CN103764161A - 包含Wnt 诱因受体的抗癌组合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含将Wnt诱因受体作为有效成分的癌症的预防或治疗用组合物。本发明的癌症的预防或治疗用组合物或其表达产物与Wn t配体相结合,来阻断配体-受体相互作用,从而抑制癌症的发生、生长、增殖及转移,并诱导癌细胞的凋亡,来有用地用作有效的抗癌组合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及利用Wnt诱因受体来抑制参与肿瘤进展的Wnt信号传导的活化的抗癌组合物。
背景技术
肺癌为预后不好且在全世界成为癌-相关死亡的最普遍的原因的癌症。据2009年美国癌症协会(American Cancer Society)统计,在美国发病的新肺癌患者的数量为219440名。虽然外科手术及放射线治疗等标准治疗法在大部分情况下无效(1),但随着对肺癌的分子水平机制的理解有所提高,正在开发崭新而有希望的新治疗法(2)。随着化学治疗法的发达,虽然增加了侵袭性非小细胞肺癌患者的生存率,但对化学疗法的耐药性(chemoresistance)成为治疗失败的主要原因(3)。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR,epithelial growth factor receptor)中的突变活化成为肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinomas)的原因之一,并且向这些肿瘤赋予对作为EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的吉非替尼(gefitinib)或厄洛替尼(erlotinib)的强的抵抗性(4、5)。很多侵袭性肺癌通过在包含Wnt、K-ras、胞外信号调节激酶(ERK,extracellular signal-regulated kinase)、Akt及环氧化酶-2的多种癌-相关基因中发生变形,来给出了多种不同的分子机制作用于肺腺癌中的癌症产生的启示(6~8)。
自从20多年前,随着发现Wnt-1作为小鼠哺乳类肿瘤病毒的整合位点(integration site),首次报告了癌中的Wnt信号传导的作用(9)。据很多研究报告,Wnt配体、受体及胞外拮抗剂的表达变化与癌症的发端/进行以及干细胞的自我更新/分化相关(10)。虽然Wnt配体、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5(LRP5,low-density lipoprotein receptorrelated protein5)以及LRP6的表达在肺癌中增加,但像抑制Wnt配体来阻断与受体的相互作用的Wnt拮抗剂[例如,WIF-1(Wnt抑制因子(inhibitory factor)-1)]、分泌型卷曲相关蛋白(sFRP,secreted Frizzled-related proteins)以及DKK(dickkopf蛋白(proteins),表达会减少或者处于非活化的状态(11、12)。因此,对Wnt的单克隆抗体以及siRNA和Wnt拮抗剂的超表达在多种体外及体内肿瘤模型中减少肿瘤的生长。
引起作为核心效应分子的β-连环蛋白的稳定化以及向核的转移的常规的Wnt信号传导机制的活化需要属于LRP超家族(superfamily)的LRP6(13)。为了与Wnt相结合,需要由4个个别的YWTDβ-螺旋桨/EGF-样结构域形成,且将第一域及第二域(E1及E2)配对的LRP6(14-16)。本发明人对作为由LRP6的E1及E2位点构成的新的水溶性Wnt受体的sLRP6E1E2的治疗有用性进行了研究。本发明人对与胞外Wnt配体相结合,且切断配体-受体相互作用的sLRP6E1E2的生物学效果进行了调查。其结果,获得了特定Wnt配体/受体相互作用可具有作为抗癌治疗剂的潜在用途的直接证据。
在本说明书全文中,参照了多篇论文及专利文献,并表示了其引用。引用的论文及专利文献的所有公开内容作为参照插入于本说明书中,从而更加明确地说明本发明所属技术领域的水平及本发明的内容。
发明内容
要解决的问题
本发明人为了通过有效地抑制肿瘤的发生及生长来开发抗肿瘤活性最大化的基因抗癌治疗组合物而锐意研究努力。其结果,发现了作为新的水溶性Wnt受体的sLRP6E1E2通过与Wnt3a蛋白质的结合来抑制癌中的Wnt信号传导机制,从而抑制癌细胞的生长、增殖及转移,并诱导癌细胞的凋亡的事实,从而完成了本发明。
因此,本发明的目的在于,提供一种癌症预防或治疗用组合物。
本发明的另一个目的在于,提供一种癌症预防或治疗方法。
通过以下发明的详细说明、发明要求保护范围以及附图,来使本发明的其他目的以及优点更加明确。
解决问题的手段
根据本发明的一实施方式,本发明提供一种癌症预防或治疗用组合物,上述组合物包含具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽作为有效成分。
根据本发明的另一个实施方式,本发明提供一种癌症预防或治疗方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将包含具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽的药剂学有效量的组合物给药到对象(subject)。
本发明人为了通过有效地抑制肿瘤的发生及生长来开发抗肿瘤活性最大化的基因抗癌治疗组合物而锐意研究努力。其结果,发现了作为新的水溶性Wnt受体的sLRP6E1E2通过与Wnt3a蛋白质的结合抑制癌中的Wnt传递信号传导机制,来抑制癌细胞的生长、增殖及转移,并诱导癌细胞的凋亡的事实。
在本说明书中,术语“多肽”意味着通过肽结合,由氨基酸残基相互结合而成的线性的分子。序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列为作为由LRP6的E1及E2位点构成的新的水溶性Wnt受体的sLRP6E1E2的氨基酸序列。根据本发明,sLRP6E1E2与Wnt配体相结合来阻断配体-受体相互作用,由此抑制对癌的发生、生长、增殖及转移起到重要的作用的Wnt信号传导的活化。
更详细地,根据本发明的实施例,本发明的水溶性Wnt受体减少细胞质β-连环蛋白水平及T细胞因子(TCF,T-cell Factor)转录活性,抑制癌细胞增殖,诱导癌细胞的细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤的生长,减少在血管生成、肿瘤生长及转移中起到重要的作用的MMP-2及MMP-9的表达量,并减少肿瘤细胞的渗透性。因此,本发明的组合物可用作有效地抑制癌变的有效的抗癌组合物。
将本发明的sLRP6E1E2解释为也包含相对于序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列表示实质同一性(substantial identity)的氨基酸序列。上述实质同一性意味着,在以最大限度地使本发明的上述氨基酸序列与任意其他序列相对应的方式排比,并利用该领域中的常用的算法来分析已排比的序列的情况下,表示最小80%的同源性、更优选地表示最小90%的同源性、最优选地表示最小95%的同源性的氨基酸序列。
并且,本发明中所利用的sLRP6E1E2除了具有其天然型氨基酸序列的蛋白质之外,其氨基酸序列突变体还包含在本发明的范围。sLRP6E1E2蛋白质的突变体意味着,sLRP6E1E2蛋白质的天然氨基酸序列与一个以上的氨基酸残基通过缺失、插入、非保守性置换或保守性置换或它们的组合具有不同的序列的蛋白质。不使分子的活性整体上变更的蛋白质以及肽中的氨基酸交换公知在该领域(H.Neurath,R.L.Hill,The Proteins,Academic Press,New York,1979)。最普遍发生的交换为氨基酸残基Ala/Ser、Val/Ile、Asp/Glu、Thr/Ser、Ala/Gly、Ala/Thr、Ser/Asn、Ala/Val、Ser/Gly、Tyr/Phe、Ala/Pro、Lys/Arg、Asp/Asn、Leu/Ile、Leu/Val、Ala/Glu及Asp/Gly之间的交换。
根据情况,sLRP6E1E2蛋白质也可以由磷酸化(phosphorylation)、硫化(sulfation)、丙烯酸酯化(acrylation)、糖基化(glycosylation)、甲基化(methylation)或法尼基化(farnesylation)等修饰(modification)。
上述sLRP6E1E2蛋白质或其突变体可从天然中提取或合成(Merrifleld,J.Amer.chem.Soc..85:2149-2156,1963),或者可通过基于DNA序列的重组方法来制成(Sambrook,J.etal.,Molecular Cloning.A Laboratory Manual,3rd ed.Cold Spring Harbor Press(2001))。
根据本发明的其他实施方式,本发明提供一种癌症预防或治疗用组合物,上述组合物包含对序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列进行编码的核苷酸序列作为有效成分。
根据本发明的其他实施方式,本发明提供一种癌症预防或治疗方法,上述方法包括以下步骤:将包含对序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列进行编码的核苷酸序列的药剂学有效量的组合物给药到对象(subject)。
根据本发明的优选的实施例,本发明的核苷酸序列具有序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列。
根据本发明,序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列为由LRP6的E1及E2胞外域(Wnt结合位点)形成的sLRP6E1E2的核苷酸序列。
对于该领域普通技术人员来说明确的是,本发明中所利用的核苷酸序列不限定于在所附的序列目录中记载的核苷酸序列。
核苷酸中的变异也有在蛋白质不发生变化的。这种核酸从功能上包含核酸分子,上述核酸分子包含功能上均等的密码子或者对相同的氨基酸进行编码的密码子(例如,由于密码子的简并性,对精氨酸或丝氨酸的密码子为6个),或者对生物学均等的氨基酸进行编码的密码子。
若考虑上述具有生物学均等活性的变异,则将本发明中所利用的核酸分子解释为也包含与记载于序列目录的序列表示实质同一性(substantial identity)的序列。上述实质同一性意味着,在以最大限度地使本发明的上述序列与任意其他序列相对应的方式排比,并利用该领域中的常用的算法来分析已排比的序列的情况下,表示最小60%的同源性、更优选地表示70%的同源性、尤其优选地表示80%的同源性、最优选地表示90%的同源性的序列。
用于序列比较的排比方法公知在该领域中。对排比的多种方法及算法公开在Smith and Waterman,Adv.Appl.Math.2:482(1981);Needleman and Wunsch,J.Mol.Bio.48:443(1970);Pearson andLipman,Methods in Mol.Biol.24:307-31(1988);Higgins and Sharp,Gene73:237-44(1988);Higgins and Sharp,CABIOS5:151-3(1989);Corpet et al.,Nuc.Acids Res.16:10881-90(1988);Huang et al.,Comp.Appl.BioSci.8:155-65(1992)and Pearson et al.,Meth.Mol.Biol.24:307-31(1994)。NCBI Basic Local AlignmentSearch Tool(BLAST)(Altschul et al.,J.Mol.Biol.215:403-10(1990))可从美国国立生物信息中心(NBCI,National Center for Biological Information)等接近,可在互联网上与blastp、blasm、blastx、tblastn及tblastx等序列分析程序联动地利用。可在http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/中连接到BLSAT。利用上述程序的序列同源性比较方法可在http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/blast_help.html中确认。
根据本发明的优选的实施例,本发明的核苷酸序列包含在基因递送体(gene delivery system)。
在本说明书中,术语“基因递送体”包含为了将外源基因送递到宿主细胞等,从而利用宿主细胞的基因表达系统来使最终送递的基因表达而使用的所有介质。
根据本发明的更加优选的实施例,本发明的基因递送体为质粒、重组腺病毒、腺相关病毒(AAV,Adeno-associated viruses)、逆转录病毒、慢病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、麻疹病毒、痘病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、痘苗病毒、聚合物、纳米物质、脂质体或类脂质体。
本发明中要传递的核苷酸序列可适用于用在普通的基因治疗的所有基因递送体,优选地,可适用于质粒、腺病毒(Lockett LJ,et al.,Clin.Cancer Res.3:2075-2080(1997))、腺相关病毒(Lashford LS.,et al.,Gene Therapy Technologies,Applications and Regulations Ed.A.Meager(1999))、逆转录病毒(Gunzburg WH et al.,Gene Therapy Technologies,Applications and Regulations Ed.A.Meager,(1999))、慢病毒(Wang G.et al.,J.Clin.Invest.104(11):R55-62(1999))、单纯疱疹病毒(Chamber R.,et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA92:1411-1415(1995))、痘苗病毒(Puhlmann M.et al.,Human Gene Therapy10:649-657(1999))、痘病毒(GCE,NJL,Krupa M,Esteban M.,The poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC as gene delivery systems for vaccination against infectious diseases and cancer Curr Gene Ther8(2):97-120(2008))、呼肠孤病毒、麻疹病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、聚合物(Hwang et al.,In vitro and In vivoTransfection Efficiency of Human Osteoprotegerin Gene using Non-Viral Polymer Carriers.,Korean J.Bone Metab.13(2):119-128(2006))、脂质体(Methods in Molecular Biology,Vol199,S.C.Basuand M.Basu(Eds.),Human Press2002)、纳米物质或类脂质体。最优选地,本发明的基因递送体适用于重组腺病毒而制成。
ⅰ.腺病毒
腺病毒因借助中间程度的基因组大小、操作的便利性、高的滴度、广泛的靶细胞以及优秀的感染性而多用作基因递送载体。基因组的两个末端包含100~200bp的反向终端重复序列(ITR,inverted terminalrepeat),这是DNA复制以及包装必不可少的顺式元件。基因组的E1区域(E1A及E1B)对调节转录及宿主细胞基因的转录的蛋白质进行编码。E2区域(E2A及E2B)对参与病毒DNA复制的蛋白质进行编码。在当前已开发的腺病毒载体中,多使用缺少E1区域的不能复制的腺病毒。另一方面,E3区域提供从普通的腺病毒载体去除而使外源基因插入的位置(Thimmappaya,B.et al.,Cell,31:543-551(1982);以及Riordan,J.R.et al.,Science,245:1066-1073(1989))。因此,本发明的核苷酸序列可插入于E1A基因的启动子序列位置,用于调节E1A基因的表达。在本说明书中,与病毒基因组序列相关而使用的术语“缺失”意味着不仅包含相应序列完全缺失的,还包含部分缺失的。
优选地,本发明的重组腺病毒载体为E1B及E3区域缺失的,本发明的序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列插入于E1B或E3区域。
并且,由于腺病毒可包装至野生型基因组的约105%,因而还可以追加地包装约2kb(Ghosh-Choudhury et al.,EMBO J.,6:1733-1739(1987))。因此,也可以使插入于腺病毒的上述外源序列追加地与腺病毒的基因组相结合。
由腺病毒送递的外源基因以与附加体相同的方式被复制,由此,对宿主细胞的基因毒性非常低。因此,判断为利用本发明的腺病毒基因送递系统的基因治疗会非常安全。
ⅱ.逆转录病毒
由于逆转录病毒可使其本身的基因插入于宿主的基因组,可送递大量的外源基因物质,且可感染细胞的光谱宽,因而多用作基因递送载体。
为了构建逆转录病毒载体,要送递的目标核苷酸序列插入于逆转录病毒基因组来替代逆转录病毒的序列,从而生产不能复制的病毒。虽然为了生产病毒体,包含gag、pol及env基因,但构建没有长末端重复序列(LTR,long terminal repeat)和Ψ序列的包装细胞株(Mann et al.,Cell,33:153-159(1983))。若将包含要送递的目标核苷酸序列、LTR及Ψ序列的重组质粒引入上述细胞株,则Ψ序列可生产重组质粒的RNA转录体,上述转录体由病毒包装,病毒向培养基排出(Nicolas and Rubinstein“Retroviral vectors,”In:Vectors:A survey of molecular cloning vectors and their uses,Rodriguez and Denhardt(eds.),Stoneham:Butterworth,494-513(1988))。收集含有重组逆转录病毒的培养基并进行浓缩,来用作基因送递系统。
发表了利用第二代逆转录病毒载体的基因送递。Kasahara al.Science,266:1373-1376(1994))制备了莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒的突变体,在这里,将促红细胞生成素(EPO,erythropoietin)序列插入于包膜位点,来生产了具有新的结合特性的嵌合蛋白。本发明的基因送递系统也可以通过这种第二代逆转录病毒载体的构建战略来制成。
ⅲ.AAV载体
由于腺相关病毒(AAV)具有可感染非分裂细胞并被多种细胞感染的能力,因而适合作为本发明的基因送递系统。对AAV载体的制备及用途的详细说明详细公开在美国专利第5139941号及第4797368号。对作为基因送递系统的AAV的研究公开在LaFace et al,Viology,162:483486(1988),Zhou et al.,Exp.Hematol.(NY),21:928-933(1993),Walsh et al,J.Clin.Invest.,94:1440-1448(1994)以及Flotteet al.,Gene Therapy,2:29-37(1995)。最近,AAV载体作为囊性纤维化的治疗剂实施了临床I。
典型地,AAV病毒使包含旁边有两个AAV末端重复序列的目标基因序列(包含松弛素基因及要送递的目标核苷酸序列的质粒(McLaughlin et al.,J.Virol.,62:1963-1973(1988);以及Samulski et al.,J.Virol.,63:3822-3828(1989))以及包含没有末端重复序列的野生型AAV编码序列的表达质粒(McCarty et al.,J.Virol.,65:2936-2945(1991))同时转化而制成。
ⅳ.其他病毒载体
其他病毒载体也可用作本发明的基因送递系统。来源于痘苗病毒(Puhlmann M.et al.,Human Gene Therapy10:649-657(1999);Ridgeway,“Mammalian expression vectors,”In:Vectors:A survey ofmolecular cloning vectors and their uses.Rodriguez and Denhardt,eds.Stoneham:Butterworth,467-492(1988);Baichwal and Sugden,“Vectors for gene transfer derived from animal DNA viruses:Transientand stable expression of transferred genes,”In:Kucherlapati R,ed.Gene transfer.New York:Plenum Press,117-148(1986)以及Coupar et al.,Gene,68:1-10(1988))、慢病毒(Wang G.et al.,J.Clin.Invest.104(11):R55-62(1999))或单纯疱疹病毒(Chamber R.,et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA92:1411-1415(1995))、痘病毒(GCE,NJL,Krupa M,Esteban M.,The poxvirus vectors MVA andNYVAC as gene delivery systems for vaccination against infectiousdiseases and cancer Curr Gene Ther8(2):97-120(2008)、呼肠孤病毒、麻疹病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒的载体也能够用作可将目标核苷酸序列送递至细胞内的送递系统。
ⅴ.聚合物
作为广泛地用作非病毒性基因递送体的聚合物类送递体,利用聚乙二醇(PEG,polyethylene glycol)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI,Polyetherimide)、多聚-L-赖氨酸(PLL,poly-LLysine)、明胶、壳聚糖(Carreno GB,Duncan R.Evaluation of the biological properties of solublechitosan and chitosan microspheres.Int J Pharm148:231-240(1997))多聚-L-赖氨酸(PLL,poly-LLysine)(Maruyama A,Ishihara T,Kim JS,Kim SW,Akaike T.Nanoparticle DNA carrier with poly(L-lysine)grafted polysaccharide copolymer and poly(D,Llactide).Bioconjugate Chem8:735-742(1997))以及PEI(polyethyleneamine)(Abdallah B,Hassan A,Benoist C,Goula D,Behr JP,Demeneix BA.A powerful nonviral vector for in vivo gene transfer into the adultmammalian brain:Polyethyleneimine.Human Gene Ther7:1947-1954(1996))等。聚合物类基因递送体的优点在于,免疫反应和急性毒性的表达率低、制备方法简单、且可进行大量生产。
ⅵ.脂质体及类脂质体
脂质体由分散于水相的磷脂自动形成。用脂质体将外源DNA分子成功地送递至细胞内的例子公开在Nicolau及Sene、Biochim.Biophys.Acta,721:185-190(1982)以及Nicolau et al.,Methods Enzymol.,149:157-176(1987)。另一方面,最多用于利用脂质体的动物细胞的转化的试剂有脂质体转染试剂盒(Lipofectamine)(玉博BRL公司,Gibco BRL)。内含要送递的目标核苷酸序列的脂质体通过内吞作用、向细胞表面的吸附或与浆细胞膜的融合等机制,与细胞相互作用,从而向细胞内送递要送递的目标核苷酸序列。
脂质体利用磷脂来制成,相反,类脂质体(niosome)可用由非离子性表面活性剂(non-ionic surfactant)及胆固醇(cholesterol)混合而成的双膜转运体来封入极性物质及非极性物质,并在渗透压方面有活性,具有相比于作为基于磷脂等的脂质微粒的送递体的脂质体稳定,且具有制备时所使用的表面活性剂在保管和处理时不需要特别的条件的优点。
另一方面,将上述本发明的基因送递系统导入细胞内的方法可通过向该领域公知的多种方法来实施。
在本发明中,基因送递系统基于病毒载体制成的情况下,根据该领域公知的病毒感染方法来实施。利用病毒载体的宿主细胞的感染记载在上述对比文件。
在本发明中,基因送递系统为裸(naked)重组DNA分子或质粒的情况下,可通过微注射法(Capecchi,M.R.,Cell,22:479(1980);以及Harland和Weintraub,J.Cell Biol.101:1094-1099(1985))、磷酸钙沉淀法(Graham,F.L.et al.,Virology,52:456(1973);以及Chen和Okayama,Mol.Cell.Biol.7:2745-2752(1987))、电穿孔法(Neumann,E.et al.,EMBO J.,1:841(1982);以及Tur-Kaspa etal.,Mol.Cell Biol.,6:716-718(1986))、脂质体介导的转染法(Wong,T.K.et al.,Gene,10:87(1980);Nicolau以及Sene,Biochim.Biophys.Acta,721:185-190(1982);以及Nicolau et al.,Methods Enzymol.,149:157-176(1987))、DEAE-葡聚糖处理法(Gopal,Mol.Cell Biol.,5:1188-1190(1985))以及基因轰击(Yang et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,87:9568-9572(1990))方法来将基因移入细胞内。
根据本发明的优选的实施例,本发明的组合物抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。
更优选地,就本发明的组合物而言,具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽与Wnt3a蛋白质相结合,从而抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。根据本发明的实施例,在sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中,相比于对照组,Wnt3a及LPR6蛋白质的水平低,这意味着sLRP6E1E2的LPR6E1-E2域有效地与Wnt3a相结合,其结果,抑制了参与肿瘤进展的Wnt信号传导。
如上所述,本发明的组合物表现癌细胞的生长以及增殖抑制或者癌细胞的杀伤功效,因而本发明的药剂学组合物可用于治疗与肿瘤相关的多种疾病或者疾患,例如可用于胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、脑癌、前列腺癌、肉瘤(sarcoma)、支气管癌、鼻咽癌、喉癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、结肠癌及宫颈癌等。优选地,用本发明的组合物治疗的癌症为肺癌。
在本说明书中,术语“治疗”意味着(ⅰ)肿瘤细胞形成的预防;
(ⅱ)与去除肿瘤细胞而引起的肿瘤相关的疾病或疾患的抑制;以及
(ⅲ)与去除肿瘤细胞而引起的肿瘤相关的疾病或疾患的减轻。
包含在本发明的组合物的药剂学上接受的载体是在制剂时通常所利用的,其包含乳糖(lactose)、葡萄糖(dextrose)、蔗糖(sucrose)、山梨糖醇(sorbitol)、甘露糖醇(mannitol)、淀粉、阿拉伯胶(acacia gum)、磷酸钙(calcium phosphate)、藻酸盐(alginate)、明胶(gelatin)、硅酸钙(calcium silicate)、微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO,Dimethyl sulfoxide)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinylpyrrolidone)、纤维素(cellulose)、水、糖浆(syrup)、甲基纤维素(methyl cellulose)、羟基苯甲酸甲酯(methyl hydroxybenzoate)、羟基苯甲酸丙酯(propyl hydroxybenzoate)、滑石、硬脂酸镁(magnesium stearate)及矿物油(mineral oil)等,但并不局限于此。本发明的药剂学组合物除了上述成分之外,还可以包含润滑剂、湿润剂、甜味剂、香味剂、乳化剂、悬浮剂、防腐剂等。
本发明的药剂学组合物优选为非口服给药,例如,可利用静脉内给药、腹腔内给药、肌肉内给药、皮下给药或局部给药来进行给药。像卵巢癌,向腹腔内给药的情况以及像肝癌,向门静脉给药的情况下,可利用注入方法来进行给药,像乳腺癌,可直接向肿块注射来进行给药,像结肠癌,可直接向灌肠注射来进行给药,像膀胱癌,可直接向导管内注射来进行给药。
本发明的药剂学组合物的适合的给药量根据制剂化方法、给药方式、患者的年龄、体重、性别、疾病症状的程度、饮食、给药时间、给药途径、排泄速度以及反应灵敏性等因素而多样,一般来讲,熟练的医生可以根据治疗的目标而容易地决定和处方有效的给药量。一般情况下,本发明的药剂学组合物包含1×105-1×1015pfu/ml的重组腺病毒,通常,以每两天注射一次的方式,将1×1010pfu注射2周。
本发明的药剂学组合物可根据本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员容易实施的方法,利用药剂学上接受的载体和/或赋形剂来进行制剂化,由此制备成单位容量形态,或者装入至大容量容器内而制成。此时,剂型可以为油性或水性介质中的溶液、悬浮液或乳化液形态,或者也可以为浸膏剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、片剂或胶囊剂形态,并且还可以追加地包含分散剂或稳定剂。
本发明的药剂学组合物能够以单独的疗法被利用,但也可以与其他常规的化学疗法、细胞治疗剂或放射疗法一起被利用,实施这种并行疗法的情况下,可以更加有效地治疗癌症。与本发明的组合物一起被利用的化疗药物包含顺铂(cisplatin)、卡铂(carboplatin)、甲基苄肼(procarbazine)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、苯丙氨酸氮芥(melphalan)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、二硫烷(bisulfan)、亚硝基脲(nitrosourea)、更生霉素(dactinomycin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、阿霉素(doxorubicin)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、普卡霉素(plicomycin)、丝裂霉素(mitomycin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)、三苯氧胺(tamoxifen)、紫杉酚(taxol)、反铂(transplatinum)、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)、长春新碱(vincristin)、长春碱(vinblastin)以及氨甲蝶呤(methotrexate)等。可与本发明的组合物一起被利用的放射疗法为X射线照射及γ射线照射等。可与本发明的组合物一起被利用的细胞治疗法为树突状细胞(dendritic cells)、自然杀伤(NK,Natural Killer)细胞、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL,Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes)以及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL,Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes)等。
发明的效果
归纳本发明的特征以及优点如下:
(a)本发明提供一种癌症的预防或治疗用组合物,上述组合物包含Wnt诱因受体作为有效成分。
(b)本发明的组合物或其表达产物与Wnt配体相结合,来阻断配体-受体相互作用,从而可抑制癌症的发生、生长、增殖及转移,并诱导癌细胞的凋亡,从而有用地用作有效的抗癌组合物。
附图说明
图1为表示诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2的特性的图。图1a为表示本发明中所使用的腺病毒载体的基因结构的模式图的图。图1b为在一些人类肺癌细胞株中表示Wnt3a的内在的表达形态的图。图1c为表示sLRP6E1E2的表达及分泌的图。利用FLAG-或LRP6-特异性抗体来调查了细胞培养液的上清液。图1d为表示用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(50MOI)将H322及H460细胞转化48小时,并用细胞破碎物对Wnt3a(IP:Wnt3a)或LRP6(IP:LRP6)的抗血清免疫沉淀之后,用相同的抗体执行免疫印迹法的结果的图。
图2为表示诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2使细胞质β-连环蛋白及T-细胞因子转录活性减少的图。图2a为表示A549细胞中的TCF/LEF萤光素酶报告基因分析结果的图(与dE1-k35/LacZ-转化或PBS-处理细胞比较时,P<0.05)。图2b为表示H460及H322细胞中的TCF/LEF萤光素酶报告基因分析结果的图(与处理或未处理Wnt3a的PBS-处理或者dE1-k35/LacZ-转化细胞比较时,P<0.05)。图2c为表示用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(50MOI)将处理或未处理Wnt3a的H322细胞转化,并用抗-β-连环蛋白标记之后观察的结果的图(倍率×630)。
图3为表示诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2抑制人类肺癌细胞的增殖的图。用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(20MOI)将A549及H322细胞转化,次日在这些Wnt3a(100ng/ml)的存在或不存在的条件下进行了培养。3天后,利用MTT分析测定了细胞增殖(平均±标准误差)(图3a)*P<0.05,#P<0.01各组的无处理对照组,**P<0.001dE1-k35/LacZ-转化或PBS-处理细胞,n.s.=无显著性(not significant)。如图3a所示地处理了A549细胞,并利用对Dvl2、Axin、Cyclin D1或GSK-3特异性的抗体来进行了免疫印迹法(图3b)。如图3a所示地处理了H460细胞(50MOI),并进行了对MEK、ERK、Survivin、mTOR、PI3K及Akt的免疫印迹法。
图4为表示诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2诱导人类肺癌细胞的细胞凋亡(apoptosis)的图。用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2将细胞转化(20MOI),并在72小时之后,拍照(倍率×200)(图4a)。并且,利用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL,terminaldexynucleotidyltransferase(TdT)-mediateddUTPnickendlabeling)染色来检测了sLRP6E1E2-诱导细胞凋亡(倍率×400)(图4b)。图4c为分别表示每个域的TUNEL-阳性细胞的整个数字的图(平均±标准误差)。*在P<0.05Wnt3a条件下,处理PBS或dE1-k35/LacZ,**P<0.001PBS-处理或dE1-k35/LacZ-转化对照组,n.s.=无显著性。图4d为表示利用免疫印迹法来分析sLRP6E1E2-介导的细胞凋亡的结果的图。用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(20MOI)将H460细胞转化,并利用非切割(uncleaved)多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP,poly ADP-ribose polymerase)、切割(cleaved)PARP、胱天蛋白酶原-3(procaspase-3)、切割胱天蛋白酶-3及细胞色素c来进行了免疫印迹法。图4e为表示如上图4d地处理H460细胞,并对细胞质及微粒体分馏物执行免疫印迹法,来分析细胞色素c的细胞内位置的结果的图。图4f为表示如图4d地处理A549细胞,并用抗-细胞色素c抗体(绿色)及线粒体荧光探针(Mito Tracker)(红色)染色之后,用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察的结果的图(倍率×1260)。
图5为表示诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2抑制肿瘤的生长和特性化的图。图5a为表示第一天、第三天及第五天将磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS,phosphate buffer solution)(■)、dE1-k35/LacZ、RdB-k35(▲)、dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(×)或RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2(●)给药到肿瘤的结果的图。该结果用平均±标准误差(n=7)来表示。*P<0.05PBS-处理或dE1-k35-处理对照组及dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2。#P<0.01PBS-处理或dE1-k35-处理对照组。图5b为表示将各组的肿瘤切割面相对于E1A或FLAG进行免疫染色的结果的图(倍率×40及×100)。图5c为表示用4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI,4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)(蓝色)、抗-Ki67(红色)及TdT介导的TUNEL(绿色)将各组的肿瘤组织染色的结果的图(倍率×100)。图5d为表示通过对CD31的染色观察血管的结果的图(倍率×100)。图5e为表示各处理组的平均毛细血管浓度(CD31阳性细胞/域)的图。该结果用平均±标准误差来表示。*P<0.05PBS、dE1-k35或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2。n.s.=无显著性。图5f为表示用DAPI(蓝色)、抗-Wnt3a(红色)或抗-β-连环蛋白(绿色)将细胞染色的结果的图(倍率×100)。
图6为示出Wnt3a处理使肿瘤细胞中的细胞之间的连接位点以及上皮间充质转化衰变的图。图6a为表示对H322细胞指定时间内的Wnt3a(100ng/ml)处理,并用光学显微镜观察形态变化的结果的图(倍率×200)。图6b为表示对H322细胞处理Wnt3a之后,测定上皮钙粘着蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)及β-连环蛋白mRNA水平的结果的图。图6c为表示在Wnt3a(100ng/ml)存在或不存在的条件下,将H322细胞培养24小时之后,用DAPI(蓝色)、四甲基罗丹明异硫氰酸盐(TRITC,tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate)-标记鬼笔环肽(红色)或抗-上皮钙粘着蛋白(绿色)染色的结果的图(倍率×630)。
图7为示出诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2抑制癌细胞的迁移及渗透,并调节上皮间充质转化(EMT,epithelial-mesenchymal transition)标记及基质金属蛋白酶(MMP,matrix metalloproteinases)的表达的图。图7a为表示A549肺癌细胞迁移的定量分析结果的图。反复实验了三次,并用平均±标准误差来表示了结果。*P<0.05PBS或dE1-k35/LacZ处理对照组;**与Wnt3a一起处理了P<0.001PBS或dE1-k35/LacZ。图7b为表示分别用五个域内的每个过滤器中存在的细胞的数字来对肿瘤细胞的渗透进行量化的结果的图。反复实验了三次,并用平均±标准误差来表示了结果。*P<0.05PBS或dE1-k35/LacZ处理对照组;**与Wnt3a一起处理P<0.001PBS或dE1-k35/LacZ。图7c为表示在Wnt3a(100ng/ml)存在或不存在的条件下,用PBS、dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2处理,在24小时之后,再测定H322细胞内的EMT标记的表达的结果的图。用DAPI(蓝色)、TRITC-标记鬼笔环肽(红色)或抗上皮钙粘着蛋白(绿色)将细胞进行了染色(倍率×630)。图7d为表示如图3a所示地处理A549细胞,并利用半定量(semiquantitative)RT-PCR来测定MMP-2及MMP-9mRNA水平的结果的图。
具体实施方式
以下,通过实施例对本发明进行更为详细的说明。这些实施例仅用于更加具体地说明本发明,根据本发明的要旨,本发明的范围不受这些实施例的限制,这对于该领域的普通技术人员来说是显而易见的。
实施例
实验材料及实验方法
实验材料
从赛信通公司(Cell Signaling Technology)(比弗利(Beverly),马萨诸塞州(MA))购入了对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK1/2)、p44/42丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK Erk1/2)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR,mammalian target of rapamycin)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K,phosphatidylinositol3-kinase)以及蛋白激酶(Akt,also knownas protein kinase)的多克隆抗体以及对nt3a、Dvl2、Axin、糖原合成酶激酶(GSK3-β)、多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP,poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase)以及切割胱天蛋白酶-3的单克隆抗体。从赛信通公司(Cell Signaling Technology)购入了对作为上皮间充质转化(EMT)相关分子的β-连环蛋白以及上皮钙粘着蛋白的抗体。从加利福尼亚州圣克鲁斯生物技术公司(Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,CA)购入了对细胞周期蛋白D1(H-295)、细胞色素c(用于免疫印迹法的C-20)及脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP6,lipoprotein receptor-related protein6)(C-10)的抗体以及蛋白质A/G琼脂糖珠。从不列颠哥伦比亚省维多利亚强生物技术公司(StressGen Biotechnologies,Victoria,BC)购入了对胱天蛋白酶的单克隆抗体。从加利福尼亚州圣迭戈BDPharmingen公司(San Diego,CA)购入了对细胞色素c(用于免疫组织化学分析的6H2.B4)的多克隆抗体。从加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德英杰公司(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)购入了Alexa Fluor488-接合以及Alexa Fluor568-接合抗-兔IgG抗体。从密苏里州圣路易斯西格马公司(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)购入了DAPI(1g/ml)、赫克斯特(Hoechst)33342及四甲基异硫氰酸罗丹明(TRITC,tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate)-接合鬼笔环肽(phalloidin)。从明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯R&D系统公司(Systems,Minneapolis,MN)购入了纯化的Wnt3a蛋白质。
表达水溶性LRP6受体的腺病毒载体的制备
为了研究水溶性LRP6受体(sLRP6E1E2)的生物学功能,本发明人构建了LRP6的E1及E2胞外域(Wnt-结合位点)的结构(17),并将FLAG-标记(tagged)sLRP6E1E2亚克隆在穿梭载体(18)。将上述pCA14-sLRP6E1E2载体与不能复制的腺病毒5/35嵌合载体(dE1-k35)或能复制的嵌合溶瘤(oncolytic)腺病毒载体(RdB-k35)共转化(co-transformation)(19),来分别制备了pdE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2以及pRdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2。
这些重组质粒转导到HEK293细胞株,从而生成了dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2以及RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2。将不能复制的dE1-k35/LacZ以及能复制的溶瘤RdB-k35载体用作了阴性对照组(20)(图1a)。所有病毒是通过公知的方法来获取的(21)。
用于测定β-连环蛋白活性的萤光素酶报告基因分析
为了测定β-连环蛋白/TCF(T-cell factor)信号传导活性,使用了TOP flash及FOP flash萤光素酶报告基因载体(纽约州普莱西德湖北部生物技术公司:Upstate Biotechnology,Lake Placid,NY)。培养A549、H322及H460细胞,并与作为阴性对照组的0.3g TOP flash(具有野生型TCF结合位点的)或FOP flash(具有变异的TCF结合位点的)一起用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(20,50MOI)进行了转化。经过12小时后,用添加或未添加100ng/ml的Wnt3a的1%的达氏改性伊格尔培养基(DMEM,Dulbeco's Modified Eagle's Medium)替代了培养基,再将细胞培养了24小时。利用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统(Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System)(威斯康星州麦迪逊普洛麦格公司:Promega,Madison,WI)来分析了细胞提取物。
细胞增殖分析
利用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基-四氮唑溴盐(MTT,(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide)分析来测定细胞增殖(西格马(Sigma))(19)。将A549及H322细胞接种在24-孔板(2×104细胞/孔)。经过24小时之后,对细胞处理了PBS、dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2。次日,用重组Wnt3a(100ng/ml)刺激细胞,或者不处理Wnt3a而再培养了48小时。之后,用酶标仪(microplate reader)测定了540nm中的吸光度。
免疫印迹法及免疫沉淀
在100mm板中,用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2将在添加有1%的胎牛血清的DMEM中培养的细胞进行转化。次日,用Wnt3a(100ng/ml)对细胞处理16小时或未处理。用公知的方法来执行了免疫印迹(19)。
免疫荧光分析
为了免疫荧光显微镜观察,使培养的细胞固定并透化(permeabilization)。封闭了试样,并使其与上皮钙粘着蛋白、β-儿茶素或抗-细胞色素c第一抗体一起进行培养。用Alexa Flour488-接合山羊抗-兔IgG第二抗体使染色可视化。当最终处理抗体时,为了核染色,也包含TRITC-接合鬼笔环肽及Hoechst33342或DAPI染料(均为1g/ml,西格马(Sigma))。用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSM510,卡尔蔡司显微成像(Carl Zeiss MicroImaging),索伍德(Thornwood),纽约(NY))观察了细胞。
线粒体分馏物及免疫印迹法
利用Qproteome线粒体分离用试剂盒(凯杰公司(QIAGEN)、希尔顿(Hilden)、德国(Germany))根据制造者的指示准备了线粒体分馏物。清洗细胞,并使其漂浮在用冰块冷却的裂解缓冲液。在培养10分钟之后,将破碎物离心分离,并去除了包含细胞质蛋白质的上清液。使包含核的沉淀物、细胞碎片及未破碎的细胞再漂浮,使其再漂浮在用冰块冷却的破碎缓冲液(disruption buffer),并进行离心分离。之后,将上清液(微粒体分馏物)移到干净的微管。用线粒体储存缓冲液清洗了获取的包含线粒体的沉淀物,并进行离心分离。利用兔抗-细胞色素c抗体,通过上述过程执行了免疫印迹法。
细胞色素c免疫染色
将处理或未处理Wnt3a的A549细胞平皿培养(plating)在双室(two-chamber)载玻片(3×104细胞/小室,Nunc公司,内珀维尔市(Naperville),伊利诺斯州(IL)),并与PBS、dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2一起转导。次日,使细胞固定,并在包含250nM的MitoTracker Red线粒体染色剂(分子探针(Molecular Probes),尤金(Eugene),俄勒冈州(OR))的培养基中,在常温条件下培养了30分钟。之后,将细胞与0.5mg/ml的抗-细胞色素c抗体一起培养。次日,用Alexa Flour488-接合山羊抗-小鼠IgG抗体使染色结果可视化。在清洗之后,为了核染色,用Hoechst33258(1mg/ml)对载玻片进行染色。
人类异种移植模型中的抗-肿瘤效果
对于6~8周龄的雄性无胸腺(athymic)nu/nu小鼠(查尔斯日本子公司(Charles River Japan),横滨(Yokohama),日本(Japan)),将1×107的H460细胞皮下注射到腹部来确立了异种移植人类非小细胞肺癌。当肿瘤的体积达到约80~100mm3时,将小鼠分为平均肿瘤体积类似的五个组。在处理的第一天、第三天及第五天将腺病毒载体注射肿瘤内(2×1010v病毒粒子/小鼠)。利用以下方法来计算了肿瘤体积(V):V=0.52×a2×b(a,最小表面直径;b,最大表面直径)
肿瘤组织及免疫组织化学
为了组织检查及免疫组织化学染色,使肿瘤组织固定,并镶嵌在固体石腊。用苏木精及伊红对代表性的对面进行染色,并用光学显微镜进行观察。为了对毛细血管的浓度及Wnt表达进行量化,用抗-小鼠CD31IgG(BD Pharmingen)、抗-兔β-连环蛋白IgG(Cell Signaling Technology)或抗-小鼠Wnt3a IgG(圣克鲁斯生物技术公司)对肿瘤对面进行染色。利用ABC-过氧化物酶试剂盒(ABC-peroxidase kits)(ChemMateTMDAKO EnvisCD3TM Detec CD31kit;DAKO)使阳性免疫反应可视化。
迁移及渗透分析
利用公知的方法来实施了体外迁移分析(23)。在处理或未处理Wnt3a之后,从用PBS、dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2A549转化的A549细胞获取已调节条件的培养基,并将上述培养基位于下侧的侵袭实验(Transwell)小室。将A549细胞平皿培养在上侧小室(7×104细胞/孔)。在37℃条件下,培养4小时并固定后,用苏木精及伊红进行染色。利用BiocoatTM细胞迁移小室(cell migration chamber)来执行了体外基质胶侵袭实验(Matrigel invasion assays)。基质胶基膜基质(37mg/过滤器(filter);加利福尼亚州圣何塞碧迪生物科学公司(BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA))由过滤器(8μm孔)涂敷,与细胞迁移分析相同地执行了实验。
逆转录(RT,Reverse transcription)-聚合酶链反应(PCR,polymerase chain reaction)
归纳如下:利用RNeasy Mini Kit(凯杰公司(QIAGEN),瓦伦西亚(Valencia),加州(CA))来分离总RNA(1g),并利用寡脱氧胸苷酸引物及M-MLV逆转录酶(英杰生命技术有限公司(Invitrogen))来合成了cDNA。将cDNA(25ng)作为模板,并利用以下引物来执行了PCR:基质金属蛋白酶(MMP2,matrix metalloproteinase2)、正向5’-CTCAGATCCGTGGTGAGATCT-3’、反向5’-CTTTGGTTCTCCAGCTTCAGG-3’、MMP9、正向5’-ATCCAGTTTGGTGTCGCGGAGC-3’、反向5’-GAAGGGGAAGACGCACAGCT-3’、上皮钙粘着蛋白、正向5’-ACGATGATGTGAACACCTACA-3’、反向5’-ATGCCATCGTTGTTCACTGCA-3’、波形蛋白(Vimentin)、正向5’-TGGCACGTCTTGACCTTGAA-3’、反向5’-GGTCATCGTGATGCTGAGAA-3’、β-连环蛋白、正向5’-GCTGATTTGATGGAGTTGGA-3’、反向5’-TCAGCTACTTGTTCTTGAGTGAA-3′、β-肌动蛋白、正向5’-CCTTCCTGGGCATGGAGTCCT-3’、反向5’-GGAGCAATGATCTTGATCTT-3’。
统计学分析
用平均值的标准误差值(SEM,standard error of the mean)来表示了实验结果。通过单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance)比较了各组的结果,之后,根据需要执行了用于单一观察(unpaired observation)的事后学生t检验(post hoc Students t-test)或者用于多重比较的邦费罗尼校正(Bonferroniscorrection)。P<0.05的情况下,认为具有统计学显著性。
实验结果
水溶性Wnt诱因受体在肺癌细胞中表达,并与Wnt3a相结合。
在六个非小细胞肺癌细胞株(A549、H322、H596、H460、H358及H2009)中,通过免疫印迹法测定了内源性的Wnt3a水平。在H322、H460及H2009细胞株中,Wnt3a与其他细胞株相比更强地表达了(图1b)。因此,为了测定水溶性Wnt诱因受体(sLRP6E1E2)抑制Wnt信号传导的能力,选择了H322及H460细胞。通过利用抗-FLAG及抗-LRP6抗体的免疫印迹法确认了dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导A549细胞中的sLRP6E1E2的表达(图1c)。dE-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中的sLRP6E1E2分泌为容量依赖性。
接着,测定了转导有dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2的细胞中的sLRP6E1E2与Wnt3a的结合。利用抗-Wnt3a或抗-LRP6抗体来对细胞破碎物进行免疫沉淀,并用免疫印迹法进行分析。如图1d所示,与用dE1-k35/LacZ转导的细胞相比,在用dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导的细胞中,Wnt3a及LRP6蛋白质水平更低。这给出了LRP6E1E2域有效地与Wnt3a相结合的启示。
诱因Wnt受体减少细胞质β-连环蛋白水平及TCF转录活性。
由于sLRP6E1E2与Wnt3a相结合,因而本发明人为了确认其对β-连环蛋白产生的效果,利用了由β-连环蛋白/TCF活化的萤光素酶报告基因系统(24)。如图2a所示,当没有Wnt3a时,在用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导的A549细胞中,萤光素酶活性低。当处理Wnt3a时,萤光素酶表达在对照组细胞中增加了大致7~8倍,而在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转化的细胞没有产生上述现象。当没有处理Wnt3a时,与dE1-k35/LacZ对照组相比,在用dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导的H460细胞中减少了48%,在H322细胞中减少了12%(图2b;p<0.05)。Wnt3a的刺激在用dE1-k35/LacZ转导的H460细胞和H322细胞中分别将萤光素酶活性增加了53%及102%。但是,与用dE1-k35/LacZ-转导的细胞进行比较时,用dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导的H460(48%)及H322(52%)细胞的萤光素酶活性显著低(P<0.05)。为了调查sLRP6E1E2对β-连环蛋白的局部性(localization)产生的影响,在处理PBS或者用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导的H322细胞中实施了免疫荧光染色。未处理Wnt3a的情况下,在所有组中,β-连环蛋白染色一次性地仅在细胞之间的接触位点实现。用Wnt3a给予刺激的情况下,就对照组细胞(PBS及dE1-k35/LacZ)而言,原生质膜尤其细胞间连接部(cellcell junction)中的β-连环蛋白局部性减少了,细胞质与核中的β-连环蛋白水平增加了。
相反,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞在细胞质中呈现了更低的β-连环蛋白水平,膜中的β-连环蛋白水平更高(图2c)。这种功能研究的结果给出了sLRP6E1E2与Wnt之间的相互作用足以阻断Wnt信号传导的启示。
诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2抑制肺癌细胞增殖。
Wnt机制调节包括增殖在内的庞大的范围的细胞功能(25)。在体外,为了调查sLRP6E1E2对A549及H322细胞的增殖产生的影响,用PBS处理或者用dE1-k35/LacZ或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导了细胞。72小时后,用dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(20MOI)转导,细胞增殖与用dE1-k35/LacZ转导的对照组相比,在A549细胞中减少了39%,在H322细胞中减少了51%。基于Wnt3a的刺激使对照组细胞的增殖增加了大致10~20%,但没有对dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导的细胞产生影响。就增殖而言,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导的情况与dE1-k35/LacZ-转导的情况相比,在A549细胞中减少了54%,在H322细胞中减少了61%(P<0.001,图3a)。
为了调查与sLRP6E1E2的抗-增殖作用相关的信号传导途径,本发明人检查了其对Wnt信号传导产生的影响。如图3b所示,对照组细胞(PBS和dE1-k35/LacZ)中的Dvl2及Axin的蛋白质水平借助Wnt3a得到增加,而在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中,没有基于Wnt3a的变化。类似地,细胞周期蛋白D1表达虽然在Wnt3a处理后,在对照组细胞中稍微增加了,而在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中却稍微减少了。在Wnt3a处理后,GSK3水平也同样稍微增加了。
Wnt通过使ERK及PI3K-Akt途径活化,来对细胞增殖起到重要的作用(26)。因此,本发明人调查了在H460细胞中sLRP6E1E2能否抑制这些途径。其结果发现了,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转化细胞与对照组细胞相比,MEK、ERK1/2及生存素(survivin)的基础水平更低(图3c)。这些蛋白质虽然借助Wnt3a处理而增加,但dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞与对照组细胞相比仍然处于非常低的水平。mTOR、PI3K及Akt的表达不受Wnt3a的影响,相比于对照组,在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中更低。综上所述,可知,sLRP6E1E2通过MEK-ERK及PI3K-Akt途径抑制Wnt信号传导,来起到抗-增殖作用。
诱因Wnt sLRP6E1E2受体诱导细胞凋亡。
Wnt信号传导用于抑制细胞凋亡,并促进细胞增殖及生存(27)。为了调查sLRP6E1E2抑制非小细胞肺癌的增殖的分子机制,本发明人调查了sLRP6E1E2对细胞凋亡(apoptosis)产生的影响。在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2转导3天后,观察到A549、H1299及H358细胞在培养皿中逐渐分离,并与附着的细胞相比变得更圆更小(图4a)。这意味着sLRP6E1E2诱导细胞凋亡。对于细胞凋亡的证据,通过探索核的凋亡小体(apoptotic body)来收集(无数据),通过检测核小体间DNA断裂化(internucleosomal DNA fragmentation)的TUNEL分析来进行测定(28)。如图4b所示,在Wnt3a存在或不存在的条件下,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞与对照组细胞相比,观察到更多的TUNEL-阳性细胞。由TUNEL染色的量化结果确认,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞与dE1-k35/LacZ-转导对照组细胞相比,细胞凋亡比率更高,且大致为1.9倍(未处理Wnt3a)及2.8倍(处理Wnt3a)的事实(P<0.001)(图4c)。本发明人测定了胱天蛋白酶家族及细胞色素c最熟知的细胞凋亡的调控因子。在Wnt3a存在或不存在的条件下,在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中的全长116-kDa PARP蛋白质减少,85-kDa切割片段得到增加(图4d)。胱天蛋白酶-3的切割(活化)的形态也借助sLRP6E1E2大幅增加了。如图4e所示,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转化细胞也呈现了增加的细胞质细胞色素c以及减少的微粒体细胞色素c水平。基于Wnt3a的刺激也呈现了类似的效果。为了更深入地调查细胞色素c的局部性,实施了免疫荧光分析。PBS-处理及dE1-k35/LacZ-转导细胞呈现了细胞质细胞色素c染色,与线粒体位置相一致。相反,分泌sLRP6E1E2的细胞呈现扩散的细胞质细胞色素c染色结果,从而呈现了与从线粒体向细胞质的迁移相一致的结果(图4f)。
诱因Wnt受体sLRP6E1E2抑制异种移植肿瘤的生长。
本发明人测定了sLRP6E1E2在小鼠异种移植模型中抑制肿瘤的生长的能力。将H460细胞皮下注射到裸鼠的腹部来形成肿瘤。肿瘤的平均大小达到80~100mm3之后,在第一天、第三天及第五天注射了PBS、dE1-k35、RdB-k35、dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2或RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2。图5a示出了注入有sLRP6E1E2-表达载体的肿瘤的体积与对照组相比显著地减少。25天之后,处理PBS的肿瘤达到3883.1±418.08mm3的平均体积,处理dE1-k35及RdB-k35的肿瘤分别达到了3388.1±226.9mm3及1991±311.8mm3。相反,肿瘤的生长在将dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2(与1645.3±353.6mm3PBS或dE1-k35组比较时,P<0.05)或RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2(与923.3±180.4mm3PBS或RdB-k35组比较时,P<0.01)给药的小鼠中大幅减少了。
为了在肿瘤组织中调查sLRP6E1E2的生物学效果,最后注入腺病毒3天后,采集了肿瘤。通过腺病毒E1A蛋白质表达的分析,确认了RdB-k35及RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2被复制而扩展到整个肿瘤的情况(图5b,E1A)。根据sLRP6E1E2的免疫组织化学分析结果(图5b,FLAG)确认,在RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2-处理肿瘤中,sLRP6E1E2扩展更广,由此可知肿瘤腺病毒与不能复制的腺病毒相比,更加有效地表达了sLRP6E1E2,从而发挥更加优秀的抗-肿瘤效果。
异种移植H460中的sLRP6E1E2-表达载体的抗-增殖及细胞凋亡效果
为了调查对sLRP6E1E2的小鼠异种移植肿瘤生长的效果,在肿瘤样品中,用Ki-67免疫染色分析了增殖细胞,并用TUNEL染色分析了凋亡细胞。其结果确认,dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2或RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2处理肿瘤与对照组相比,Ki-67表达减少,TUNEL-阳性细胞增加(图5c)。相比于dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-处理肿瘤,本发明人在RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2-处理肿瘤中,检测了更多的TUNEL-阳性细胞,这与之前的结果相一致。为了确认在sLRP6E1E2-处理肿瘤中的血管生成是否减少,用CD31染色测定了毛细血管密度。在注入有肿瘤腺病毒(RdB-k35及RdB-k35/sLRP6E1E2)的组织中,观察到了更少于PBS-处理肿瘤的内皮细胞及血管组织(P<0.05),但在注入有dE1-k35或dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2的肿瘤中,血管密度没有发生变化(图5d及图5e)。进而,在注入有sLRP6E1E2-表达腺病毒的肿瘤中的血管密度与对照组之间没有差异,从而表示sLRP6E1E2的抗肿瘤功效并不是借助抗-血管生成效果而介导的。
为了更加仔细地调查sLRP6E1E2-表达腺病毒的抗肿瘤作用下的Wnt信号传导的作用,测定了肿瘤组织中的Wnt及β-连环蛋白位置。在处理PBS或对照组载体(dE1-k35和RdB-k35)的肿瘤中,观察到β-连环蛋白及Wnt的高的内在性分泌(图5f),但在sLRP6E1E2-表达载体中,显著地减少了。由此可知,肿瘤细胞中的Wnt信号传导的阻断为延迟肿瘤生长的重要的因子。
Wnt处理改变细胞的外形,并诱导肿瘤细胞的EMT。
EMT为肿瘤生长中的重要的过程,Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号途径在这过程中起到重要的作用。对此,本发明人调查了Wnt3a是否在肿瘤细胞中诱导EMT。其结果确认,在Wnt3a处理1天之后,细胞延伸,从而成为与间充质细胞的形状类似的纺锤(spindle)形状的事实(图6a)。本发明人还观察到作为间充质标记的波形蛋白(Vimentin)以及β-连环蛋白的表达增加,作为上皮标记的上皮钙粘着蛋白随之增加的事实(图6b)。根据免疫荧光染色结果确认,在Wnt3a处理后,在细胞间接触部中,细胞角蛋白及上皮钙粘着蛋白水平大幅减少(图6c)。
sLRP6E1E2调节EMT-相关标记表达及MMP-2/MMP-9活性。
基于癌细胞的迁移特性的获得是对转移肿瘤细胞的传播重要的因素(29)。由于将Wnt3a的增加视为强化运动性及渗透性,因而本发明人在通过sLRP6E1E2的表达阻碍Wnt信号传导途径的情况下,调查了是否抑制体外上的运动性及渗透性。本发明人利用侵袭实验(transwell)运动性及基质胶侵袭实验(Matrigel invasion assays)来调查了对A549细胞产生的sLRP6E1E2的影响。在处理或者未处理Wnt3a之后,从PBS-处理、dE1-k35/LacZ-转导以及dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞收集了已调节条件的培养基。从dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞获取的调节培养基与从dE1-k35/LacZ-转导细胞获取的调节培养基相比,将转移性减少了12.4%(未处理Wnt3a)及23.8%(处理Wnt3a)(P<0.001)(图7a)。类似地,从dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中获取的调节培养基相比于从dE1-k35/LacZ-转导细胞获取的调节培养基,将渗透性减少了34.2%(未处理Wnt3a)及56.2%(处理Wnt3a)(图7b)。上皮钙粘着蛋白表达以及肌动蛋白丝也被Wnt3a减少,但在dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中,与处理或未处理Wnt3a的对照组相比更增加了(图7c)。
基于基质金属蛋白酶(MMP,matrix metalloproteinase)的胞外基质的分解参与成为恶性的细胞的渗透及转移过程。对此,本发明人调查了sLRP6E1E2对在血管生成、肿瘤生长及转移中起到重要的作用的MMP-2及MMP-9的表达产生的影响。如图7d所示,Wnt3a的处理在PBS-处理及dE1-k35/LacZ-转导A549细胞中增加了MMP-2及MMP-9,而在处理或未处理Wnt3a的dE1-k35/sLRP6E1E2-转导细胞中,MMP-2及MMP-9的表达量低。综上所述,可知,sLRP6E1E2在人类非小细胞肺癌细胞株中,通过对多重的Wnt-相关途径产生影响,来减少细胞渗透性。
以上,详细说明了本发明的特定的部分,对于该领域的普通技术人员来说,明确的是,这种详细说明仅为优选的实施例,本发明的范围并不受此限制。因此,本发明的实质范围由所附的发明要求保护范围和与其等同的技术方案定义。
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Claims (20)
1.一种癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,包含具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽作为有效成分。
2.一种癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,包含对序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列进行编码的核苷酸序列作为有效成分。
3.根据权利要求2所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述核苷酸序列具有序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述核苷酸序列包含在基因递送体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述基因递送体为质粒、重组腺病毒、腺相关病毒、逆转录病毒、慢病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、痘苗病毒、麻疹病毒、痘病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、聚合物、纳米物质、脂质体或类脂质体。
6.根据权利要求5所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述基因递送体为重组腺病毒载体。
7.根据权利要求6所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述重组腺病毒载体为E1B及E3区域缺失的,上述序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列插入于E1B或E3区域。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述癌症为肺癌。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述癌症预防或治疗用组合物抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。
10.根据权利要求9所述的癌症预防或治疗用组合物,其特征在于,上述癌症预防或治疗用组合物将具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽与Wnt3a蛋白质相结合,来抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。
11.一种癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,包括:将包含具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽的药剂学有效量的组合物给药到对象的步骤。
12.一种癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,包括:将包含对序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列进行编码的核苷酸序列的药剂学有效量的组合物给药到对象的步骤。
13.根据权利要求12所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述核苷酸序列具有序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述核苷酸序列包含在基因递送体。
15.根据权利要求14所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述基因递送体为质粒、重组腺病毒、腺相关病毒、逆转录病毒、慢病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、痘苗病毒、麻疹病毒、痘病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、聚合物、纳米物质、脂质体或类脂质体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述基因递送体为重组腺病毒载体。
17.根据权利要求16所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述重组腺病毒载体为E1B及E3区域缺失的,上述序列表中序列1的核苷酸序列插入于E1B或E3区域。
18.根据权利要求11或12所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述癌症为肺癌。
19.根据权利要求11或12所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述组合物抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。
20.根据权利要求19所述的癌症预防或治疗方法,其特征在于,上述组合物将具有序列表中序列2的氨基酸序列的多肽与Wnt3a蛋白质相结合,来抑制癌细胞中的Wnt信号传导机制的活化。
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CN108289920A (zh) * | 2015-10-12 | 2018-07-17 | 汉阳大学校产学协力团 | 用于基因转移和基因治疗的腺病毒复合物 |
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EP2745842A2 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
EP2745842B1 (en) | 2018-01-17 |
US20140315825A1 (en) | 2014-10-23 |
CN103764161B (zh) | 2015-09-02 |
KR20130019847A (ko) | 2013-02-27 |
US9657069B2 (en) | 2017-05-23 |
US20170275340A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
US9920099B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 |
WO2013025064A2 (ko) | 2013-02-21 |
EP2745842A4 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
KR101399062B1 (ko) | 2014-05-27 |
WO2013025064A3 (ko) | 2013-06-13 |
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