure of thevalve 43 will be lowered. - The
hot valve 45 receives gas at different pressures. The expansion rate of this valve is therefore adjusted as a function of the pressure of theflow 41 measured by a PIC analyzer. If theliquid 3 is pure enough, it is not necessary to expand the liquid 34 to a pressure above the inlet pressure of the compressor C1 therefore, in this case, the vaporized liquid is sent to abypass valve 46 that does not expand it substantially or at all. - The rest of the liquid 13 is expanded in a valve 19 (or a liquid turbine), without going through the exchanger E1, and sent to a phase separator P1. In the phase separator, it forms a liquid 23 and a
gas 21. The liquid 23 is heated in the exchanger then sent to the third phase separator P3. The liquid of this separator is the carbon dioxide-rich product 25 of the apparatus, at −50° C. and 7 bar abs. The gases of the separators P1 and P3 are mixed, cooled in the exchanger E1, compressed by a compressor C5, cooled in a cooler 31, then heated in the exchanger E1 and sent to be sent to the second phase separator P2. Thegas 33 of this separator contains 30% hydrogen, 50% carbon dioxide and 15% nitrogen and is heated in the exchanger E1. The liquid is heated in the exchanger as theflow 36, then mixed with thefraction 13 sent to the separator P1. - It is obvious that the process does not necessarily include the treatment of the
fraction 13. In this case, the liquid 20 constitutes one of the liquid products of the process. - It is also possible to treat the
fraction 13 by distillation in order to produce a carbon dioxide-rich liquid product or treat it very simply in order to remove a gaseous portion, theportion 22 comprising a liquid product. For example, a mercury and/or NOx elimination column can be provided in place of or in addition to a nitrogen or oxygen elimination column. - It may be envisaged that the process is fed using a single source and that the composition of the feed gas varies over time. In this case, it will be necessary to adjust the pressure up to which the
valve 43 expands the liquid 34. Thus, the inlet pressure of thevalve 45 will also be modified, but the outlet pressure of thevalve 45 will remain constant. - It is also possible that the origin of the feed gases varies over time, since a feed gas with a different composition begins to feed the process during operation. In this case, it is necessary to be capable of taking into account a possible composition with an increased content of light impurities during the operation of the process.
- It will be understood that, expressed more simply, the process requires only vaporizing the
flow 34 at the lowest pressure. The other vaporizations at higher pressures make it possible to improve the exchange diagram, but are not essential. - According to
FIG. 2 , if the rate of light impurities in theflow 3 is high, then the presence of the so-called output compressor C5 in the system for treatment of thefluid 13 ofFIG. 1 becomes particularly advantageous. In this case, thevalve 45 ofFIG. 1 can be replaced by a turbine that is coupled to the compressor C5. - In this figure, a
portion 1 of the feed gas is already at a high enough pressure to be liquefied in the exchanger E1. Two flows 1A, 1B at the first pressure are therefore compressed up to the second pressure by being sent to the third stage of the compressor, as described above, and theother flow 1 at the second pressure is sent directly to the exchanger E1, where it is at least partially liquefied before being sent to the phase separator. It will be noted that theflow 1 can be the only flow treated in the phase separator or, otherwise, that it can be mixed with thefraction 13. This procedure also makes it possible to manage the case in which theflow 1 and theflows flow 1 can be sent either to the separator P1 or to the separator P2 or to the separator P3 according to its composition. - By contrast with
FIG. 1 , the head gases of the phase separators P1, P2 are compressed by a compressor C5, cooled in the cooler 31, then compressed by a compressor C6 and then cooled in the cooler 32 before being cooled in the exchanger E1 upstream of the separator P2. Theturbine 45 is coupled to the compressor C5 or to the compressor C6. - The regulation is performed as for
FIG. 1 , except that the expansion rate of theturbine 46 is adjusted as a function of the pressure of theflow 41. - It is possible to couple the
turbine 45 with the compressor C1. - While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. Furthermore, if there is language referring to order, such as first and second, it should be understood in an exemplary sense and not in a limiting sense. For example, it can be recognized by those skilled in the art that certain steps can be combined into a single step.
- The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
- “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing (i.e., anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising”). “Comprising” as used herein may be replaced by the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” unless otherwise indicated herein.
- “Providing” in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one.
- Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur.
- Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range.
- All references identified herein are each hereby incorporated by reference into this application in their entireties, as well as for the specific information for which each is cited.
Claims (15)
1-14. (canceled)
15. A process for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of carbon dioxide and at least one impurity lighter than carbon dioxide, in order to produce at least one liquid product wherein a first feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of carbon dioxide and at least one light impurity at a feed pressure is cooled in order to form a liquid or supercritical flow, at least a portion of the liquid or supercritical flow is cooled in a heat exchanger to form a cycle fluid having a cycle pressure, the cycle fluid is divided into at least two fractions comprising a first fraction and an auxiliary fraction, the first fraction being expanded down to a first pressure in a valve in order to form a biphasic mixture and then sent to a phase separator, the liquid fraction of the phase separator is vaporized so as to form a vaporized gas in the exchanger, the vaporized gas then being expanded from the first pressure to a second pressure in an expansion means and then compressed in a cycle compressor and mixed with the first feed gas, the auxiliary fraction either comprising the liquid product or one of the liquid products or being treated by separation at sub-ambient temperature in at least one separation means to form the liquid product or one of the liquid products, and wherein the first pressure is varied as a function of the amount of impurities lighter than the carbon dioxide contained in the carbon dioxide-rich gas, wherein the first pressure is varied so that the higher the concentration of light impurities is, the higher the first pressure is.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the first feed gas is cooled so as to form a liquid or supercritical flow, after having been compressed in a cycle compressor.
17. The process of claim 15 , wherein the second pressure is substantially constant and independent of the composition of the carbon dioxide-rich gas.
18. The process of claim 15 , wherein the second pressure is equal to the inlet pressure of the cycle compressor and the gas expanded in the expansion means is sent directly from the expansion means to the inlet of the cycle compressor.
19. The process of claim 15 , wherein the first pressure is chosen so as to be below the pressure at which the carbon dioxide-rich gas would solidify in the phase separator or in the valve.
20. The process of claim 15 , wherein the expansion rate in the expansion means is regulated as a function of the composition of the gas to be expanded in the expansion means and/or as a function of the composition of the fluid expanded in the expansion valve.
21. The process of claim 15 , wherein the expansion rate in the expansion means is regulated as a function of the amount of light impurities in the gas to be expanded in the expansion means and/or as a function of the composition of the fluid expanded in the expansion valve.
22. An apparatus for liquefying a gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one impurity lighter than carbon dioxide to produce at least one liquid product, comprising a heat exchanger, a cycle compressor, a cooling means, a conduit for sending a feed gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 and at least one light impurity to the cooling means in order to form a liquid or a supercritical fluid, a conduit for sending the liquid or supercritical fluid to the exchanger in order to form a cooled fluid, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid as an auxiliary fraction to a client or to a treatment, an expansion valve, a conduit for sending a portion of the cooled fluid to the expansion valve, a phase separator, a conduit for sending a fluid expanded in the expansion valve to the phase separator, a conduit for sending the liquid from the phase separator to the exchanger, expansion means, a conduit for sending the liquid vaporized in the exchanger to the expansion means to form an expanded gas, a conduit for sending the expanded gas to a cycle compressor, means for mixing the expanded gas with the gas containing at least 60 mol % of CO2 upstream of, downstream of, or in the cycle compressor and means for varying the outlet pressure of the expansion valve as a function of the composition of the feed gas, wherein the expansion means is a turbine.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 , comprising a treatment unit connected to the conduit in order to send a portion of the cooled fluid as an auxiliary fraction to a treatment, the treatment unit being a liquefaction unit or a separation unit at sub-ambient temperature.
24. The apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the turbine is coupled to the cycle compressor.
25. The apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the treatment unit comprises a compressor and the turbine is coupled to the compressor of the treatment unit.
26. The apparatus of claim 22 , comprising a means for detecting the concentration of the gas sent to the expansion means and/or the fluid sent to the expansion valve and a means for varying the expansion rate of the expansion means as a function of this concentration.
27. The apparatus of claim 22 , comprising a means for detecting the pressure of the gas sent to the expansion means and a means for varying the expansion rate in the expansion means as a function of this pressure.
28. The apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the exchanger is arranged so that the latent heat from vaporization of the liquid of the phase separator is transferred to the liquid or to the supercritical fluid that is cooled through the exchanger.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1153128A FR2973864B1 (en) | 2011-04-11 | 2011-04-11 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LIQUEFACTING CO2-RICH GAS |
FR1153128 | 2011-04-11 | ||
PCT/FR2012/050743 WO2012140350A2 (en) | 2011-04-11 | 2012-04-05 | Method and apparatus for liquefying a co2-rich gas |
Publications (1)
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US20140026612A1 true US20140026612A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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US14/111,242 Abandoned US20140026612A1 (en) | 2011-04-11 | 2012-04-05 | Method and Apparatus for Liquefying a CO2-Rich Gas |
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US (1) | US20140026612A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2788699B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN104136870B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2832096C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2973864B1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL2788699T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012140350A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20180363976A1 (en) * | 2016-02-09 | 2018-12-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Compressor Corporation | Booster system |
CN113865266A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2021-12-31 | 气体产品与化学公司 | Liquefaction system |
FR3120427A1 (en) * | 2021-03-04 | 2022-09-09 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Method and apparatus for liquefying a gas rich in CO2 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2982168B1 (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2015-05-01 | Air Liquide | PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CARBON DIOXIDE-RICH GAS BY DISTILLATION |
EP2896453B1 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2018-11-07 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Compressor Corporation | Compressing system, and gas compressing method |
CN115773629A (en) * | 2022-11-29 | 2023-03-10 | 北京恒泰洁能科技有限公司 | Carbon dioxide preparation process and cold box |
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-
2012
- 2012-04-05 PL PL12720249T patent/PL2788699T3/en unknown
- 2012-04-05 US US14/111,242 patent/US20140026612A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-04-05 CN CN201280028472.7A patent/CN104136870B/en active Active
- 2012-04-05 CA CA2832096A patent/CA2832096C/en active Active
- 2012-04-05 EP EP12720249.7A patent/EP2788699B1/en active Active
- 2012-04-05 WO PCT/FR2012/050743 patent/WO2012140350A2/en active Application Filing
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US5927103A (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 1999-07-27 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Carbon dioxide production system with integral vent gas condenser |
US20030177785A1 (en) * | 2002-03-20 | 2003-09-25 | Kimble E. Lawrence | Process for producing a pressurized liquefied gas product by cooling and expansion of a gas stream in the supercritical state |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2012140350A3 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
EP2788699A2 (en) | 2014-10-15 |
CN104136870A (en) | 2014-11-05 |
FR2973864A1 (en) | 2012-10-12 |
FR2973864B1 (en) | 2016-02-26 |
CA2832096A1 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
PL2788699T3 (en) | 2020-10-19 |
CN104136870B (en) | 2016-01-20 |
CA2832096C (en) | 2019-12-03 |
EP2788699B1 (en) | 2020-06-17 |
WO2012140350A2 (en) | 2012-10-18 |
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