CN103618322A - Dynamic reactive efficiency quantitative evaluation method oriented towards transient voltage stability - Google Patents

Dynamic reactive efficiency quantitative evaluation method oriented towards transient voltage stability Download PDF

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CN103618322A
CN103618322A CN201310651415.0A CN201310651415A CN103618322A CN 103618322 A CN103618322 A CN 103618322A CN 201310651415 A CN201310651415 A CN 201310651415A CN 103618322 A CN103618322 A CN 103618322A
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transient voltage
reactive
node
dynamic reactive
capacity
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CN103618322B (en
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赵金利
李岩
刘喆林
唐晓骏
张鑫
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Tianjin University
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Co Ltd
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Tianjin University
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Co Ltd
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    • Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation

Abstract

The invention discloses a dynamic reactive efficiency quantitative evaluation method oriented towards transient voltage stability, and relates to the field of reactive evaluation of transient voltage stability of a power system. The dynamic reactive efficiency quantitative evaluation method oriented towards transient voltage stability is used for a specific transient voltage instability scene, increase of the power system transient voltage recovery time is used as a voltage supporting efficiency index, quantitative evaluation is carried out on transient voltage supporting efficiency of a dynamic reactive source configured on a node to be evaluated, a unified evaluation standard is built so that efficiency of dynamic reactive sources configured on different nodes to system transient voltage supporting is determined, an efficiency quantitative evaluation curve of the dynamic reactive source is obtained, the reference is provided for reasonable configuration of the dynamic reactive source, and the problem that the transient voltage is unstable can be solved.

Description

A kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability
Technical field
The present invention relates to the idle evaluation areas of Transient Voltage Stability in Electric Power System, particularly a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability.
Background technology
Current electric power system is to large unit, large electrical network, large capacity long distance power transmission development, and along with the development of electrical network, new technology and the new continuous application of control device are, the growing tension of power transmission line corridor and more and more heavy duty of system operation, Voltage Instability becomes the common phenomenon of electric power system unstability gradually, and massive blackout accident happens occasionally.
When electric power system is heavily loaded in the situation that, occur after large disturbance (as the system failure, lose generator or circuit), existence due to dynamic loads such as induction motors, and after broken string, extensive trend shifts the influencing factors such as loss increase that cause, easily there is transient voltage unstability in electric power system, when serious, can cause Voltage Collapses in Power Systems, large-scale power failure phenomenon occurs.And dynamic reactive compensation device (STATCOM STATCOM etc.) can be alleviated falling of voltage in transient process to a certain extent.This is the quick controllability due to dynamic reactive compensation device, and reactive power support fast and effectively can be provided when transient voltage unstability.Therefore, from the angle of Transient Voltage Stability, consider the enabling capabilities of dynamic reactive compensation device, more there is realistic meaning.
In Voltage Instability problem, reactive power deficiency is the basic reason that causes voltage to fall, and therefore, need to understand reactive power characteristic.First reactive power is different from active power: on the one hand, reactive power needs local compensation, and can not long-distance transmissions; On the other hand, the Main Function of reactive power is fail safe and the stability that is to guarantee electric power system.In addition, the difference place that the reactive power compensation of same capacity (for example 1MVar) is configured in electric power system distributes the voltage on electric power system to produce different impacts, and usefulness that so how to assess various reactive powers source is extremely important.For this problem, state, inside and outside researcher are considering the many aspects such as economic factor, voltage stabilization factor, and the usefulness of assessment reactive power has been proposed to several different methods.
The method of assessment reactive power usefulness has: voltage sensibility method, PV(power-voltage) curve, Back-up generation method and reactive power compensation of equal value (ERC-equivalent reactive compensation) method etc.Voltage sensibility method can unit of display capacity reactive source exert oneself on changing the how many impact of electric power system loss, it depends primarily on the grid structure of electric power system and the distribution situation of reactive source; PV curve rule has shown idle the exerting oneself of unit capacity can be improved how many transmission capacities, the in the situation that of electric power system heavy duty, after the compensation capacity of reactive source reaches capacity, Power Systems transmission capacity also will reach capacity, and therefore the reactive source near load has higher importance to electric power system; And Back-up generation rule has been shown the Reactive Power Reserve ability of generator, and the different generator reactive usefulness of exerting oneself; In these methods, reactive power compensation rule of equal value can be evaluated the importance of each reactive source to system, and has unified standard, by reactive power compensation curve more of equal value, can obtain the significance level of reactive source, i.e. its corresponding economic worth.
ERC method can obtain the efficacy curve of reactive source, these curves can show the importance in dynamic reactive source, the basic thought of the method is: when exerting oneself after minimizing in actual dynamic reactive source, power system voltage distributes and transmission limit all can change, by the deficiency that virtual reactive source carrys out compensating power being set at all load buses place, make it return to previous poised state, the sum of exerting oneself of all virtual reactive sources is used for representing the usefulness of reactive source.ERC method has obtained effective application in electricity market, by how many price that reactive source is exerted oneself, quantizes to carry out Reactive Power Procurement, can in Electricity Market Competition, get the mastery.Simultaneously ERC method also can be used for exerting oneself of reasonable arrangement reactive source, and Optimal Reactive Power configuration, improves static system voltage stability.ERC method improves entire system voltage levvl by adding reactive source at all load buses place, belong to the idle quantization method based on static voltage stability problem, can not carry out Efficient Evaluation to the dynamic reactive source efficiency towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability, cannot carry out reasonable disposition to alleviate electrical power system transient Voltage Instability problem to dynamic reactive source.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability, the present invention has realized the dynamic reactive source efficiency of Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability has been carried out to Efficient Evaluation, described below:
A dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) determine operational mode and the given fault of electric power system, set a kind of transient voltage unstability scene;
(2), under transient voltage unstability scene, the voltage that calculates n node of receiving-end system falls value Δ Ui, and obtains reference node m;
(3) by node j configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source, using its dynamic reactive source capacity Qj (k) as variable, initial value is Qj (0);
(4) set iteration step length λ, set iterative parameter k=0 simultaneously;
(5), under the effect of dynamic reactive source capacity Qj (k), be tj transient voltage recovery time of calculating electric power system, obtains reactive compensation capacity of equal value;
(6) increase iterative parameter k=k+1, now the dynamic reactive source of node j exert oneself into
Figure BDA0000429929850000022
repeating step (5), obtains the reactive compensation capacity Q of equal value in one group of dynamic reactive source eRC(Q j (k)).
The described step of obtaining reference node m is specially:
Figure BDA0000429929850000021
Wherein, U nrepresent i node voltage rated value; U irepresent i node failure voltage actual value after 1 second,
Find voltage to fall the most serious node m, i.e. Δ U m=max{ Δ U 1, Δ U 2..., Δ U ma m node is reference node.
The described step of obtaining reactive compensation capacity of equal value is specially:
By node j dynamic reactive to be assessed source capacity Q j (k)zero setting, regulates virtual reactive source capacity
Figure BDA0000429929850000031
, obtain electrical power system transient voltage recovery time t now m, it is met:
Figure BDA0000429929850000032
ε 1for minimal error, obtaining reactive compensation capacity of equal value is virtual reactive source capacity Q eRC(Q j (k))=Q m, Q j (k)and Q mthere is transient voltage supporting effect of equal value.
The described reactive compensation capacity Q of equal value that obtains one group of dynamic reactive source eRC(Q j (k)) step be specially:
When:
Figure BDA0000429929850000033
Time, i.e. reactive compensation capacity value Q of equal value eRC(Q j (k)) the equivalent capacity value Q that obtains with last step-length eRC(Q j (k)the mould value of difference-λ) is less than admissible error; ε 2, stop calculating, obtain node to be assessed about Q j (k)the idle efficacy curve Q of equivalence eRC(Q j (k)).
The beneficial effect of technical scheme provided by the invention is: the present invention is directed to specific transient voltage unstability scene, using and improve electrical power system transient voltage recovery time as voltage support efficiency index, transient voltage supporting effect to node configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source carries out quantitative evaluation, set up unified evaluation criteria, to determine the usefulness to system transient modelling voltage support in different node configurations dynamic reactive source, and then obtain the usefulness quantitative evaluation curve in dynamic reactive source, to reasonable disposition dynamic reactive source, provide reference, to alleviate transient voltage destabilization problems.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method;
Fig. 2 calculates naive model schematic diagram meritorious and reactive power transmission;
Fig. 3 is STATCOM reactive response figure;
Fig. 4 is the node voltage figure after configuration STATCOM;
Fig. 5 is that business area geographical wiring diagram is opened in planning electrical network Henan;
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram that 220kV busbar voltage is fallen situation;
Fig. 7 is the quantitative evaluation curve chart of equal value of respectively assessing node configuration STATCOM.
Embodiment
For making the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, embodiment of the present invention is described further in detail.
The embodiment of the present invention proposes the dynamic reactive quantitative estimation method (D-ERC) towards Transient Voltage Stability problem, and its target is to improve the Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability of electric power system.Therefore, by drawing the idle quantitation curve of equivalence in each node configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source, relatively its quality to electrical power system transient voltage support, to reasonable disposition dynamic reactive source, provide reference, to alleviate system transient modelling Voltage Instability problem, referring to Fig. 1, described below:
101: determine operational mode and the given fault of electric power system, set a kind of transient voltage unstability scene;
Be that transient voltage unstability scene is determined by operational mode and the given fault of electric power system, this step is conventionally known to one of skill in the art, and the embodiment of the present invention does not limit this.
102: under transient voltage unstability scene, the voltage that calculates n node of receiving-end system falls value Δ U i, and obtain reference node m;
Figure BDA0000429929850000041
Wherein, U nrepresent i node voltage rated value; U irepresent i node failure voltage actual value after 1 second.
Find voltage to fall the most serious node m, i.e. Δ U m=max{ Δ U 1, Δ U 2..., Δ U mtrue m node is reference node, at this Nodes, virtual reactive source is set, and its virtual reactive source capacities chart is shown
Figure BDA0000429929850000042
and set up assessment reference system with virtual reactive source capacity and dynamic reactive source capacity.
103: by node j configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source, with its dynamic reactive source capacity Q j (k)as variable, initial value is Q j (0);
In practical application, can configure to node j to be assessed the dynamic reactive source of different capabilities, the dynamic reactive source Q of each different capabilities j (k)represent.
104: set iteration step length λ, set iterative parameter k=0 simultaneously;
105: at dynamic reactive source capacity Q j (k)effect under, be t transient voltage recovery time of calculating electric power system j, obtain reactive compensation capacity of equal value;
Wherein, transient voltage is defined as recovery time: after fault clearance, to power system voltage, returned to for 0.75 needed time of per unit value.By node j dynamic reactive to be assessed source capacity Q j (k)zero setting, regulates virtual reactive source capacity obtain electrical power system transient voltage recovery time t now m, it is met:
Figure BDA0000429929850000044
ε 1for minimal error, ε 1value is set according to the needs in practical application, and now obtaining reactive compensation capacity of equal value is virtual reactive source capacity Q eRC(Q j (k))=Q m, Q j (k)and Q mthere is transient voltage supporting effect of equal value.
106: increase iterative parameter k=k+1, now the dynamic reactive source of node j exert oneself into
Figure BDA0000429929850000055
repeating step 105, can obtain the reactive compensation capacity Q of equal value in one group of dynamic reactive source eRC(Q j (k)).
When:
Figure BDA0000429929850000056
Time, i.e. reactive compensation capacity value Q of equal value eRC(Q j (k)) the equivalent capacity value Q that obtains with last step-length eRC(Q j (k)the mould value of difference-λ) is less than admissible error ε 2, illustrating that compensation is abundant, too much dynamic reactive can not play a role electrical power system transient voltage, stops calculating.So just can obtain node to be assessed about Q j (k)the idle efficacy curve Q of equivalence eRC(Q j (k)).
Same step, the idle quantitative evaluation curve of equivalence that can calculate respectively all node dynamic reactives to be assessed source, these curves have unified evaluation criteria, can clearly contrast under specific transient voltage unstability scene, the transient voltage supporting effect in each dynamic reactive source, judges its significance level.
The present invention is directed to dynamic reactive source in electrical power system transient Voltage Instability process, the usefulness that supports of the transient voltage that plays, carry out standardized quantitative evaluation, propose a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Transient Voltage Stability, be applicable to the use of actual electric network.
The dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Transient Voltage Stability that the present invention proposes, to be dependent under transient voltage unstability scene, dynamic reactive compensation device can be played a supporting role to transient voltage, and due to the transmission characteristic of reactive power, cause the reactive power compensator of zones of different to different these features of system transient modelling voltage recovery effects.Below this feature is simply introduced:
First, the single system that calculates meritorious idle transmission characteristic of take is example, as shown in figure (2), and the idle transmission characteristic of illustrative system, the expression formula of the meritorious and reactive power of receiving end is as follows respectively:
Figure BDA0000429929850000051
Wherein, Pr, Qr are respectively receiving end active power and reactive power; Es, Er are respectively the equivalent electromotive force of sending end, receiving-end system; X is transmission line equivalent reactance; δ for giving, receiving-end system phase difference of voltage.
When the phase angle difference at circuit two ends hour has
Figure BDA0000429929850000057
so the reactive power of receiving end, sending end has following approximate expression:
Figure BDA0000429929850000053
Figure BDA0000429929850000054
From above formula, reactive power transmission size depends primarily on the amplitude of voltage, and transmission direction flows to by the high one end of voltage one end that voltage is low.
And when electric power system is during in fully loaded transportation condition, through-put power and merit angle are larger, now electric power system will no longer have above-mentioned physical characteristic.Now, receiving-end system reactive power is negative value, i.e. the reactive power of circuit consumption is the reactive power sum that sending end and receiving end are injected.Therefore, under case of heavy load, no-power vacancy is serious, and Voltage Instability phenomenon easily occurs.Again from the meritorious reactive loss in transmission line impedance:
Figure BDA0000429929850000061
Figure BDA0000429929850000062
Wherein, P loss, Q lossbe respectively meritorious, reactive loss in transmission line impedance; I is line current; R, X are line resistance, reactance; P, Q, U are respectively active power, reactive power and the voltage of transmission.
In the situation that guaranteeing that circuit transmitting active power is constant, for making the transmitted power loss of circuit minimum, must make the reactive power of circuit transmission minimum, also should keep high voltage levvl simultaneously, can reduce reactive loss like this, contribute to improve the voltage stability of system.Therefore under case of heavy load, reactive power transmission is poor efficiency, and reactive power compensation source should be near loading zone.And, reasonably select the infield of reactive source can improve stability and the economy of system.
The fast reactive response of dynamic reactive compensation device, has obvious help to improving system transient modelling voltage stability.When large disturbance, reactive requirement occur system, significantly rise, during voltage drop, dynamic reactive source provides reactive power support, is equivalent to alleviate load or burden without work demand, has shortened voltage recovery time, help system reaches voltage stabilization again.Shown in Fig. 3, STATCOM, in transient process, sends a large amount of reactive powers, contributes to improve system transient modelling voltage stability.Fig. 4 is the analogous diagram of installing after STATCOM, and as can be seen from the figure, adding of dynamic reactive source recovers favourable to system transient modelling voltage.
With concrete example, verify the feasibility of this method below, described below: to take under large mode of summer in 2015 and plan that electrical network is as example.The regional geographical wiring diagram of business (Kaifeng-Shangqiu) is opened as shown in Figure 5 in Henan.Before fault, open that business area is meritorious, load or burden without work total amount is respectively 5269MW, 1716Mvar, load power factor approximately 0.95; Because this locality start is less, voltage power-less enabling capabilities a little less than, easily there is transient voltage destabilization problems.Open the induction motor load that business's regional load is configured to real impedance static load and 50%.When bus generation three phase short circuit fault of the village, auspicious symbol-Henan, Henan week 500kV, false tripping double-circuit line, now electric power system generation transient voltage unstable phenomenon.Electric power system 220kV busbar voltage is fallen situation as shown in Figure 6.On this basis, adopt D-ERC method to assess the supporting effect in receiving end electrical network node dynamic reactive to be assessed source.
The first step: study with above-mentioned transient voltage unstability scene.
Second step: the voltage that calculates each node falls situation (only listing a part):
The transient voltage dip situation (p.u.) of each node of table 1
Node name Yongcheng, Henan Henan Wei Lou Henan is healthy The village, Henan week Henan is bright Henan You Ji Henan Zhao Gang
Voltage U 0.4760 0.4217 0.3816 0.3574 0.4576 0.3281 0.226
Wherein, Yongcheng, Henan node voltage falls the most serious, and therefore choosing Yongcheng node is reference node, and virtual reactive source is set, and its capacity is Q eRC, be set to zero.
The 3rd step: the nodes such as Zhou, Henan, the healthy ,Yu village in node You Yuwei to be assessed building, Henan light, You Ji ,Yu Zhao hilllock, Henan of opening business area.It is example that the node to be assessed Henan health of take installs dynamic reactive source STATCOM additional, assesses its voltage support usefulness in system transient modelling Voltage Instability process.Its dynamic reactive source capacity is Q healthy (k), initial capacity is Q healthy (0)=50MVar.
The 4th step: iteration step length λ=50MVar is set, iterative parameter k=0.
The 5th step: while take iterative parameter k=2,, as example describes, now the healthy node dynamic reactive in Henan source capacity is Q healthy (2)=Q healthy (0)+ k λ=50MVar+2*50MVar=150MVar, works as Q healthy (2)independent role when system, system transient modelling voltage recovery time t healthy=90(cycle).By the healthy dynamic reactive source zero setting in Henan, regulate virtual reactive source compensation capacity again, work as compensation capacity
Figure BDA0000429929850000072
time, transient voltage t recovery time of system yongcheng=90(cycle), satisfy condition:
Figure BDA0000429929850000073
So can illustrate that both have transient voltage supporting effect of equal value, its reactive compensation capacity of equal value is
Figure BDA0000429929850000074
The 6th step: make iterative parameter k=k+1, change dynamic reactive source capacity Q healthy (k)=Q healthy (0)+ k λ, repeating step five, obtains different reactive compensation capacity values of equal value, when meeting:
Figure BDA0000429929850000075
Stop calculating, so just can obtain the idle quantitative evaluation curve of equivalence of the healthy node configuration in Henan dynamic reactive source efficiency.
Successively quantitative evaluation is carried out in each node configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source, can obtain cluster assessment curve, as shown in Figure 7.Table 2 is each node reactive capability value of equal value.
Table 2 reactive capability of equal value (MVar)
Figure BDA0000429929850000071
Take Yongcheng, Henan as reference node, set up idle quantitative evaluation curve of equal value as Fig. 7, as can be seen from Figure 7, for this fault, at bright node, configure dynamic reactive source successful, it is poor that the node effects such as Wei Lou, village week, health, You Ji weaken ，Zhao hilllock node compensation effect successively.Therefore, can find out when the Xiang Fudaoyu village, Henan Zhou Fasheng mono-loop line road three-phase shortcircuit false tripping double back fault, node configuration dynamic reactive source STATCOM can play good transient voltage support effect in light, ,Wei building, Yongcheng etc.
In sum, the embodiment of the present invention has proposed a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Transient Voltage Stability, it is research object that the method be take specific transient voltage unstability scene, the most serious node of the transient voltage dip of take is reference node, virtual reactive source is set, with its compensation capacity, set up referential, by whole nodes to be assessed are configured to dynamic reactive source, its supporting effect to transient voltage of comparative analysis, can Efficient Evaluation the quality in each node configuration dynamic reactive source, for reasonable disposition dynamic reactive source provides reference, effectively to alleviate transient voltage destabilization problems.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that accompanying drawing is the schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment, the invention described above embodiment sequence number, just to describing, does not represent the quality of embodiment.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any modification of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. towards a dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method for Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability, it is characterized in that, said method comprising the steps of:
(1) determine operational mode and the given fault of electric power system, set a kind of transient voltage unstability scene;
(2), under transient voltage unstability scene, the voltage that calculates n node of receiving-end system falls value Δ U i, and obtain reference node m;
(3) by node j configuration to be assessed dynamic reactive source, with its dynamic reactive source capacity Q j (k)as variable, initial value is Q j (0);
(4) set iteration step length λ, set iterative parameter k=0 simultaneously;
(5) at dynamic reactive source capacity Q j (k)effect under, be t transient voltage recovery time of calculating electric power system j, obtain reactive compensation capacity of equal value;
(6) increase iterative parameter k=k+1, now the dynamic reactive source of node j exert oneself into
Figure FDA0000429929840000012
repeating step (5), obtains the reactive compensation capacity Q of equal value in one group of dynamic reactive source eRC(Q j (k)).
2. a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described in obtain reference node m step be specially:
Figure FDA0000429929840000011
Wherein, U nrepresent i node voltage rated value; U irepresent i node failure voltage actual value after 1 second, find voltage to fall the most serious node m, i.e. Δ U m=max{ Δ U 1, Δ U 2..., Δ U ma m node is reference node.
3. a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described in obtain reactive compensation capacity of equal value step be specially:
By node j dynamic reactive to be assessed source capacity Q j (k)zero setting, regulates virtual reactive source capacity
Figure FDA0000429929840000013
obtain electrical power system transient voltage recovery time t now m, it is met:
ε 1for permissible error, obtaining reactive compensation capacity of equal value is virtual reactive source capacity Q eRC(Q j (k))=Q m, Q j (k)and Q mthere is transient voltage supporting effect of equal value.
4. a kind of dynamic reactive usefulness quantitative estimation method towards Enhancement of Transient Voltage Stability according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described in obtain the reactive compensation capacity Q of equal value in one group of dynamic reactive source eRC(Q j (k)) step be specially:
When:
Figure FDA0000429929840000015
Time, i.e. reactive compensation capacity value Q of equal value eRC(Q j (k)) the equivalent capacity value Q that obtains with last step-length eRC(Q j (k)the mould value of difference-λ) is less than permissible error ε 2, stop calculating, obtain node to be assessed about Q j (k)the idle efficacy curve Q of equivalence eRC(Q j (k)).
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CN108038279A (en) * 2017-11-29 2018-05-15 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 Wind turbine electromechanical transient recovery process evaluation method and device under unbalanced grid faults
CN108038279B (en) * 2017-11-29 2023-11-17 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 Method and device for evaluating electromechanical transient recovery process of fan under asymmetric power grid fault
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CN108155658B (en) * 2017-12-15 2020-05-22 华南理工大学 Sensitivity-based receiving end system voltage support strength evaluation method
CN110896217A (en) * 2019-09-04 2020-03-20 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 Network source coordination control method and device for improving voltage stability of receiving-end power grid
CN110474342A (en) * 2019-09-25 2019-11-19 国网青海省电力公司海西供电公司 A kind of method that disturbance regulation effect assessment models building temporarily drops in distribution network voltage
CN110474342B (en) * 2019-09-25 2021-11-05 国网青海省电力公司海西供电公司 Method for constructing power distribution network voltage sag disturbance treatment effect evaluation model

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