CN110698711B - Modified foaming agent, micro-foaming polypropylene material and preparation method - Google Patents

Modified foaming agent, micro-foaming polypropylene material and preparation method Download PDF

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CN110698711B
CN110698711B CN201910924261.5A CN201910924261A CN110698711B CN 110698711 B CN110698711 B CN 110698711B CN 201910924261 A CN201910924261 A CN 201910924261A CN 110698711 B CN110698711 B CN 110698711B
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modified
micro
polypropylene material
agent
foaming agent
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CN110698711A (en
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李波
梁胜轲
王武聪
杜中杰
孙佩鑫
侯斌
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Sinochem Petrochemical Sales Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/04Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
    • C08J9/06Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
    • C08J9/10Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
    • C08J9/102Azo-compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2203/00Foams characterized by the expanding agent
    • C08J2203/04N2 releasing, ex azodicarbonamide or nitroso compound
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/10Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08J2323/12Polypropene

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a modified foaming agent, a micro-foaming polypropylene material and a preparation method thereof. The modified foaming agent comprises azodicarbonamide modified by aliphatic glycidyl ester. The micro-foaming polypropylene material comprises polypropylene resin, the modified foaming agent, a nucleating agent, an antioxidant and a lubricant. The generation of ammonia gas is limited by introducing the fatty acid glycidyl ester with the epoxy group into the azodicarbonamide, so that the micro-foaming polypropylene material containing the modified foaming agent is more environment-friendly.

Description

Modified foaming agent, micro-foaming polypropylene material and preparation method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a modified foaming agent, a micro-foaming polypropylene material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The special material for the micro-foaming polypropylene is a modified material which is popular in recent years, has the advantages of low product shrinkage, short forming time, weight reduction, raw material saving and the like, and has wide application prospect in the fields of automobile parts, electronic products and the like. Azodicarbonamide (AC) is one of the most commonly used blowing agents for producing microcellular polypropylene, and both chinese patent application 201310727884 and chinese patent application 201710559553 use AC blowing agents in microcellular polypropylene. The decomposition products of the AC foaming agent during the foaming process mainly comprise N2、CO、CO2And ammonia gas, because of the existence of the ammonia gas, products prepared by the AC foaming agent cannot meet the requirement of environmental protection, and the use of the AC foaming agent in polypropylene is seriously limited.
How to obtain the environment-friendly polypropylene material by modifying the azo-bis-formamide is very important.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving, at least to some extent, one of the technical problems in the related art. Therefore, the invention aims to provide a modified foaming agent, a micro-foaming polypropylene material and a preparation method thereof.
The decomposition product of Azodicarbonamide (AC) foaming agent in the foaming process mainly comprises N2、CO、CO2And ammonia, and the product prepared by the AC foaming agent cannot meet the requirement of environmental protection due to the existence of the ammonia, so that the use of the AC foaming agent in polypropylene is severely limited.
Therefore, the invention provides a chemical modification method of an AC foaming agent, which is characterized in that primary amine on the molecular structure of the AC foaming agent is converted into secondary amine by introducing fatty acid glycidyl ester with an epoxy group, so that the activity of amine groups is reduced, and the generation of ammonia gas is limited by introducing long carbon chains of fatty acid, so that the problem of ammonia gas generation in thermal decomposition products of the AC foaming agent is fundamentally solved.
Meanwhile, the micro-foaming polypropylene material is prepared by utilizing the modified foaming agent. The polypropylene resin is taken as a matrix, and is prepared by adding a modified foaming agent and a nucleating agent and adopting a double-screw extruder for melting and granulation. The micro-foaming polypropylene material obtained by the method has the advantages of no irritant gas release, uniform cell size and uniform distribution, and can be widely applied to the fields of automobile parts, electronic products and the like.
Specifically, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a modified blowing agent comprising: an aliphatic glycidyl ester modified azodicarbonamide. According to the modified foaming agent provided by the invention, primary amine on the molecular structure of the AC foaming agent is converted into secondary amine by introducing the fatty acid glycidyl ester with the epoxy group, so that the activity of the amine is reduced, and the generation of ammonia is limited by introducing the long carbon chain of the fatty acid, so that the problem of ammonia generation in the thermal decomposition product of the AC foaming agent is fundamentally solved. Therefore, the modified foaming agent provided by the invention is more environment-friendly.
Further, the aliphatic glycidyl ester modified azodicarbonamide is prepared by mixing azodicarbonamide and aliphatic glycidyl ester according to a molar ratio of 1: 1.5-1: 3, and preparing the product. Thus, fatty chains can be chemically grafted onto the molecular structure of the azodicarbonamide to obtain the aliphatic glycidyl ester modified azodicarbonamide. When the amount of the aliphatic glycidyl ester is too small, enough amide groups are not reacted, and more ammonia gas is still generated when the foaming agent is decomposed; when the amount of the aliphatic glycidyl ester is too large, the two amide groups in the AC can further react, so that the decomposition temperature of the product is too high, the decomposition efficiency of the foaming agent in the resin processing process is reduced, and the gas evolution is reduced.
Further, the aliphatic glycidyl ester includes at least one selected from the group consisting of glycidyl palmitate, glycidyl oleate, glycidyl linoleate, glycidyl linolenate, and glycidyl methacrylate. Thus, the azodicarbonamide modified by the aliphatic glycidyl ester and being environment-friendly can be obtained.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a modified blowing agent, the modified blowing agent according to the first aspect of the present invention, the method comprising: the azodicarbonamide and the aliphatic glycidyl ester are reacted in a solvent to obtain the modified blowing agent.
Further, the reaction temperature is 55-65 ℃, and the reaction time is 1-3 hours, preferably 2-3 hours. At the temperature of 55-65 ℃, azodicarbonamide and aliphatic glycidyl ester react completely, and the environment-friendly modified foaming agent with less ammonia gas generation amount can be obtained quickly.
Further, the solvent is dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, and the solid content of the azodicarbonamide and the aliphatic glycidyl ester in the solvent is 10-30%.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a micro-foamed polypropylene material comprising: a polypropylene resin, a modified foaming agent, the modified foaming agent being the modified foaming agent of the first aspect of the invention or the modified foaming agent prepared according to the method of the second aspect of the invention; nucleating agents, antioxidants, and lubricants. The micro-foaming polypropylene material prepared by the modified foaming agent has high heat-resistant temperature, the obtained polypropylene material is not decomposed by the foaming agent in the melting and granulating process, the foaming is stable in the injection molding process of plastic products, no irritant ammonia gas is generated, and the environmental protection characteristic of the special material for the micro-foaming polypropylene is effectively improved.
Further, the mass percentage of the modified foaming agent to the polypropylene resin is 0.1-5%, and preferably 1-2%.
Further, the mass percentage of the nucleating agent to the polypropylene is 1-30%, and preferably 1-10%. The mass percentage of the antioxidant to the polypropylene resin is 0.2-1%, and the mass percentage of the lubricant to the polypropylene resin is 0.5-1%.
Further, the nucleating agent is selected from at least one of talcum powder, 3, 4-dimethylbenzylidene sorbitol or methylene bis (4, 6-di-tert-butylphenyl) sodium phosphate; the antioxidant is selected from at least one of 1010, DLTP and 168; the lubricant is at least one selected from polyethylene wax, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, EBS and paraffin wax.
Further, the melt index of the polypropylene resin ranges from 1 to 90g/10 min.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a preparation method of a micro-foamed polypropylene material, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: and mixing the polypropylene, the modified foaming agent, the nucleating agent, the antioxidant and the lubricant, and carrying out melt granulation to obtain the micro-foaming polypropylene material. Therefore, the micro-foaming polypropylene material with better performance in all aspects and environmental protection can be prepared.
Further, the temperature of the melting granulation is 140-230 ℃. Therefore, the micro-foaming polypropylene material can be quickly prepared.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an electron microscope image of a section of a micro-foamed polypropylene injection molded part provided according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In at least some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a modified blowing agent, comprising: azodicarbonamide and aliphatic glycidyl ester were mixed according to a 1: 1.5-1: adding the mixture into a flask according to the molar ratio of 3, wherein the solvent is dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, the solid content is 10-30%, placing the mixture into a water bath at the temperature of 60 ℃, controlling the reaction time to be 1-3 hours, removing the solvent, and drying to obtain the modified foaming agent. In at least some embodiments of the present invention, the decomposition temperature of the obtained modified blowing agent is 222 to 230 degrees celsius, such as 224 to 227 degrees celsius, and the ammonia content of the generated gas is less than 1%.
The modified foaming agent prepared by the method can be used for preparing a micro-foaming polypropylene material, the prepared micro-foaming polypropylene material has high heat-resistant temperature, the modified foaming agent is not decomposed in the melting and granulating process, the foaming is stable in the injection molding process of plastic products, no irritant ammonia gas is generated, the environmental protection performance is good, and the requirement of modern society for environmental protection is met.
The scheme of the invention will be explained with reference to the examples. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the following examples are illustrative of the invention only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. The examples, where specific techniques or conditions are not indicated, are to be construed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
Example 1
Example 1 provides a method of preparing a modified blowing agent.
Comparative example
The comparative example is a pure azodicarbonamide blowing agent, the decomposition temperature of the modified blowing agent being 201 ℃ as measured by TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). The gas forming amount of the modified foaming agent is 217mL/g through the test of the chemical industry standard HG2097-91 drainage method of the people's republic of China. The ammonia gas content (v/v) in the resultant gas was 17.4% as measured by absorption titration.
Experimental group 1
Experimental group 1 a modified blowing agent was prepared by the following method:
azodicarbonamide and glycidyl oleate were mixed in a 1: adding the mixture into a flask according to the molar ratio of 1.5, wherein the solvent is dimethylformamide and the solid content is 10%, placing the mixture in a water bath at the temperature of 60 ℃, reacting for 2 hours, removing the solvent, and drying to obtain the modified foaming agent.
The decomposition temperature of the modified blowing agent was 224 ℃ as measured by TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). The gas forming amount of the modified foaming agent is 45mL/g through the test of the chemical industry standard HG2097-91 drainage method of the people's republic of China. The ammonia gas content (v/v) in the generated gas was 0.6% as measured by absorption titration.
Experimental group 2
Experimental group 2 a modified blowing agent was prepared by the following method:
azodicarbonamide and glycidyl linolenate were mixed in a ratio of 1: adding 3 mol ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent with solid content of 30% into a flask, placing in water bath at 60 deg.C, reacting for 3 hr, removing solvent, and oven drying to obtain the modified foaming agent.
The decomposition temperature of the modified blowing agent obtained in experimental group 2 was 227 ℃ by TGA test, according to the method of experimental group 1. The gas evolution of the modified blowing agent was 26mL/g as measured by the drainage method. The ammonia content in the generated gas was 0 as measured by absorption titration.
Experimental group 3
Experimental group 3 differs from experimental group 1 in that the molar ratio of azodicarbonamide to glycidyl linoleate in experimental group 3 is 1:1.
The ammonia content of the decomposition gas of the modified foaming agent obtained by the method reaches 4.2 percent. It is shown that when the proportion of aliphatic glycidyl ester is too small, sufficient amide groups are not sufficiently reacted and more ammonia gas is still generated when the blowing agent is decomposed.
Experimental group 4
Experimental group 4 differs from experimental group 1 in that the molar ratio of azodicarbonamide to glycidyl palmitate in experimental group 4 is 1: 4.
The amount of gas evolved by the thus-obtained modified blowing agent was 3 mL/g. It is demonstrated that when the ratio of aliphatic glycidyl ester is too high, both amide groups in AC will react, resulting in too high decomposition temperature of the product, no decomposition during foaming, and reduced gas evolution.
Experimental group 5
Experimental group 5 differs from experimental group 1 in that the solid content in the flask was 40%.
The gas evolution of the modified foaming agent obtained by the method is 55mL/g, and the content of ammonia in decomposed gas reaches 6.7%. It is shown that when the solid content is too high, the reaction does not proceed completely and part of AC does not react with the fatty acid glycidyl ester.
Experimental group 6
Experimental group 6 differs from experimental group 1 in that the reaction was carried out in a water bath at a temperature of 40 ℃.
The gas evolution of the modified foaming agent obtained by the method is 61mL/g, and the content of ammonia in decomposed gas reaches 8.8%. It is shown that when the reaction temperature is too low, the reaction is incomplete and part of AC does not react with the fatty acid glycidyl ester.
Experimental group 7
The experimental group 7 was different from the experimental group 1 in that the reaction time was 1 hour.
The gas evolution of the modified foaming agent obtained by the method is 49mL/g, and the content of ammonia in decomposed gas reaches 7.3%. It is shown that when the reaction time is too short, the reaction does not proceed completely and a part of AC does not react with the fatty acid glycidyl ester.
Example 2
Example 2 provides a method of preparing a micro-expanded polypropylene material.
Experimental group a
Experimental group a provides a micro-foamed polypropylene material comprising:
a polypropylene resin having a melt index of 38g/10 min;
the modified foaming agent prepared in the experimental group 1 is 1% of polypropylene resin by mass;
the mass percentage of the nucleating agent (3, 4-dimethylbenzylidene sorbitol), 3, 4-dimethylbenzylidene sorbitol and polypropylene resin is 16%;
antioxidant (DLTP), the mass percent of DLTP and polypropylene resin is 0.2%;
and the lubricant (calcium stearate) accounts for 0.8 percent of the mass of the calcium stearate and the polypropylene resin.
The micro-foaming polypropylene material is prepared by the following method:
adding a modified foaming agent, a nucleating agent, an antioxidant and a lubricant into polypropylene resin, uniformly mixing, and performing melt extrusion granulation by using a double-screw extruder, wherein the screw extrusion processing temperature is 180 ℃, and the screw rotation speed is 200 rpm. And (3) injection molding a standard sample strip by using the prepared granules at the molding temperature of 230 ℃, thereby obtaining the micro-foamed polypropylene injection molding.
The prepared micro-foamed polypropylene injection molding is quenched, the section of the injection molding is photographed under an electron microscope, and the result is shown in figure 1. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the obtained modified blowing agent has uniform cell size and uniform distribution.
The resulting microcellular foamed polypropylene materials were tested and the results are shown in table 1.
Experimental group b
Experimental group b provides a micro-foamed polypropylene material comprising:
a polypropylene resin having a melt index of 38g/10 min;
the modified foaming agent prepared in the experimental group 2 is 3% of polypropylene resin by mass;
the mass percentage of the nucleating agent (methylene bis (4, 6-di-tert-butylphenyl) sodium phosphate) to the polypropylene resin is 1%;
0.5 percent of antioxidant (1010), 1010 and polypropylene resin;
and the lubricant (polyethylene wax) accounts for 0.5 percent of the mass of the polypropylene resin.
The micro-foaming polypropylene material is prepared by the following method:
adding a modified foaming agent, a nucleating agent, an antioxidant and a lubricant into polypropylene resin, uniformly mixing, and performing melt extrusion granulation by using a double-screw extruder, wherein the screw extrusion processing temperature is 190 ℃, and the screw rotation speed is 200 rpm. And (3) injection molding a standard sample strip by using the prepared granules at the molding temperature of 230 ℃, thereby obtaining the micro-foamed polypropylene injection molding.
The resulting microcellular foamed polypropylene materials were tested and the results are shown in table 1.
Experimental group c
Experimental group c provides a micro-foamed polypropylene material comprising:
a polypropylene resin having a melt index of 38g/10 min;
the modified foaming agent prepared in the experimental group 2 is 5% by mass of the modified foaming agent and the polypropylene resin;
the mass percent of the nucleating agent (talcum powder) and the polypropylene resin is 30 percent;
the mass percent of the antioxidant (168), 168 and the polypropylene resin is 1%;
and the lubricant (zinc stearate), wherein the mass percentage of the zinc stearate to the polypropylene resin is 1%.
The micro-foaming polypropylene material is prepared by the following method:
adding a modified foaming agent, a nucleating agent, an antioxidant and a lubricant into polypropylene resin, uniformly mixing, and performing melt extrusion granulation by using a double-screw extruder, wherein the screw extrusion processing temperature is 200 ℃, and the screw rotation speed is 200 rpm. And (3) injection molding a standard sample strip by using the prepared granules at the molding temperature of 230 ℃, thereby obtaining the micro-foamed polypropylene injection molding.
The resulting microcellular foamed polypropylene materials were tested and the results are shown in table 1.
Experimental group d
Experimental group d differs from experimental group a in that the modified blowing agent used in experimental group d was the modified blowing agent of experimental group 3 in example 1.
The resulting microcellular foamed polypropylene materials were tested and the results are shown in table 1. The odor test result is obviously worse than that of the experimental group a, which shows that the modified foaming agent of the experimental group 3 is used as the foaming agent to prepare the micro-foaming polypropylene material, and the generated ammonia gas is more.
Experimental group e
The experimental group e is different from the experimental group c in that the amount of the modified blowing agent used in the experimental group e is 10% of the polypropylene resin content.
The resulting microcellular foamed polypropylene materials were tested and the results are shown in table 1. The density of the foam was not significantly reduced compared to that of the test group c, indicating that the foaming ratio could not be further increased by the excessive amount of the foaming agent. Thus, the amount of the modified blowing agent can be appropriately reduced without adverse effects in order to save costs and use amounts.
Experimental group f
Experimental group f differs from experimental group a in that the modified blowing agent was replaced with a mixture of azodicarbonamide and glycidyl oleate in a molar ratio of 1: 1.5.
In the experimental group f, only azodicarbonamide and glycidyl oleate were physically mixed, and then the mixture was used as a modified foaming agent to prepare a micro-foamed polypropylene material, and the obtained micro-foamed polypropylene material was tested, and the results are shown in table 1. The odor test result is greatly reduced compared with the test group a, and the result is poorer, which indicates that the amount of ammonia generated by the unmodified foaming agent is larger.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002218523710000071
As can be seen from the results given in Table 1, the experimental groups a, b, c, e, etc. all obtained better microcellular foamed polypropylene materials.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (16)

1. A modified blowing agent, comprising: an aliphatic glycidyl ester modified azodicarbonamide.
2. The modified foaming agent according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic glycidyl ester-modified azodicarbonamide is prepared from azodicarbonamide and aliphatic glycidyl ester in a molar ratio of 1: 1.5-1: 3, and preparing the product.
3. The modified blowing agent of claim 2 wherein the aliphatic glycidyl ester comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of glycidyl palmitate, glycidyl oleate, glycidyl linoleate, glycidyl linolenate, and glycidyl methacrylate.
4. A process for preparing a modified blowing agent according to claim 1, 2 or 3, comprising:
the azodicarbonamide and the aliphatic glycidyl ester are reacted in a solvent to obtain the modified blowing agent.
5. The method for preparing a modified blowing agent according to claim 4, wherein the reaction temperature is 55 to 65 ℃ and the reaction time is 1 to 3 hours.
6. The method for preparing the modified blowing agent according to claim 4, wherein the solvent is dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, and the solid content of the azodicarbonamide and the aliphatic glycidyl ester in the solvent is 10 to 30%.
7. A micro-foamed polypropylene material, comprising:
a polypropylene resin,
a modified blowing agent as defined in claim 1 or 2 or 3 or prepared according to the method of claim 4 or 5 or 6;
a nucleating agent, a water-soluble polymer and a water-soluble polymer,
an antioxidant, a surfactant,
and a lubricant.
8. The micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 7, wherein the mass percentage of the modified foaming agent to the polypropylene resin is 0.1-5%.
9. The micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 8, wherein the mass percentage is 1-2%.
10. The micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 7, wherein the mass percentage of the nucleating agent to the polypropylene resin is 1 to 30%.
11. The micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 10, wherein the mass percentage is 1 to 10%.
12. The micro-expanded polypropylene material according to claim 7,
the mass percentage of the antioxidant to the polypropylene resin is 0.2-1%,
the mass percentage of the lubricant to the polypropylene resin is 0.5-1%.
13. The micro-expanded polypropylene material according to claim 7, wherein the nucleating agent is at least one selected from talc, 3, 4-dimethylbenzylidene sorbitol, and sodium methylene bis (4, 6-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphate;
the antioxidant is at least one selected from 1010 (pentaerythritol tetrakis [ beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate), DLTP (dilauryl thiodipropionate) and 168 (tris [2, 4-di-tert-butylphenyl ] phosphite);
the lubricant is at least one selected from polyethylene wax, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, EBS (ethylene bis stearamide) and paraffin wax.
14. The micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 7, wherein the melt index of the polypropylene resin is in a range of 1 to 90g/10 min.
15. The method for preparing the micro-foamed polypropylene material according to any one of claims 7 to 14, comprising the following steps:
and mixing the polypropylene resin, the modified foaming agent, the nucleating agent, the antioxidant and the lubricant, and performing melt granulation to obtain the micro-foaming polypropylene material.
16. The method for preparing a micro-foamed polypropylene material according to claim 15, wherein the temperature of the melt granulation is 140 to 230 ℃.
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