CN103775134A - 不同程度粗糙的叶片及其制造方法 - Google Patents

不同程度粗糙的叶片及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN103775134A
CN103775134A CN201310508517.7A CN201310508517A CN103775134A CN 103775134 A CN103775134 A CN 103775134A CN 201310508517 A CN201310508517 A CN 201310508517A CN 103775134 A CN103775134 A CN 103775134A
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blade
roughness
pressure side
suction side
coating
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法蒂·艾哈迈德
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Siemens AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/68—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers
    • F04D29/681—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02—Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023—Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
    • F04D29/30—Vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
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    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
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    • F05D2240/305—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the pressure side of a rotor blade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/306—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the suction side of a rotor blade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
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    • F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/31—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor with roughened surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
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    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种不同程度粗糙的叶片及其制造方法。通过叶片（1、120、130）的吸入侧（7）和压力侧（4）的表面的粗糙度的不同的设计方案能够改善压缩机或者涡轮机的叶片的性能。

Description

不同程度粗糙的叶片及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种叶片和一种用于其的制造方法，所述叶片在其表面上以不同粗糙程度构成。
背景技术
叶片在压缩机或者在蒸汽轮机或者燃气轮机中使用。在此，介质如空气或者热气体流过涡轮叶片，以至于在所述介质和叶片的表面之间产生相互作用。所述相互作用对于叶片功能而言是重要的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，说明一种叶片特别是用于压缩机或者涡轮机如蒸汽轮机或者燃气轮机的叶片，所述叶片具有改善的性能。
所述目的通过根据本发明的一种弯曲的叶片，特别是用于压缩机或者涡轮机的叶片来实现，所述叶片具有吸入侧和压力侧，所述吸入侧的表面与所述压力侧的表面相比至少大部分地，特别是全部构成为是较不粗糙的，特别是以至少20%的程度较不粗糙的。所述目的还通过根据本发明的用于制造叶片的方法，特别是用于制造上述叶片的方法来实现，其中将所述叶片的压力侧的表面粗糙化，特别是其中仅将所述叶片的所述压力侧的表面粗糙化。此外所述目的通过根据本发明的用于制造叶片的方法，特别是用于制造上述叶片的方法来实现，其中将叶片的吸入侧的表面光滑化，特别是其中仅将叶片的所述吸入侧的表面光滑化。
在下文中列举了其它的有利的措施，所述措施能够任意地彼此组合，以便实现其它的优点。
附图说明
其示出：
图1、2示出贯穿叶片的横截面，
图3示出涡轮叶片。
具体实施方式
附图和描述仅示出本发明的实施例。
图1示出叶片1、120、130，特别是具有吸入侧7和压力侧4的涡轮叶片的横截面，其中叶片1、120、130在流动方向10上由介质绕流。
根据本发明，吸入侧7设计为与压力侧4相比更光滑或者较不粗糙。
特别地，压力侧4设计为与吸入侧7相比粗糙程度是至少两倍，优选是三倍。
在此，叶片1的表面是否没有覆层（图1），或者最外部的覆层是否是金属的和/或陶瓷的覆层，如果需要的话具有金属的子层（图2），是无关紧要的。
因此在基底表面上或者在金属的或陶瓷的表面上相应地设定或者产生粗糙度。
在没有覆层的基底13中，这能够通过后续处理也就是说通过压力侧4的粗糙化或者吸入侧7的光滑化来实现。
如果是铸件，那么注入有金属以产生基底13的铸模也能够通过其内表面相应地以不同粗糙程度构成，以便产生上述粗糙度。
同样后续处理是可能的，也就是说，进行基底13的光滑化或者粗糙化。
在基底13上覆层时，同样可设定粗糙度，以至于通过覆层已经设定了不同的粗糙度。这优选可通过不同粒度的用于覆层的粉末颗粒来实现。
同样后续处理是可能的，也就是说，进行层16的光滑化或者粗糙化。
对于粗糙度的确定能够使用不同的粗糙度限定。有利地，产生或设定对于吸入侧7而言≤6μm的粗糙度和/或对于压力侧4而言至少20μm特别是20μm至30μm的粗糙度。
通过叶片的这种根据本发明的设计方案，压缩机或者涡轮机内部的压力被提高，这导致功率上升。
图3在立体视图中示出流体机械的转子叶片120或者导向叶片130，所述转子叶片或者导向叶片沿着纵轴线121延伸。
所述流体机械可以是飞机的或用于发电的发电厂的燃气轮机，也可以是蒸汽轮机或压缩机。
叶片120、130沿着纵轴线121相继具有：固定区域400、邻接于固定区域的叶片平台403以及叶身406和叶片梢部415。作为导向叶片130，叶片130可以在其叶片梢部415处具有另一平台（未示出）。
在固定区域400中形成有用于将转子叶片120、130固定在轴或盘上的叶片根部183（未示出）。叶片根部183例如构成为锤头形。作为枞树形根部或燕尾形根部的其他构形是可行的。叶片120、130对于流过叶身406的介质具有入流棱边409和出流棱边412。
在传统的叶片120、130中，在叶片120、130的所有区域400、403、406中使用例如实心的金属材料、尤其是超合金。例如由EP1204776B1、EP1306454、EP1319729A1、WO99/67435或WO00/44949已知这样的超合金。在这种情况下，叶片120、130可以通过铸造法，也可以借助定向凝固、通过锻造法、通过铣削法或其组合来制造。
将带有一个或多个单晶结构的工件用作机器的在运行中承受高的机械的、热的和/或化学的负荷的构件。这种单晶工件的制造例如通过由熔融物定向凝固来进行。在此，这涉及一种浇注法，其中液态金属合金凝固为单晶结构、即单晶工件，或者定向凝固。在这种情况下，枝状晶体沿热流定向，并且形成柱状晶体的晶粒结构（柱状地，这就是说在工件的整个长度上分布的晶粒，并且在此根据一般的语言习惯称为定向凝固），或者形成单晶结构，这就是说整个工件由唯一的晶体构成。在这些方法中，必须避免过渡成球形（多晶的）凝固，因为通过非定向的生长不可避免地构成横向和纵向晶界，所述横向和纵向晶界使定向凝固的或单晶的构件的良好特性不起作用。如果一般性地提到定向凝固组织，则是指不具有晶界或最多具有小角度晶界的单晶和确实具有沿纵向方向分布的晶界但不具有横向晶界的柱状晶体结构。第二种所提到的晶体结构也称为定向凝固组织（directionally solidified structures）。由US-PS6,024,792和EP0892090A1已知这样的方法。
叶片120、130同样可以具有抗腐蚀或抗氧化的覆层，例如（MCrAlX；M是铁（Fe）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）中的至少一种元素，X是活性元素并代表钇（Y）和/或硅和/或至少一种稀土元素，或铪（Hf））。由EP0486489B1、EP0786017B1、EP0412397B1或EP1306454A1已知这样的合金。密度优选地是理论密度的95%。在（作为中间层或最外层的）MCrAlX层上形成保护性氧化铝层（TGO=thermal grownoxide layer（热生长氧化层））。
优选地，层成分具有Co-30Ni-28Cr-8Al-0.6Y-0.7Si或Co-28Ni-24Cr-10Al-0.6Y。除这些钴基保护覆层外，也优选地使用镍基保护层，例如Ni-10Cr-12Al-0.6Y-3Re或Ni-12Co-21Cr-11Al-0.4Y-2Re或Ni-25Co-17Cr-10Al-0.4Y-1.5Re。
在MCrAlX上还可以有隔热层，隔热层优选是最外层并例如由ZrO2、Y2O3-ZrO2组成，即，隔热层通过氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁非稳定、部分稳定或完全稳定。隔热层覆盖整个MCrAlX层。通过例如电子束气相淀积（EB-PVD）的适当的覆层方法在隔热层中产生柱状晶粒。其他覆层方法也是可以考虑的，例如气相等离子喷涂（APS）、LPPS（低压等离子喷涂）、VPS（真空等离子喷涂）或CVD（化学气相淀积）。隔热层可以具有多孔的、有微观裂缝或宏观裂缝的晶粒，用于更好地耐热冲击。因此，隔热层优选地比MCrAlX层更为多孔。
再处理（Refurbishment）意味着在使用涡轮叶片120、130之后，必要时必须将保护层从涡轮叶片120、130上去除（例如通过喷砂）。接着，进行腐蚀和/或氧化层及腐蚀和/或氧化产物的移除。必要时，还修复在涡轮叶片120、130中的裂缝。然后，进行涡轮叶片120、130和热屏蔽元件155的再覆层以及涡轮叶片120、130的重新使用。
叶片120、130可以构造成空心的或实心的。如果要冷却叶片120、130，则叶片为空心的并且必要时还具有薄膜冷却孔418（由虚线表示）。

Claims (9)

1.一种弯曲的叶片（1、120、130），特别是用于压缩机或者涡轮机的叶片，所述叶片具有吸入侧（7）和压力侧（4），
其特征在于，
所述吸入侧（7）的表面与所述压力侧（4）的表面相比至少大部分地，特别是全部构成为是较不粗糙的，特别是以至少20%的程度较不粗糙的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，
其中所述叶片（1、120、130）仅由不覆层的基底（13）构成，并且在基底表面上构成不同的粗糙度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，
其中在所述叶片（1、120、130）上施加有金属覆层（16），
所述金属覆层作为最外部的层（16）具有不同的粗糙度。
4.根据权利要求1所述的叶片，
其中在所述叶片（1、120、130）上施加有陶瓷覆层（16），
所述陶瓷覆层作为最外部的层（16）具有不同的粗糙度。
5.根据权利要求1至4的一项或多项所述的叶片，
其中所述压力侧（4）的粗糙度是所述吸入侧（7）的粗糙度的至少两倍大，特别是至少三倍大。
6.根据权利要求1至5的一项或多项所述的叶片，
其中所述吸入侧（7）具有≤6μm的粗糙度。
7.根据权利要求1至6的一项或多项所述的叶片，
其中所述压力侧（4）具有≥20μm的粗糙度，特别是20μm至30μm的粗糙度。
8.一种用于制造特别是根据权利要求1至7的一项或多项所述的叶片（1、120、130）的方法，
其中将所述叶片的压力侧（4）的表面粗糙化，特别是其中仅将所述叶片的所述压力侧（4）的表面粗糙化。
9.一种用于制造特别是根据权利要求1至7的一项或多项所述的叶片（1、120、130）的方法，
其中将叶片的吸入侧（7）的表面光滑化，特别是其中仅将叶片的所述吸入侧（7）的表面光滑化。
CN201310508517.7A 2012-10-24 2013-10-24 不同程度粗糙的叶片及其制造方法 Pending CN103775134A (zh)

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