CN103788463A - EVA foam material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
EVA foam material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K13/00—Use of mixtures of ingredients not covered by one single of the preceding main groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C08K13/02—Organic and inorganic ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
- C08J9/10—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
- C08J9/102—Azo-compounds
- C08J9/103—Azodicarbonamide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
- C08K5/098—Metal salts of carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/04—N2 releasing, ex azodicarbonamide or nitroso compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/08—Copolymers of ethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2296—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
- C08K2003/265—Calcium, strontium or barium carbonate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/14—Applications used for foams
Abstract
The invention relates to an EVA (ethylene/vinyl acetate) foam material and a preparation method thereof. The foaming material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 of EVA, 2-10 of a foaming agent, 0.5-5 of a foaming promoter, 0.05-1 of a bridging agent, 5-30 of a filler, 0.5-5 of a deodorant, and 0.5-5 of a lubricant. The preparation method includes: mixing the raw materials uniformly, then drying the mixture in an oven at 60-80DEG C for 6-12h to obtain a dried mixture, subjecting the dried mixture to mixing injection molding to obtain an EVA sheet, cutting the EVA sheet, then putting the cut EVA sheet into a flat vulcanizing machine to undergo die-filling hot pressing, then performing automatic pressure release, and cooling the die, thus obtaining the EVA foam material. Compared with the prior art, the deodorant integrating absorption and reaction is adopted by the invention and added to EVA and various additives. With very good dispersibility, the deodorant reacts with an ammonia radical through a chelating mechanism and strongly adsorbs ammonia so as to effectively remove the ammonia radical and ammonia, and can destroy the formation conditions of formamide before its formation and has no influence to the properties of production products. Thus, the EVA foam material has wide application.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to chemical modification technique field, especially relate to a kind of EVA foam material and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Ethene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) crosslinked foaming material has the features such as density is low, physical property is good, good weatherability, development in recent years is very rapid, is widely used in the manufacture of sports equipment, mattress, children floor, lifesaving goods, high-grade sports shoes etc.Especially brightly painted children's ground cushion, comprises the ground such as the amusement of children district of kindergarten, market and snack bar in the family that much has child, all can see.
On market, EVA foamed products all has a strand pungent taste, and long-time use just can slowly disappear.Ubiquity Determination of residual formamide in EVA foaming product is found in test after deliberation.EVA plastic cement itself is nontoxic is poisonous without harm but join as blowing agent AC (Cellmic C 121) methane amide producing in EVA foamed plastic, and it can make plastic foamed, more soft also more flexible.And this material of methane amide being added in ground cushion is easily penetrated into human body from people's skin, damage blood and neural system, because methane amide has volatility, it also may enter human body by respiratory tract, has carcinogenic risk.In addition, methane amide runs into high temperature will discharge ammonia, if human body sucks a large amount of ammonias, there will be shed tears, the symptom such as hoarseness, cough, expiratory dyspnea.Since 2010, France and Belgium started to propose children's ground cushion of wanting import prohibition to contain methane amide, and the content that limits methane amide can not exceed 2.0mg/kg.Therefore the Determination of residual formamide problem of finding suitable method solution EVA foam material is extremely urgent.
For solving the methane amide problem in children's ground cushion, domestic EVA foaming producer research adopts new whipping agent OBSH (4,4-OBSH) replace AC, but are the foaming product comparisons that cannot produce with existing AC whipping agent in the qualitative a lot of indexs of article of manufacture.And OBSH whipping agent is expensive more a lot of than AC, and the finished product of making has still been measured Determination of residual formamide.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is exactly to provide a kind of EVA foam material that does not contain methane amide and preparation method thereof in order to overcome the defect that above-mentioned prior art exists.
Object of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of EVA foam material, this foam material is made up of the component that comprises following weight part:
EVA 100;
Whipping agent 2-10;
Foamed promoter 0.5-5;
Bridging agent 0.05-1;
Weighting agent 5-30;
Deodovization agent 0.5-5;
Lubricant 0.5-5.
In described EVA (ethene-vinyl acetate copolymer), the content of vinyl acetate (VA) is 14wt%-28wt%, and described EVA is selected from EVA260 (purchased from Dupont), EVA7350 (purchased from Formosa Plastics), EVA8038 (purchased from Dupont).
Described whipping agent is Cellmic C 121 series whipping agent, is selected from AC-3000H (purchased from Zhejiang marine rainbow).
Described foamed promoter is oxide powder and zinc or stearic acid zinc powder.
Described bridging agent is selected from dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene (BIBP), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), cyanacrylate (TAIC) or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (PL400).
Described weighting agent is calcium carbonate or talcum powder.
Described deodovization agent is YITERTM deodovization agent (purchased from Foshan Yi Te Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd), and preferably model is the deodovization agent of SW100, SW120 or SW5510.
Described lubricant is selected from stearic acid.
A preparation method for EVA foam material, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) component of following weight part: EVA100, whipping agent 2-10, foamed promoter 0.5-5, bridging agent 0.05-1, weighting agent 5-30, deodovization agent 0.5-5, lubricant 0.5-5 are mixed after at 60-80 ℃ of baking oven inner drying 6-12h, obtain dried mixture;
(2) dried mixture is carried out to mixing injection moulding, obtain EVA sheet material;
(3) fill mould hot pressing by putting into vulcanizing press after the cutting of EVA sheet material, then automatically unloading, then cooling die, obtain EVA foam material.
The temperature of the mixing injection moulding described in step (2) is 100-120 ℃, and this temperature is the temperature that linking agent works, and whipping agent is not effect also.In step (3), the temperature of dress mould hot pressing is 160-180 ℃, and pressure is 1-20Mpa, and the time is 1-20min.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effect:
1, utilize novel having to absorb and the deodovization agent that reacts on one, join in EVA and various auxiliary agent, deodovization agent has good dispersiveness, and react with ammonia root by the mechanism of chelating, deodovization agent contains the reactive group such as phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl can generate stable inner complex with ammonia root, ammonia gas react, energy strong adsorption ammonia, removes ammonia root and ammonia effectively, can before methane amide forms, destroy the condition that its forms.
2, only added a kind of new deodovization agent, do not change original whipping agent, original formula and production technique are not affected substantially, manufacturer does not need to carry out complicated adjustment to production equipment and process, can solve EVA foamed products has the problem of methane amide, and the character of article of manufacture is had no effect.
3, EVA foam material is of many uses without methane amide processing mode, can not only produce and meet France and the Belgium children's ground cushion to methane amide restriction, and to producing other safe EVA foamed products, as toy for children, slippers, Leisure Sport articles for use, house articles for use etc. have great role.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.
In following examples, EVA260 is purchased from Dupont, and EVA7350 is purchased from Formosa Plastics, and EVA8038 is purchased from Dupont, AC-3000H is purchased from Zhejiang marine rainbow, and model is that the deodovization agent of SW100, SW120 or SW5510 is all purchased from Foshan Yi Te Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.
Embodiment 1
100 parts of EVA260 (VA content is 28wt%), 2 parts of AC3000-H, 1 part of zinc oxide, 0.05 part of BIBP, 5 parts of calcium carbonate, 0.5 part of SW100,0.5 part of stearic acid are dried to 6h after mixing in 60 ℃ of baking ovens, then carry out mixing injection moulding, temperature is controlled at 100 ℃, be now the temperature that linking agent works, whipping agent is not effect also.The EVA sheet material that injection moulding is obtained, continuation cutting is put into vulcanizing press and is filled mould hot pressing, controls 160 ℃ of molding temperatures, pressure 1Mpa, time 1min, rear automatically unloading, then cooling die, take out EVA foam material 1#, use to be tested.
Embodiment 2
100 parts of EVA7350 (VA content is 18wt%), 4 parts of AC3000-H, 0.5 part of Zinic stearas, 0.1 part of DCP, 10 parts of talcum powder, 1 part of SW120,2 parts of stearic acid are dried to 10h after mixing in 70 ℃ of baking ovens, then carry out mixing injection moulding, temperature is controlled at 110 ℃, be now the temperature that linking agent works, whipping agent is not effect also.The EVA sheet material that injection moulding is obtained, continuation cutting is put into vulcanizing press and is filled mould hot pressing, controls 170 ℃ of molding temperatures, pressure 5Mpa, time 5min, rear automatically unloading, then cooling die, take out EVA foam material 2#, use to be tested.
Embodiment 3
100 parts of EVA8038 (VA content is 14wt%), 8 parts of AC3000-H, 3 parts of zinc oxide, 0.5 part of PL400,20 parts of calcium carbonate, 3 parts of SW5510,5 parts of stearic acid are dried to 12h after mixing in 80 ℃ of baking ovens, then carry out mixing injection moulding, temperature is controlled at 120 ℃, be now the temperature that linking agent works, whipping agent is not effect also.The EVA sheet material that injection moulding is obtained, continuation cutting is put into vulcanizing press and is filled mould hot pressing, controls 180 ℃ of molding temperatures, pressure 10Mpa, time 10min, rear automatically unloading, then cooling die, take out EVA foam material 3#, use to be tested.
Embodiment 4
100 parts of EVA260 (VA content is 28wt%), 10 parts of AC3000-H, 5 parts of Zinic stearass, 1 part of TAIC, 30 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of SW100,3 parts of stearic acid are dried to 10h after mixing in 70 ℃ of baking ovens, then carry out mixing injection moulding, temperature is controlled at 110 ℃, be now the temperature that linking agent works, whipping agent is not effect also.The EVA sheet material that injection moulding is obtained, continuation cutting is put into vulcanizing press and is filled mould hot pressing, controls 170 ℃ of molding temperatures, pressure 20Mpa, time 20min, rear automatically unloading, then cooling die, take out EVA foam material 4#, use to be tested.
In the various embodiments described above, the performance of EVA foam material is in table 1
Table 1
As can be seen from the above table, in the EVA foam material that the present invention makes, the content of methane amide obviously reduces, and the limit value of methane amide in the EVA ground cushion of formulating lower than France.This adds just because of Novel flavor-removing agent, the amino and the ammonia that after the auxiliary agents such as whipping agent are added, produce were removed or transformed before forming methane amide, so only have the methane amide of little amount to separate out in EVA foamed products, reach the limits value of France to methane amide content in EVA foaming children ground cushion.
In addition, the product performance of the EVA foam material making by the present invention do not have wide variation compared with EVA goods before, the original a lot of premium propertiess of EVA foaming product are not affected, this also just this method be better than the benefit that tradition whipping agent OBSH replaces AC.
Embodiment 5
100 parts of EVA7350 (VA content is 18wt%), 6 parts of AC3000-H, 0.5 part of zinc oxide, 0.3 part of BIBP, 10 parts of calcium carbonate, 2 parts of SW120,1 part of stearic acid are dried to 10h after mixing in 80 ℃ of baking ovens, then carry out mixing injection moulding, temperature is controlled at 120 ℃, be now the temperature that linking agent works, whipping agent is not effect also.The EVA sheet material that injection moulding is obtained, continuation cutting is put into vulcanizing press and is filled mould hot pressing, controls 175 ℃ of molding temperatures, pressure 5Mpa, time 5min, rear automatically unloading, then cooling die, take out EVA foam material.
The above-mentioned description to embodiment is can understand and apply the invention for ease of those skilled in the art.Person skilled in the art obviously can easily make various modifications to these embodiment, and General Principle described herein is applied in other embodiment and needn't passes through performing creative labour.Therefore, the invention is not restricted to the embodiment here, those skilled in the art are according to announcement of the present invention, and not departing from the improvement that category of the present invention makes and revise all should be within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. an EVA foam material, is characterized in that, this foam material is made up of the component that comprises following weight part:
EVA 100;
Whipping agent 2-10;
Foamed promoter 0.5-5;
Bridging agent 0.05-1;
Weighting agent 5-30;
Deodovization agent 0.5-5:
Lubricant 0.5-5.
2. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described EVA, the content of vinyl acetate is 14wt%-28wt%, and described EVA is selected from EVA260, EVA7350 or EVA8038.
3. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described whipping agent is Cellmic C 121 series whipping agent, is selected from AC-3000H.
4. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described foamed promoter is oxide powder and zinc or stearic acid zinc powder.
5. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described bridging agent is selected from dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene, dicumyl peroxide, cyanacrylate or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate.
6. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described weighting agent is calcium carbonate or talcum powder.
7. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described deodovization agent is YITERTM deodovization agent, and preferably model is the deodovization agent of SW100, SW120 or SW5510.
8. a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described lubricant is selected from stearic acid.
9. a preparation method for EVA foam material as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) component of following weight part: EVA100, whipping agent 2-10, foamed promoter 0.5-5, bridging agent 0.05-1, weighting agent 5-30, deodovization agent 0.5-5, lubricant 0.5-5 are mixed after at 60-80 ℃ of baking oven inner drying 6-12h, obtain dried mixture;
(2) dried mixture is carried out to mixing injection moulding, obtain EVA sheet material;
(3) fill mould hot pressing by putting into vulcanizing press after the cutting of EVA sheet material, then automatically unloading, then cooling die, obtain EVA foam material.
10. the preparation method of a kind of EVA foam material according to claim 9, it is characterized in that, the temperature of the mixing injection moulding described in step (2) is 100-120 ℃, in step (3), the temperature of dress mould hot pressing is 160-180 ℃, pressure is 1-20Mpa, and the time is 1-20min.
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Cited By (21)
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CN104212036A (en) * | 2014-09-05 | 2014-12-17 | 华侨大学 | Polyolefin material foamed particles and production method thereof |
CN104277319A (en) * | 2014-10-10 | 2015-01-14 | 义乌市大胜橡塑制品有限公司 | Method for eliminating peculiar smell of EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) foamed material |
CN104448521A (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2015-03-25 | 安踏(中国)有限公司 | EVA composite foam material and preparation method thereof |
CN104448532A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-03-25 | 东莞市丞冠橡塑制品有限公司 | Colorful fashionable yoga mat and preparation technology thereof |
CN104497342A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-04-08 | 杭州海虹精细化工有限公司 | Ammonia-free foaming agent and preparation method thereof |
CN104513421A (en) * | 2014-11-29 | 2015-04-15 | 芜湖海程橡塑有限公司 | Modified EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) foaming composition and a preparation method thereof and noise reduction sealing piece |
CN105175871A (en) * | 2015-07-22 | 2015-12-23 | 苏州恒瑞达家用地垫有限公司 | Pigment formula for ground mat made from EVA material |
CN106832555A (en) * | 2017-03-05 | 2017-06-13 | 唐爱兰 | A kind of hydrophobic microprotein/polyethylene vinyl acetate composite and preparation method |
CN107337842A (en) * | 2016-12-26 | 2017-11-10 | 祥兴(福建)箱包集团有限公司 | A kind of ventilative support sheet that width is carried on the back suitable for knapsack and preparation method thereof |
CN107418066A (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2017-12-01 | 青阳县吉祥塑胶有限公司 | A kind of environmentally friendly EVA expanded materials |
CN107457954A (en) * | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-12 | 邵绍元 | A kind of production technology of on-slip ground cushion |
CN107698913A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-02-16 | 东莞市丞冠运动用品科技有限公司 | A kind of formula of sport pad |
CN109383061A (en) * | 2017-08-11 | 2019-02-26 | 厦门旺圣进出口有限公司 | A kind of manufacture craft of the double material soles of dual density |
CN110054830A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-07-26 | 泉州泰亚鞋业有限公司 | The more physical property vacuum (-tight) housing EVA foamed shoe soles of polychrome and its manufacturing method |
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CN110615935A (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2019-12-27 | 福建省佳胜体育用品有限公司 | EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) floor mat and preparation method thereof |
CN110628121A (en) * | 2019-09-23 | 2019-12-31 | 福建省佳胜体育用品有限公司 | EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) floor mat and preparation process thereof |
CN110698711A (en) * | 2019-09-27 | 2020-01-17 | 中化石化销售有限公司 | Modified foaming agent, micro-foaming polypropylene material and preparation method |
CN112011117A (en) * | 2020-09-14 | 2020-12-01 | 福建省新德新鞋业有限责任公司 | EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) foaming material and preparation method thereof |
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US11643518B2 (en) | 2017-12-22 | 2023-05-09 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Foaming composition |
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Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104212036A (en) * | 2014-09-05 | 2014-12-17 | 华侨大学 | Polyolefin material foamed particles and production method thereof |
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