CN103795942B - Smear correction method of frame transfer CCD on basis of virtual reference lines - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于光电探测技术领域,具体涉及一种帧转移CCD的Smear校正方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of photoelectric detection, and in particular relates to a Smear correction method of a frame transfer CCD.
背景技术Background technique
Smear现象的产生是由于帧转移CCD在帧转移的过程中其感光区(成像区内感光的有效区域,其余部分为暗参考像元)内的像元仍然在感光造成的,它是帧转移CCD的固有特性,在强光短曝光时间的情况下尤为明显。增加机械快门可以避免Smear现象,但这显然是一种向全帧转移CCD的倒退;提高帧转移时钟的频率可以减弱Smear现象,但是不能完全消除。The Smear phenomenon is caused by the fact that the pixels in the photosensitive area of the frame transfer CCD (the effective photosensitive area in the imaging area, and the rest are dark reference pixels) are still photosensitive during the frame transfer process. It is a frame transfer CCD Inherent properties, especially in the case of strong light and short exposure time. Adding a mechanical shutter can avoid the smear phenomenon, but this is obviously a regression to the full frame transfer CCD; increasing the frequency of the frame transfer clock can weaken the smear phenomenon, but it cannot completely eliminate it.
目前常见的校正算法有三种:第一种是基于对全图的统计估计出Smear发生的位置和大小,只针对星图等特定类型的图像有效,对其它图像则很难适用;第二种是基于Smear产生原理的全帧求解算法,它根据Smear现象产生的数学过程,将所有行相加后乘以比例因子求出Smear信号(CCD无电子快门),或者从第1行开始根据比例因子逐行求解出Smear校正后的理想图像(CCD有电子快门)。这种算法求出的Smear信号准确度和信噪比都非常高,但它要求知道曝光时间、帧转移时钟的周期以及Smear电荷的产生效率,且不能有像元饱和、必须整帧全部读出;第三种是基于暗参考行的校正算法,它直接利用了暗参考行在曝光期间不感光,在帧转移的过程却感受了和感光区像元相同的Smear信号的这一特点,简单地经过暗信号校正后便可以直接解出Smear信号。该算法简单实用,不需要全帧读出,但由于暗参考行的个数通常都很少,解出的Smear信号噪声很大,而且如果CCD像面上的光照区域离暗参考行很近,那实际上这些暗参考行都会受到杂光的污染而有一定的曝光量,所求出的Smear信号就不再准确,如图2中上方曲线所示。There are currently three common correction algorithms: the first one is to estimate the location and size of the Smear based on the statistics of the whole image, which is only effective for certain types of images such as star maps, and it is difficult to apply to other images; the second is A full-frame solution algorithm based on the principle of Smear generation, it adds all rows together and multiplies them by the scale factor to obtain the Smear signal (CCD without electronic shutter) according to the mathematical process of Smear phenomenon, or starts from the first row according to the scale factor step by step Solve the ideal image after Smear correction (CCD has electronic shutter). The accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio of the Smear signal calculated by this algorithm are very high, but it requires to know the exposure time, the period of the frame transfer clock, and the generation efficiency of the Smear charge, and there must be no pixel saturation, and the entire frame must be read out ; The third is the correction algorithm based on the dark reference line, which directly uses the characteristic that the dark reference line is not sensitive to light during the exposure period, but feels the same Smear signal as the pixel in the light-sensitive area during the frame transfer process, simply After dark signal correction, the Smear signal can be directly solved. This algorithm is simple and practical, and does not require full-frame readout, but because the number of dark reference lines is usually very small, the noise of the solved Smear signal is very large, and if the illuminated area on the CCD image surface is very close to the dark reference line, In fact, these dark reference lines will be polluted by stray light and have a certain amount of exposure, and the obtained Smear signal will no longer be accurate, as shown in the upper curve in Figure 2.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明解决的技术问题在于克服现有算法的不足,通过驱动时序的特殊设计提供了一种基于虚拟参考行的Smear校正方法。The technical problem solved by the invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing algorithms, and provide a Smear correction method based on virtual reference lines through the special design of driving timing.
本发明解决问题的技术方案:The technical solution of the present invention to solve the problem:
帧转移CCD基于虚拟参考行的Smear校正方法,定义虚拟参考行为在暗参考行之后、CCD器件以外,在曝光期间虚拟存在、曝光结束后帧转移的过程中才逐行转移进入CCD开始真实地存在的参考行;设成像区有NI行感光像元,ND行暗参考像元,存储区有NS=NI+NR行像元;ROI区域从成像区的第NY1行(1≤NY1≤NI)开始,则最多有NR-ND+(NY1-1)个虚拟参考行;舍弃最后三行,取NV=NR-ND+(NY1-1)-3个虚拟参考行;具体步骤如下:The frame transfer CCD is based on the Smear correction method of the virtual reference line, which defines that the virtual reference behavior is after the dark reference line and outside the CCD device. It exists virtually during the exposure period, and it is transferred line by line into the CCD during the frame transfer process after the exposure. The reference row; Assuming that the imaging area has N I rows of photosensitive pixels, N D rows of dark reference pixels, and the storage area has N S =N I +N R rows of pixels; the ROI area starts from the N Y1 row of the imaging area (1 ≤N Y1 ≤N I ), there are at most N R -N D +(N Y1 -1) virtual reference lines; the last three lines are discarded, and N V =N R -N D +(N Y1 -1) -3 dummy reference lines; the specific steps are as follows:
步骤一,控制帧转移时钟信号将成像区曝光积累的电荷快速地转移到存储区,转移时钟的周期个数为NS+NY1-1;同时将帧转移过程中不断转移至水平读出寄存器的无用电荷读出复位掉或者倾倒掉;Step 1, control the frame transfer clock signal to quickly transfer the accumulated charge in the imaging area to the storage area, the number of cycles of the transfer clock is N S + N Y1 -1; at the same time, continuously transfer to the horizontal readout register during the frame transfer process The useless charge readout is reset or dumped;
步骤二,控制水平读出寄存器连续读出两行以上,期间读出复位脉冲信号保持为复位的高电平状态,以彻底清除水平读出寄存器内可能残留的无用电荷;Step 2, controlling the horizontal readout register to continuously read more than two lines, during which the readout reset pulse signal remains in a reset high level state, so as to completely remove useless charges that may remain in the horizontal readout register;
步骤三,控制行转移时钟、水平读出时钟和读出复位脉冲信号将ROI区域内的像元逐行逐个地读出;Step 3, control the row transfer clock, horizontal readout clock and readout reset pulse signal to convert the pixels in the ROI area to Read out line by line;
步骤四,控制行转移时钟、水平读出时钟和电荷倾倒栅极控制信号将ROI与虚拟参考行之间的无用电荷全部倾倒掉;Step 4, controlling the row transfer clock, the horizontal readout clock and the charge dump gate control signal to dump all the useless charges between the ROI and the virtual reference row;
步骤五,执行步骤二清除水平读出寄存器;Step 5, execute step 2 to clear the horizontal readout register;
步骤六,控制行转移时钟连续地将NV个虚拟参考行转移至水平读出寄存器,实现多行片内合并,然后控制水平读出时钟和读出复位脉冲信号逐个像元地读出合并后的虚拟参考行 Step 6, control the line transfer clock to continuously transfer N V virtual reference lines to the horizontal readout registers to realize multi-line on-chip merging, and then control the horizontal readout clock and readout reset pulse signal to read out the merged pixels one by one virtual reference line for
步骤七,对读出的图像和虚拟参考行做暗信号校正;Step seven, perform dark signal correction on the read-out image and the virtual reference line;
步骤八,将虚拟参考行除以NV,得到“多次采样-平均”法降噪后的Smear信号最后从图像中逐行减去它即可得到校正后的光信号图像Ii,j。Step 8: Divide the virtual reference line by N V to obtain the Smear signal after denoising by the "multiple sampling-average" method Finally, it is subtracted line by line from the image to obtain the corrected optical signal image I i,j .
本发明的积极效果:Positive effect of the present invention:
1、本发明选择了基于参考行的技术路线,避免了背景技术中全帧求解算法要求全帧读出、无法处理饱和图像等问题,同时借鉴了因其参与求解的行数多所以解出的Smear信号噪声小的优点,在方法中采用了ROI读出技术,以尽可能地增加参考行的个数,成倍地提高了解出的Smear信号的信噪比。1. The present invention chooses the technical route based on the reference line, which avoids the problems that the full-frame solution algorithm in the background technology requires full-frame readout and cannot handle saturated images. The advantage of small noise of the Smear signal is that the ROI readout technology is adopted in the method to increase the number of reference lines as much as possible and double the signal-to-noise ratio of the Smear signal.
2、提出了“虚拟参考行”的概念,解决了基于暗参考行的校正算法易受杂光污染造成准确度下降、参考行数少导致Smear信号噪声大等问题。2. The concept of "virtual reference lines" is proposed, which solves the problems that the correction algorithm based on dark reference lines is susceptible to stray light pollution, which causes the accuracy to drop, and the small number of reference lines leads to large Smear signal noise.
3、在读取虚拟参考行时,采用了像元片内合并技术以最大可能地提高信噪比,同时也使得本方法需要额外存储和处理数据量仅为一行。3. When reading the virtual reference line, the intra-slice merging technology is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio to the greatest extent possible, and at the same time, the amount of data required for additional storage and processing by this method is only one line.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是带有虚拟参考行的帧转移CCD像元布局图。Figure 1 is a frame transfer CCD pixel layout diagram with virtual reference lines.
图2是暗电平校正后暗参考行、虚拟参考行和用全帧求解算法得出的Smear信号的一个比较结果。第1025~1027行为暗参考行,第1028行开始为虚拟参考行。可以看到,即使是离感光区最远的第3个暗参考行,也是有着相当多的曝光量的,根本无法用来计算Smear信号。而虚拟参考行的信号和用全帧求解算法得出的Smear信号却有着相当好的一致性。Fig. 2 is a comparison result of the dark reference line, the virtual reference line, and the Smear signal obtained by the full-frame solving algorithm after dark level correction. Lines 1025-1027 are dark reference lines, and line 1028 is a virtual reference line. It can be seen that even the third dark reference line farthest from the photosensitive area has quite a lot of exposure, which cannot be used to calculate the Smear signal at all. However, the signal of the virtual reference line has a fairly good consistency with the Smear signal obtained by the full-frame solution algorithm.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步说明。Below by embodiment the present invention will be further described.
如图1所示,虚拟参考行是在暗参考行之后、CCD器件以外,在曝光期间虚拟存在的参考行。这些虚拟参考行在曝光结束后帧转移的过程中才逐行转移进入CCD开始真实地存在,随后与暗参考行一样,感受并积累与成像区像元相同的Smear信号。由于它们在曝光期间是虚拟存在的,或者说曝光时间为零,因此没有受杂光污染的问题。而且随着可用虚拟参考行个数的增加,提取出的Smear信号的信噪比可以成倍地提高。As shown in FIG. 1, the virtual reference line is a reference line that virtually exists during exposure after the dark reference line and outside the CCD device. These virtual reference lines are transferred line by line into the CCD during the frame transfer process after the exposure, and then they are the same as the dark reference line, feeling and accumulating the same Smear signal as the pixel in the imaging area. Since they exist virtually during the exposure, or exposure time is zero, there is no problem of contamination by stray light. And as the number of available virtual reference lines increases, the signal-to-noise ratio of the extracted Smear signal can be doubled.
本发明解决问题的技术方案如下:The technical solution of the present invention to solve the problem is as follows:
在帧转移时将成像区内ROI(RegionOfInterest,本发明中指感兴趣的读出区域)区域的第一行转移至存储区的最底端,然后逐行读出ROI区域内的图像,倾倒掉ROI与虚拟参考行之间的无用行,最后读出虚拟参考行,此时采用片内多行合并的方式只读出一个相加行,以提高信噪比并降低数据量。During frame transfer, transfer the first line of the ROI (RegionOfInterest, readout region of interest in the present invention) area in the imaging area to the bottom of the storage area, then read out the image in the ROI area line by line, and dump the ROI The useless lines between the virtual reference line and the virtual reference line are finally read out. At this time, only one added line is read out by combining multiple lines on-chip to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce the amount of data.
如图1所示,设成像区有NI行感光像元,ND行暗参考像元,存储区有NS=NI+NR行像元。ROI区域从成像区的第NY1行(1≤NY1≤NI)开始,则最多可以有NR-ND+(NY1-1)个虚拟参考行。考虑到读出时靠近成像区的最后几行有可能被杂光污染,舍弃最后3行,最终有NV=NR-ND+(NY1-1)-3个虚拟参考行可用。As shown in Figure 1, it is assumed that the imaging area has N I rows of photosensitive pixels, N D rows of dark reference pixels, and the storage area has NS = N I + N R rows of pixels. The ROI area starts from the NY1th row (1≤N Y1 ≤N I ) of the imaging area, and there can be at most N R -ND +( NY1 -1) virtual reference lines. Considering that the last few lines close to the imaging area may be polluted by stray light during readout, the last 3 lines are discarded, and finally there are N V = N R -ND +( NY1 -1)-3 virtual reference lines available.
具体步骤描述如下:The specific steps are described as follows:
步骤一,控制帧转移时钟信号将成像区曝光积累的电荷快速地转移到存储区,转移时钟的周期个数为NS+NY1-1;同时将帧转移过程中不断转移至水平读出寄存器的无用电荷读出复位掉或者倾倒掉;Step 1, control the frame transfer clock signal to quickly transfer the accumulated charge in the imaging area to the storage area, the number of cycles of the transfer clock is N S + N Y1 -1; at the same time, continuously transfer to the horizontal readout register during the frame transfer process The useless charge readout is reset or dumped;
步骤二,控制水平读出寄存器连续读出2行以上,期间读出复位脉冲信号保持为复位的高电平状态,以彻底清除水平读出寄存器内可能残留的无用电荷;Step 2, controlling the horizontal readout register to continuously read more than 2 rows, during which the readout reset pulse signal remains in a reset high level state, so as to completely remove the useless charges that may remain in the horizontal readout register;
步骤三,控制行转移时钟、水平读出时钟和读出复位脉冲信号将ROI区域内的像元逐行逐个地读出;Step 3, control the row transfer clock, horizontal readout clock and readout reset pulse signal to convert the pixels in the ROI area to Read out line by line;
步骤四,控制行转移时钟、水平读出时钟和电荷倾倒栅极控制信号将ROI与虚拟参考行之间的无用电荷全部倾倒掉;Step 4, controlling the row transfer clock, the horizontal readout clock and the charge dump gate control signal to dump all the useless charges between the ROI and the virtual reference row;
步骤五,执行步骤②清除水平读出寄存器;Step 5, execute step ② to clear the horizontal readout register;
步骤六,控制行转移时钟连续地将NV个虚拟参考行转移至水平读出寄存器,实现多行片内合并,然后控制水平读出时钟和读出复位脉冲信号逐个像元地读出合并后的虚拟参考行 Step 6, control the line transfer clock to continuously transfer N V virtual reference lines to the horizontal readout registers to realize multi-line on-chip merging, and then control the horizontal readout clock and readout reset pulse signal to read out the merged pixels one by one virtual reference line for
步骤七,对读出的图像和虚拟参考行做暗信号校正;Step seven, perform dark signal correction on the read-out image and the virtual reference line;
步骤八,将虚拟参考行除以NV,得到“多次采样-平均”法降噪后的Smear信号最后从图像中逐行减去它即可得到校正后的光信号图像Ii,j。Step 8: Divide the virtual reference line by N V to obtain the Smear signal after denoising by the "multiple sampling-average" method Finally, it is subtracted line by line from the image to obtain the corrected optical signal image I i,j .
实施例:Example:
e2v公司的帧转移CCD47-20,有效像元1024×1024,即NI=1024,ND=3个暗参考行,存储区有NS=1024+9行,即NR=9,ROI读出区域为第50~974行,即NY1=50,最终有NV=9-3+(50-1)-3=52个虚拟参考行可用。The frame transfer CCD47-20 of e2v company has an effective pixel of 1024×1024, that is, N I =1024, N D =3 dark reference lines, and the storage area has N S =1024+9 lines, that is, N R =9, ROI read The output area is lines 50-974, that is, N Y1 =50, and finally there are N V =9-3+(50-1)-3=52 virtual reference lines available.
CCD47-20实现带虚拟参考行的读出控制时序如下:CCD47-20 realizes the readout control sequence with virtual reference line as follows:
①控制帧转移时钟信号和将成像区曝光积累的电荷快速地转移到存储区,转移时钟的周期个数为NS+NY1-1=1033+50-1=1082;同时控制水平读出时钟和为连续读出状态,读出复位脉冲信号保持为复位的高电平状态,以“读出-复位”掉帧转移过程不断转移至水平读出寄存器的无用电荷,或者将电荷倾倒栅极时钟DG置为高,将无用电荷倾倒掉;① control frame transfer clock signal with The charges accumulated in the exposure of the imaging area are quickly transferred to the storage area, and the number of cycles of the transfer clock is N S + N Y1 -1=1033+50-1=1082; at the same time, the horizontal readout clock is controlled with For the continuous read state, read the reset pulse signal Maintain the high level state of reset, use the "read-reset" frame transfer process to continuously transfer the useless charges to the horizontal readout register, or set the charge dumping gate clock DG high to dump the useless charges;
②控制水平读出时钟和为连续读出状态,读出复位脉冲信号保持为复位的高电平状态,连续读出2行以上,以彻底清除水平读出寄存器内可能残留的无用电荷;② Control level readout clock with For the continuous read state, read the reset pulse signal Keep it in the high level state of reset, and read more than 2 rows continuously to completely remove the useless charge that may remain in the horizontal readout register;
③控制行转移时钟信号和将一行像元电荷转移到水平读出寄存器,再控制水平读出时钟和读出复位脉冲信号将像元电荷逐个读出;③ Control line transfer clock signal with Transfer a row of pixel charges to the horizontal readout register, and then control the horizontal readout clock and read reset pulse signal Read out the pixel charges one by one;
④循环执行步骤③共计读出974-50+1=925行图像数据;④Cycle execution step ③A total of 974-50+1=925 lines of image data are read out;
⑤控制行转移时钟水平读出时钟读出复位脉冲信号和电荷倾倒栅极时钟DG将第975~1027行共计53行不需要读出的电荷从存储区逐行转移到水平读出寄存器并快速倾倒掉;⑤ Control row transfer clock horizontal readout clock Read reset pulse signal And the charge dumping gate clock DG transfers the charges that do not need to be read out from the storage area to the horizontal readout register line by line from the 975th to 1027th lines, a total of 53 lines, and quickly dumps them;
⑥执行步骤②清除水平读出寄存器;⑥ Execute step ② to clear the horizontal readout register;
⑦控制行转移时钟信号和连续将52行虚拟参考像元电荷转移到水平读出寄存器,完成虚拟参考行的片内合并;⑦Control line transfer clock signal with Continuously transfer the charge of 52 rows of virtual reference pixels to the horizontal readout register to complete the on-chip merging of virtual reference rows;
⑧执行步骤③读出合并后的虚拟参考行;8. Execute step 3. to read out the merged virtual reference line;
⑨对读出的图像和虚拟参考行做暗信号校正;⑨ Perform dark signal correction on the readout image and virtual reference line;
⑩将虚拟参考行除以52,得到“多次采样-平均”法降噪后的Smear信号,最后从图像中逐行减去它即可得到校正后的光信号图像。⑩ Divide the virtual reference line by 52 to obtain the Smear signal after noise reduction by the "multiple sampling-average" method, and finally subtract it from the image line by line to obtain the corrected optical signal image.
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