CN103608028A - 人类髓源抑制性细胞癌症标记 - Google Patents
人类髓源抑制性细胞癌症标记 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了通过检测用于转录因子激活的CD33+HLA-DRlow、CD14+HLA-DRlow、CD66b+HLA-DRlow或CD1lb+HLA-DRlowMDSC,从而确定癌症存在(恶性与良性),监控癌症进程,监控癌症复发,监控主体对于癌症治疗的反应或确定癌症分期的方法。转录因子包括但不限于STAT3、pSTAT3、HIF1α、STAT3或C/EBPβ。MDSC的表型可以是CD33+HLA-RlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+。通过使PBMC和人类实体瘤细胞共培养,随后检测它们的抑制能力,本发明还提供了从健康供体的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)诱导人类MDSC的方法。
Description
相关专利的交叉引用
根据美国法典第35章第119(e)条的规定,本申请要求于2011年4月28日提交的美国临时专利申请61/480,311和2011年12月5日提交的美国临时专利申请61/567,042的优先权,所述专利的全部内容在此以引用的方式并入本文。
背景技术
癌症的早期检测或复发检测对于保持良好的健康状态非常重要。确定癌症早期表面标记物能够使肿瘤医师治疗癌症病人的成功率提高。免疫抑制细胞,例如髓源抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC))引起肿瘤免疫耐受以及癌症病人免疫疗法和实验肿瘤模型(experimentaltumor models)(1)的失败。据报道,MDSC通过多种机制抑制T细胞的功能,包括:调节L-精氨酸降解的精氨酸酶-1(ARG-1)(2);调节可产生活性氮和活性氧类的诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)和NADPH氧化酶(NOX2)(3,4);血管内皮生长因子过表达(5);半胱氨酸降解(6);以及增加调节性T细胞(T-regulatory,Treg)的细胞数量(7,8)。MDSC聚集在创伤位点、严重感染或败血位点以及癌症(9)位点,而在健康受试者体内很少或没有,可能是由于缺氧环境和低氧诱导因子(HIF)-lα表达(10)引起的。在结肠癌(11)、黑色素瘤(11)、肝细胞癌(12)、头颈部鳞状细胞癌(4)、非小细胞肺癌(13)、肾细胞癌(14)、胰腺癌(15)和乳腺癌(16)主体中均报道过MDSC。针对癌症主体,Diaz等人(16)认为MDSC的聚集与进一步的疾病和不良预后相关。在癌症主体中检测典型MDSC的能力能够使得肿瘤学家确定治疗的有效性,以及治疗后肿瘤是否复发。此外,外周血中的MDSC特性可以用来区分良性和恶性病变,以及难以通过常规成像、细针穿刺抽吸活检或现有血清化验辨别的肿块。因此,在本技术领域中,有必要发展检测MDSC数量的方法,以制定出合适的治疗方案。本发明实现了这种需求,且提供了相关的有利条件。
发明内容
本发明提供了确定受检样品中MDSC数量的方法以及治疗癌症主体的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤,可选地,所述方法基本上由如下步骤组成,或所述方法还进一步由如下步骤组成:a)在所述主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),其中所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlow HIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+;以及b)如果所述MDSC被检测到,实施癌症治疗;如果上述表型没有被检测到,则不需要实施治疗。另一方面,本发明提供了一种治疗已确定对所提供的治疗方法有反应的癌症主体的方法,所述方法包括,可选地,所述方法基本上由如下步骤组成,或所述方法还进一步由如下步骤组成:给癌症主体有效量的癌症治疗,其中通过从主体分离的细胞或组织中筛选髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)来确定所述主体是否有反应,其中所述的MDSC的表型如下:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+。
另一方面涉及一种治疗已确定对治疗有反应的癌症主体的方法,包括给癌症主体实施有效量的癌症治疗,其中通过一种方法确定所述主体对所述治疗有反应,所述方法包括在来自于主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlow HIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+。
另一方面涉及一种检测或辅助检测主体是否有癌症的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤,可选地,所述方法基本上由如下步骤组成,或所述方法还进一步由如下步骤组成:在来自于主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),其中所述的MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+;其中所述MDSC存在则意味着有可能有癌症,所述MSDC不存在则意味着不太可能有癌症。
另一方面涉及一种检测癌症主体的癌症治疗效力的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤,可选地,所述方法基本上由如下步骤组成,或所述方法还进一步由如下步骤组成:在来自于主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),其中所述的MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+;其中在癌症治疗过程中没有所述MDSC或所述MDSC减少则意味着有效的治疗应答,有所述MDSC或所述MDSC增加则意味着无效的治疗应答。
另一方面涉及一种从髓系细胞源(source of myeloid lineage cells)产生人类MDSC的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤,可选地,所述方法基本上由如下步骤组成,或所述方法还进一步由如下步骤组成:(a)在足以诱导MDSC的条件下,使肿瘤样品与髓系细胞源接触;以及(b)分离所述MDSC。分离的MDSC以及含有所述细胞的组合物在本文中会进一步叙述。
附图说明
图1是用于体外产生肿瘤相关髓系抑制性细胞(tumor-associatedmyeloid suppressor cells)的共培养和MDSC抑制实验(Suppression Assays)示意图。诱导:正常供体的外周血单核细胞(PBMC)与人类实体瘤细胞系共培养一周。MDSC分离:通过CD33抗体微珠标记(microbead labeling)和磁选柱(magnetic column separation)从PBMC-肿瘤共培养物中分离出CD33+细胞。抑制试验:在T细胞刺激因子存在的条件下,随后使肿瘤促使分化(Tumor-educated)的CD33+细胞与新鲜的CFSE-标记的自体CD8+T细胞以1:4的比例共培养。3天后,使用流式细胞术,以羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)的稀释度计算T细胞的增殖。以CD33+细胞抑制自体CD8+T细胞增殖的能力评估抑制功能。
图2显示由亚群MDSC-诱导细胞系诱导的CD33+MDSC产生上升的IL-1β、IL-6(A)、TNFα(B)、VEGF(C)和GM-CSF(D)。头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma)(HNSCC)细胞系产生的这些细胞因子的蛋白分泌是通过ELISA技术检测上清液测定的,以确认基因表达结果。平均蛋白水平(n=2,重复三次)以±SEM显示。*是指统计显著性,p<0.05。
图3显示HNSCC诱导的MDSC抑制自体T细胞的增殖和IFNγ的产生。HNSCC细胞系亚群诱导具有MDSC抑制功能特性的CD33+细胞群,包括抑制自体CD8+T细胞的增殖(a)和IFNγ的分泌(B)。肿瘤细胞系通过MDSC诱导强度分组:强(黑),弱(灰色)以及不能诱导(白色)。这两组图表的平均值(n≥2个供体)以±SEM显示。*是指统计显著性,p<0.05。
图4显示与CD33+MDSC相比,人类乳腺癌、肺癌和神经胶质瘤细胞系更优先诱导CD11b+MDSC,以及确定CD11b+MDSC作为第二亚群(subset)。A.检测来自于乳腺癌、肺癌或神经胶质瘤细胞系-PBMC共培养物的CD11b+细胞对CD3/CD28刺激的自体T细胞的抑制功能。分别通过CD33+或CD11+与自体T细胞的抑制实验显示平均(n=2)T细胞增殖±SEM或T细胞增殖(n=l)。B.通过细胞因子FLT3L和TGFβ可以从正常供体PBMC诱导CD11+MDSC亚群。平均值(n=3)以±SEM显示。*是指与单独T细胞相比,在平均T细胞增殖中的统计显著性(p<0.05)。
图5显示CD33+和CD11b+肿瘤细胞系诱导的MDSC的特性。A.通过与单独培养基、非抑制性CD33+和CD11b+细胞相比较,利用流式细胞仪检测HNSCC细胞系诱导的CD33+和乳腺癌细胞系诱导的CD11b+MDSC的表型。平均阳性细胞百分比(n>2)以±SD显示。B.通过流式细胞仪检测抗原呈递细胞(左)和抑制性细胞(右)标记在强抑制(由HNSCC细胞系SCCL-MT1、SCC-4、CAL-27诱导)和非抑制(由SW2224、RPMI265诱导或单独培养基)CD33+髓系细胞中的表达。同型对照以上的平均荧光值(数据来自3组供体,在所有三种诱导条件下(n=9)的平均值)±SEM显示。为了比较抑制细胞和非抑制细胞之间的平均值,*指示统计显著性,p<0.05且“+”指示p=0.59。
图6显示人类MDSC通过上调ARG-1、NOX2、iNOS、VEGF和TGFβ调节抑制。A.在肿瘤细胞系诱导的CD33+MDSC中,公认的抑制基因ARG-1、iNOS、NOX2-构成的NCF1(NOX2-component NCF1)、VEGF和TGFβ的表达。*是指统计显著性,p<0.05,在对只有CD33+对照的培养基进行两两比较的Dunnett测试后,利用方差分析(ANOVA)每个基因的表达。B.肿瘤细胞系诱导的CD33+MDSC抑制,CD3/CD28刺激的自体T细胞的增殖。MDSC抑制机制ARG-1和NOX2的特异性抑制因子调节部分但并非全部抑制的逆转。*是指平均T细胞增殖(平均值以±SEM显示,每个抑制因子的n≥7,数据来自两组具有相似结果的独立实验)中统计显著性差异,p<0.05,在两两比较的Tukey测试后,由方差分析得出。C.在CD33+和CD11b+人类MDSC中ARG-1、iNOS、NOX2-构成的NCF1的基因表达比较,显示这些基因具有相似的表达水平。相对于作为对照的培养基,平均倍数改变(MDSC的3个独立的供体来自于与三个诱导肿瘤模型中的每一个的共培养物)以±SEM显示。通过对每个被观察基因进行Student's测试,发现这些亚群的平均表达没有统计显著性差异。
图7显示转录因子促进人类MDSC抑制功能。A.在单独培养基作为对照的情况下,通过qRT-PCR测定HIFlα和STAT3在肿瘤细胞系诱导的CD33+或CD11b+MDSC中的表达。平均值(数据来自6组单独的供体,两个独立的试验)以±SEM显示;*指示统计显著性,p<0.05,“+”指示CD33+和CD11b+MDSC两两比较中p=0.06。B.p-STAT3和C/EBPβ在CD33+(上部)和CD11b+(下部)MDSC中的免疫组化分析。显示多个染色样品的典型图像(放大倍数为200倍)。C.通过toll样受体激动剂脂多糖激活的人类MDSC亚群发生HIFlα、C/EBPβ和STAT3的上调,与此同时,还有抑制调节因子ARG-1,iNOS和NOX2的表达上调。平均值(数据来自三组单独供体)以±SEM显示。D.MDSC亚群中,与抑制功能失活相关的的转录变化。通过ATRA,舒尼替尼(sunitinib)和CXB引起的CD33+MDSC抑制功能逆转与STAT3和HIFlα表达(箭头)下调相关。由ATRA和舒尼替尼引起的CD11b+MDSC功能性抑制与C/EBPβ表达水平的下调相关(箭头),但是HIFlα和STAT3的mRNA表达水平没有变化。发现CXB对CD11b+MDSC没有抑制作用,没有观察到C/EBPβ表达水平的下调。平均值(数据来自三组单独的供体)以±SEM显示,*指示在药物处理的MDSC和没有处理的MDSC中,转录水平的统计显著性下降(p<0.05)。
图8是STAT3(SEQ.ID.NO.1)的氨基酸序列。
图9是HIFlα(SEQ.ID.NO.2)的氨基酸序列。
图10是C/EBPβ(SEQ.ID.NO.3)的氨基酸序列。
图11是癌症检测和监测的临床试验。A.癌症检测和监测微创临床试验的一个实施例示意图。对主体外周血细胞进行流式细胞术分析,以髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)的存在作为肿瘤存在的标志。通过与抑制功能直接相关的3个标记表型区分活性MDSC和正常血细胞。活性MDSC的聚集与病变分期和肿瘤负荷直接相关,通过一个简单的血液测试就能够跟踪病变分期,治疗的肿瘤应答以及肿瘤复发或进展。B和C.证实癌症主体的外周血MDSC具有CD33+HLA-DRlow HIFlα+表型。从正常的健康志愿者(B)或HNSCC癌症主体(C)采集20ml外周血,通过密度梯度分离法分离PBMC。通过使用荧光标记的单克隆抗体,使PBMC被标记上CD33+和HLA-DR+,然后细胞被固定和透化(permeabilized),通过第三抗体进行HIFlα的细胞内染色。在FACS Calibur流式细胞仪上,利用CellQuestPro软件以及收集至少50000个白细胞样品分析染色的样品PBMC和同型对照(阳性细胞如中间面板所示)。发现HLA-DRlow HIFlα+细胞在正常供体(n=3)中占髓系细胞的0.12~1.99%,而在头颈部癌症主体(n=2)中占髓系细胞的16.23~15.78%,图中显示了典型的点阵图。下面的列表数据描述了图11中FACS分析结果。
正常健康供体A
正常健康供体B
正常健康供体C
HNSCC患者A
HNSCC患者B
对于每个FACS分析实验,在BD FACS Calibur上每个样品至少计数50,000个活细胞。使用BD CellQuestPro软件进行数据分析。
具体实施方式
除非上下文另有明确说明,说明书和权力要求书中使用的单数形式(“a”、“an”和“the”)包括复数。例如,术语“细胞”(a cell)包括多个细胞(包括其混合物)。
在本发明中,术语“包含”意指所述组合物和方法包含所记载的要素,但不排除其它要素。当使用“基本上由......组成”来界定组合物和方法时,术语“基本上由......组成”是指排除对结合具有任何实质意义的其它要素。因此,基本上由本文所限定的要素组成的组合物不排除来自分离和纯化方法的痕量污染物以及药学上可接受的载体,例如磷酸盐缓冲盐水、防腐剂,等等。“由......组成”是指排出超过痕量的其他成分要素。用这些过渡性术语中的每一个限定的实施方式在本发明的保护范围之内。
包括范围在内的所有数字标号(例如,pH、温度、时间、浓度和分子量)为合适的增量0.1或1.0的正(+)负(-)变化的近似值。需要理解的是,尽管不总是明确说明,对于前面加有“约”的所有数字标号,术语“约”包含约15%的标准偏差,可选地,包含约10%的标准偏差,可选地,包含约5%的标准偏差。同样需要理解的是,尽管不总是明确说明,但是本文描述的反应物仅仅是示例性的,并且所述反应物的等同物为本领域所公知。
“有效量”为足以影响有益的或期望的效果的量。可在一种或一种以上给药、应用或剂量中给药有效量。这样的递送取决于许多变量,包括待使用的单一剂量单元的持续时间段、治疗剂的生物利用度、给药途径等等。然而,需要理解的是对于任何特定受试者而言,本发明的治疗剂的特定剂量水平取决于多种因素,包括所使用的特定化合物的活性、化合物的生物利用度、给药途径、动物的年龄及其体重、总体健康水平、性别、动物的饮食、给药时间、排泄速度、联合的药物、所治疗的特定疾病的严重性和给药形式。治疗剂量一般可被滴定以使安全性和疗效最佳。典型地,来自体外和/或体内原始试验的剂量-效果关系可在向主体给药合适的剂量方面提供有用的指导。动物模型研究一般可用于与治疗疾病的有效剂量有关的指导。总体而言,人们将期望给药一定量的化合物,所述一定量有效达到与体外试验的有效浓度相当的血清水平。因此,如果化合物表现出体外活性(如下面讨论的表格中所记录的例子),人们可推算体内给药的有效剂量。这些考虑因素以及有效的剂型和给药步骤为本领域技术人员所公知,且在标准教科书中有描述。在本文中,与该定义一致的术语“治疗有效量”为足以治疗特定失调或疾病的量,可选地,为足以获得治疗胶质母细胞瘤的药理学反应的量。
在本发明中,“治疗”(treating或treatment)主体的疾病是指(1)预防在易受感染的动物体内产生症状或疾病或者预防在还未表现出疾病症状的动物体内产生症状或疾病;(2)抑制疾病或阻止疾病的发展;或(3)改善疾病或疾病症状或者引起疾病或疾病症状的消退。如本领域所理解的那样,“治疗”是获得有益的或期望的效果(包括临床效果)的方法。就本发明的目的而言,有益的或期望的效果可包含一种或一种以上,但不限于缓解或改善一种或一种以上症状、减轻病症(包括疾病)的严重程度、稳定(即不恶化)病症(包括疾病)的状态、延迟或减慢病症(包括疾病)的发展、改善或缓解病症(包括疾病)的状态以及减缓(部分或全部)可检测的或不可检测的疾病。优选的化合物是有效的且可以非常低的剂量局部给药的化合物,因此,使全身副作用最小化。
本发明所提供的方法包括,或可选地,所述方法基本上由如下组成,或进一步可选地,所述方法由如下组成:通过在来自于受试者的含有细胞的样品中筛选或检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)来确定癌症的存在,监测癌症的进展,辅助癌症的诊断,监测癌症复发,监测对癌症治疗的反应或者确定受试者体内癌症病变阶段,所述MDSC由它们表达的CD33、CD14、CD66b或CD11b和HLA-DR确定,其中所述确定的MDSC由表型CD33+、CD14+、CD66b+或CD11b+和HLA-DRlow定义。具有确定表型的MDSC的存在意味着在所述受试者体内有癌症的存在或癌症复发。在癌症治疗过程中,MDSC的下降或不存在意味着在受试者体内对治疗的成功应答。在基线(baseline)癌症诊断过程中,MDSC的上升意味中受试者体内癌症分期的加重。本发明令人惊奇地发现以下定义的人类MDSC表型:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+或CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+,因此,由实体瘤和人类恶性淋巴瘤诱导的人类MDSC亚群的集合体(collectively account)可为癌症检测和监测提供可靠的标记。
所指定的蛋白可能表达在细胞表面或细胞内。此外,所述表达可以包括全部或部分所述蛋白。
CD1lb表达在许多与先天免疫系统相关的淋巴细胞的表面,包括单核细胞、粒细胞、巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表CD1lb蛋白质序列:NP_001139280.1,NP_000623.2和P1215.2。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
CD33或Siglec-3是表达在髓系细胞上的跨膜受体。CD33通常被认为是髓系特有的,但在一些淋巴细胞上也发现了CD33。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表CD33的蛋白质序列:NP_001763.3,NP_001171079.1,NP_001076087.1,P20138.2,CAD36509.1,AAH28152.1,AAK83654.1,EAW71996.1,EAW71995.1以及EAW71994.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
CD14是体内单核细胞的一个标记,是在外周血中循环的另一个髓系群体。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表CD14的蛋白质序列:CAG33297.1,AAA51930.1,P08571.2,NP_001167576.1,NP_001167575.1,NP_001035110.1,NP_000582.1,ADX31876.1,AAC83816.1,EAW62037.1,AAH10507.1和BAG55282.1.出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
CD66b是体内粒细胞的一个标记,是在外周血中循环的另一个髓系群体。在癌症中,这些髓系群体可能被诱导成为抑制性MDSC。下面的GenBankDNA序列号代表CD66b的蛋白质序列:AAH26263.1,P31997.2,NP_001806.2,AAC13659.1和CAB08298.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
所述方法还包括通过测定用于转录因子激活的CD33+/HLA-DRlow,CD14+/HLA-DRlow,CD66b+/HLA-DRlow或CD1lb+/HLA-DRlow MDSC来决定肿瘤是恶性还是良性,辅助这些诊断的确定,进行癌症预测,监测癌症的进展,监测癌症复发,监测对癌症治疗的反应或者确定受试者体内癌症的分期,其中具有转录因子激活的癌症相关表型MDSC的存在意味着在所述受试者体内有癌症存在或癌症复发或肿瘤恶化。在癌症治疗过程中,MDSC的下降或不存在意味着在受试者体内对治疗的成功应答。所述MDSC水平的上升或持续意味着下降的生存率或早期疾病复发,且MDSC水平的上升意味着在受试者体内癌症分期的发展。转录因子包括但不限于STAT3,pSTAT3,HIFlα或C/EBPβ+。在一个实施例中,MDSC的表型是CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+。在另一个实施例中,MDSC的表型是CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+。在另一个实施例中,MDSC的表型是CD33+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+。在另一个实施例中,MDSC的表型是CD1lb+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+。在另一个实施例中,MDSC的表型是CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+。本发明不希望被理论束缚,因为MDSC的诱导发生在肿瘤生长的早期,所述方法能够在使用标准放射成像方法之前用于评估肿瘤的发生、复发或消退。
转录因子的激活意味着癌症的存在。在一个已经诊断有癌症的主体体内,上升的转录因子活性意味着癌症的进一步发展和癌症分期的上升。在一个正在接受癌症治疗的主体体内,上升的转录因子活性意味着治疗的失败。检测基因表达的方法是本领域所公知的。
STAT3:STATs(信号传导因子与转录活化因子)是一个具有7个转录因子的家族,所述转录因子形成JAK-STAT信号级联反应的一部分。STAT3是一种结合到白细胞介素-6(il-6)的转录因子,是在各种急相(acute-phase)蛋白基因的启动子中确定的反应元件。STAT3通过IL31RA被IL31激活。pSTAT3是STAT3的激活和磷酸化形式。STAT3蛋白和一个相关的家族成员(至少STATl)形成同源二聚体或异源二聚体。与IL31RA、NCOAl、PELPl、SIPAR SOCS7、STATIPl和TMFl相互作用。STAT3蛋白与HCV核心蛋白、存在于IL23中的IL23R相互作用,还通过SH2结构域与NLK相互作用。STAT3蛋白与KPNA4、KPNA5相互作用;KPNA4可能是细胞核输入的主要调节因子。STAT3蛋白与CAV2相互作用;且在胰岛素诱导的CAV2酪氨酸磷酸化作用下,这种相互作用增强,并导致STAT3激活。STAT3的固有核存在(Constitutive nuclear presence)不依赖于酪氨酸磷酸化。pSTAT3是STAT3的磷酸化形式。STAT3表达在心脏、脑、胎盘、肺、肝脏、骨骼肌、肾脏和胰腺中。STAT3在许多癌症中被激活,促使细胞系转化,在需要转化的细胞培养和抑制细胞凋亡中需要STAT3。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表STAT3的蛋白质序列AAK17196.1,NP_644805.1,NP_003141.2,NP_998827.1,P40763.2,CAA10032.1,AAB84254.1,AAH14482.1,AAH00627.1,AAS66986.1,EAW60826.1和EAW60824.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
HIFlα.低氧诱导因子-1(Hypoxia-inducible factor-1)(HIFl)是一种转录因子,是在减少氧含量的条件下培养哺乳动物细胞发现的,其在细胞和系统对缺氧的平衡应答(homeostatic responses)中起重要作用。HIF1是一个异质二聚体,由一个α亚基和一个β亚基组成。β亚基已被确认为芳基烃受体核转运蛋白(ARNT)。HIFlα编码HIF-1的α亚基。该基因的天然反义转录子(aHIF)的过表达已被证明与非乳头状肾细胞癌相关。已经确定了两个可选的编码不同亚型的转录子。HIFlα的功能是作为缺氧适应性反应的一个主要转录调节因子。在缺氧条件下,HIFlα激活40多个基因的转录,包括促红细胞生成素基因、葡萄糖转运蛋白基因、糖酵解酶基因、血管内皮生长因子基因和其他编码增强氧气转运或促进适应缺氧代谢的蛋白质基因。HIFlα在胚胎血管生成、肿瘤血管生成和缺血性疾病的病理生理学中起重要作用。HIFlα结合到目标基因启动子的缺氧应答元件(hypoxia responseelement,HRE)内部的核心DNA序列5’-[AG]CGTG-3’。HIFlα的激活需要募集转录共激活因子,例如CREBPB和EP300等。通过与NCOA1或NCOA2相互作用,HIFlα的活性会增强。与氧化还原调节蛋白APEX的相互作用似乎激活CTAD,加强由NCOA1和CREBBP引起的激活。
在常氧条件下,HIFlα是细胞质蛋白,但在应答缺氧条件时,与HIF1β一起聚集和转运到细胞核中。此外,在常氧条件下,HIFlα转录子能够被症细胞因子和来自JAK/STAT或NFκB通路的信号上调。在细胞核中,HIFlα与SUMOl共定位。HIFlα在大多数组织中表达,在肾脏和心脏的表达水平最高。由于肿瘤内缺氧和编码癌基因蛋白和肿瘤抑制蛋白的基因突变,HIFlα在大多数常见的人类癌症和癌症转移中过表达。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表HIFlα的蛋白质序列Q16665.1,NP_001230013.1,NP_851397.1,NP_001521.1以及AAH12527.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
C/EBPβ或C/EBPb.由这个无内含子的基因编码的蛋白质是一个bZIP转录因子,该转录因子能够以同源二聚体结合到某些DNA调节区域。它还可以与相关的蛋白CEBP-alpha、CEBP-delta和CEBP-gamma形成异源二聚体。该编码蛋白质对于免疫和炎症反应相关基因的调控非常重要,已经证实其与IL-6基因中的IL-1反应元件相结合,并且与几个急相和细胞因子基因的调节区域相结合。此外,该编码蛋白质能够结合到启动子和上游元件上,刺激胶原蛋白I型基因的表达。在免疫和炎症反应相关基因的调节中,C/EBPβ是一个重要的转录激活因子,可以与炎症相关的转录因子NFκB协同作用。C/EBPβ特异性结合到IL-6基因的IL-1应答元件上。NF-IL6也结合到几个急相和细胞因子基因的调节区域上。因此,C/EBPβ在急相反应、炎症和造血作用的调节中起重要作用。一致认可的位点是5'-T[TG]NNGNAA[TG]-3’。C/EBPβ位于细胞核中,在肺部、肾脏和脾脏的表达量很低。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表C/EBPβ的蛋白质序列PI7676.2,NP_005185.2,AAH05132.2,AAH21931.1和AAH07538.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
HLA-DR是MHC II类分子的细胞表面受体,由人类白细胞抗原复合物编码。下面的GenBank DNA序列号代表HLA-DR的蛋白质序列CAA23788.1,AAA58655.1和AAO49820.1。出于所有目的,这些GenBank序列号中的每一个代表序列被并入本文以作为参考。
在一些实施例中,检测试剂可能是抗体。抗体可以使用完整的多肽或含有作为免疫抗原的较小多肽片段来制备。例如,可以期望制备能够特异性结合到蛋白质N末端或C末端或任何合适结构域的抗体。用于免疫动物的多肽可以来源于具有翻译功能的cDNA或化学合成,如果需要的话,可以与载体蛋白相结合。与多肽化学耦合的常用载体包括钥孔血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin,KLH)、甲状腺球蛋白、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和破伤风类毒素。然后使用耦合的多肽免疫动物。
如果有需要,多克隆和单克隆抗体可以进一步纯化,例如通过将募集抗体的多肽或肽结合到基质上,再从基质上洗脱的方式纯化抗体。本领域技术人员已知免疫学中用于纯化和/或浓缩多克隆抗体以及单克隆抗体的各种常规技术(Coligan等人,第九章,Current Protocols in Immunology,WileyInterscience,1994)。
本领域已知制备各种类型抗体(包括片段)的方法(参考例,Harlow andLane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,NewYork(1988))。本领域技术人员已知各种免疫学方法,包括在合适佐剂中制备免疫原,确定抗体结合,纯化抗体的所有必须步骤,以及获得单克隆抗体的方法。
本发明中定义的单克隆抗体包括来源于一个物种(如小鼠、兔、山羊、老鼠、人类等等)的抗体以及来源于两个(或更多)物种的抗体,例如,嵌合抗体和人源化抗体。Movahed et al,Blood vol.111no.8(2008)4233-44披露了CD11b抗体的商业来源(BD Biosciences),并提供了用于流式细胞术中的各种MDSC标记。其他可商业化获得的抗体包括CD33(PE-CyTM7)的单克隆抗体(BD Biosciences,产品编号为333946),HIF-1α的单克隆抗体(BDBiosciences,产品编号为610958),C/EBPβ的单克隆抗体(ThermoScientific Pierce Antibodies,产品编号MAI-826)(MAI-826检测人类、大鼠和小鼠等样品的C/EBPβ蛋白。MAI-826仅用于检测C/EBPβ的LAP*同源异构体(isoform))。
本发明的一些实施例涉及炎症和/或癌症检测的诊断和预测方法。这种检测方法可以被用于,例如,疾病的早期诊断,以确定肿瘤是恶性的还是良性的,监测疾病的进展或治疗方案的进展,或用于评估癌症的等级。检测可能在体外或体内进行。当髓系细胞的百分比为至少2%的MDSC,至少3%的MDSC,至少4%的MDSC,至少5%的MDSC,至少6%的MDSC,至少7%的MDSC,至少8%的MDSC,至少9%的MDSC,至少10%的MDSC,至少11%的MDSC,至少12%的MDSC,至少13%的MDSC,至少14%的MDSC或至少15%MDSC时,可以确定癌症的存在。所用的方法包括但不限于流式细胞术,酶免疫分析法(EIA),例如酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),放射免疫检定法或Western blot检测。
本发明的方法适用于任何癌症。癌症包括但不限于HNSCC、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌癌、脑癌、黑色素瘤、肉瘤、子宫内膜癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌以及胰腺癌。
癌症还可能包括恶性淋巴瘤。恶性淋巴瘤可能包括成熟细胞瘤、成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤以及霍吉金斯淋巴瘤。
肿瘤(tumor)字面上是任何类型的肿胀,例如炎性的或其它肿胀,但是现代用法一般表示为瘤(neoplasm)。后缀“-oma”指肿瘤且一般表示良性瘤,如纤维瘤(fibroma)、脂肪瘤(lipoma)等等,但有时暗指恶性肿瘤,如所谓的黑色素瘤、肝细胞瘤、精原细胞瘤,或甚至暗指非肿瘤性病变,例如血肿、肉芽肿或错构瘤。后缀“-blastoma”表示胚胎细胞瘤,例如肾上腺的神经母细胞瘤或眼睛的视网膜母细胞瘤。
组织发生(Histogenesis)是组织的来源,也是基于原始组织细胞区分瘤的方法。腺瘤是腺上皮的良性肿瘤。癌(Carcinomas)是上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤。肉瘤(Sarcomas)是间质组织的恶性肿瘤。一个区分瘤形成的系统利用了生物学(临床)行为(不论良性或恶性)和组织发生(通过组织学或细胞学检测确定肿瘤的原始细胞或组织)。肿瘤可起源于几乎任何含有能够有丝分裂的细胞的组织。肿瘤的组织发生学分类基于通过组织学和细胞学检测确定原始组织(或细胞)。
“抑制”肿瘤生长是指与没有任何治疗的肿瘤生长相比,肿瘤的生长状态缩减。肿瘤细胞生长可通过本领域已知的任何方法来判断,所述方法包括但不限于:测量肿瘤尺寸、使用3H-胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷掺入试验确定肿瘤细胞是否增殖或肿瘤细胞计数。“抑制”肿瘤细胞生长意指下列状态中的任何一种或全部:减缓、延迟,并且“抑制”肿瘤生长是指当肿瘤生长停止时,肿瘤的生长状态缩减以及肿瘤缩小。
术语“培养”是指在各种类型的培养基上或培养基内细胞或有机体的体外增殖。需要理解的是,在培养基中生长的细胞的后代可不完全与母细胞相同(形态、基因或表型)。“扩增(expanded)”指细胞的任何增殖或分裂。
成熟细胞瘤可能包括慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤,B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病,淋巴浆细胞性淋巴瘤(例如Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症),脾边缘带淋巴瘤,浆细胞骨髓瘤,浆细胞瘤,单克隆免疫球蛋白病,重链病,结外边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(MALT淋巴瘤),结内边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(NMZL),滤泡淋巴瘤,套细胞淋巴瘤,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,纵隔(胸腺)大B细胞淋巴瘤,血管内大B细胞淋巴瘤,原发积液淋巴瘤,伯基特淋巴瘤/白血病。
成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤包括T细胞大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病,侵袭性NK细胞白血病,成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤,结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(鼻型),肠病型T细胞淋巴瘤,肝脾T细胞淋巴瘤,母细胞性NK细胞淋巴瘤,蕈样真菌/塞扎里(Sezary)综合征,原发性皮肤CD30阳性皮肤T细胞增生性疾病,原发性皮肤间变性大细胞淋巴瘤,淋巴瘤样丘疹病,血管免疫母细胞性淋巴瘤,外周T细胞淋巴瘤(非特定的,间变性大细胞淋巴瘤。
样品可以是外周血或任何其他髓系细胞系来源,包括但不限于外周血白细胞、全外周血的红细胞溶解产物、肿瘤、淋巴、淋巴结组织、脾细胞、脑脊液、腹水、胸腔积液。样品可以是新鲜的,已冻结的或保存的。
本发明还提供了通过PBMC和人类实体瘤细胞系共培养从健康供体外周血单核细胞(PBMC)诱导人类MDSC以及随后检测它们的抑制活性的方法。培养方法是本领域已知的。这些共培养方法产生足量的纯化的人类MDSC,以进行形态、表型、基因表达和功能研究以及MDSC抑制剂的临床前测试。
在某些实施例中,本发明提供了产生肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+人类MDSC、CD14+人类MDSC,CD66b+人类MDSC或CD1lb+人类MDSC的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:a)使外周血单核细胞(PBMC)与肿瘤细胞接触;以及b)分别分离CD33+细胞、CD14+细胞、CD66b+细胞或CD1lb+人类MDSC。PMBC-肿瘤细胞共培养物是在组织培养瓶中建立的。肿瘤可以是任何实体瘤或上面列出的恶性淋巴瘤。肿瘤促使分化的CD33+细胞、CD14+细胞、CD66b+细胞或CD1lb+是从建立的PMBC-肿瘤细胞系共培养物中分离得到的。能够检测肿瘤促使分化的CD33+细胞、CD14+细胞、CD66b+细胞或CD1lb+的生存力,以及通过在T细胞刺激因子存在的条件下与新鲜的自体CD8+T细胞共培养测试其抑制功能。检测其生存力和抑制功能的方法是本领域所公知的。本发明中产生体外人类MDSC的方法能够被用于产生人类MDSC标准品以及控制髓系细胞(例如通过单独PBMC培养物或PBMC与非诱导肿瘤或纤维状细胞系共培养物),以应用于诊断测试和其试剂盒。
本发明还提供了通过比较候选化合物存在或不存在时,肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+人类MDSC、CD14+人类MDSC。CD66b+人类MDSC或CD1lb+的抑制活性功能来筛选作为抑制激动剂(agonist)的候选化合物的方法,其中候选化合物存在时T细胞增殖的相对下降意味着促进抑制活性。
本发明进一步提供了一种筛选作为抑制拮抗剂(antagonist)的候选化合物的方法,包括比较候选化合物存在或不存在时,肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+人类MDSC、CD14+人类MDSC,CD66b+人类MDSC或CD1lb+的抑制活性功能,其中所述候选化合物存在时T细胞增殖的相对上升意味着反抑制活性。
本发明还提供了通过检测来自于受试对象的含有细胞的样品中髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)的存在来治疗癌症主体的方法,MDSC通过它们的以下任一表型确定:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD1lb+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+以及CD1lb+HLA-DRlow C/EBPβ+,如果这些MDSC表型的任一种存在,则施用癌症疗法。此外,在治疗启动后,可以通过监测CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD1lb+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+以及CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+的上升或下降来监测癌症治疗的成功率。
在本领域中,癌症疗法是已知的,且依赖于需要治疗的癌症。癌症疗法包括任何典型的用于癌症类的治疗方法(treatment regimine)。典型的癌症疗法包括放疗、化疗、手术和移植。在主治医师的技能范围内,根据主体的特定情况选择适当的癌症治疗方法。
合适的治疗试剂包括但不限于化疗的化合物,如DNA烷化剂,拓扑异构酶抑制剂,内质网应激诱导剂,铂化合物,抗代谢物,长春花生物碱类(vincalkaloids),紫杉醇,埃博霉素,酶抑制剂,受体拮抗剂,治疗性抗体,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,抗生素,硼放射性致敏剂(例如万珂)和化疗联合剂。在此提供了化学治疗药物和治疗剂的非限制性实施例。这些试剂的化学或生物等同物在本发明的保护范围之内。
本发明的一个方面,抗癌药物是结合烷基到DNA上的DNA烷化剂。在本领域中,这些试剂是已知的,可以用于治疗各种肿瘤。DNA烷基化的非限制性实施例是氮芥,如二氯甲基二乙胺、环磷酰胺(异环磷酰胺、曲洛磷胺)、苯丁酸氮芥(美法仑、松龙苯(Prednimustine))、苯达莫司汀、尿嘧啶氮芥和雌莫司汀;肖脲类(nitrosoureas),例如卡莫司汀(carmustine)(BCNU)、环己亚硝脲(Lomustine)(Semustine)、福莫司汀(Fotemustine)、尼莫司汀(Nimustine)、雷莫司汀(Ranimustine)和链脲菌素;烷基磺酸盐,例如白消安(甘露舒,曲奥舒凡);氮杂环丙(aziridines),卡波醌(carboquone)、噻替派、三亚胺醌、三乙撑蜜胺(Triethylenemelamine);肼类(丙卡巴肼);三氮烯类(Triazenes),例如达卡巴嗪和蒂清;六甲蜜胺和二溴甘露醇。
本发明的另一方面,抗癌药物为铂基化合物,所述铂基化合物是DNA烷化剂的亚类。这种制剂是本领域技术人员所熟知的并用于治疗多种癌症,例如,肺癌、头颈癌、卵巢癌、大肠癌和前列腺癌。这种制剂的非限制性例子包括卡铂、顺铂、奈达铂、奥沙利铂、四硝酸三铂(Triplatin tertranitrate)、沙铂、Aroplatin、洛铂和JM-216。(参见McKeage et al.(1997)J.Clin.Oncol.201:1232-1237,并且总体而言,参见CHEMOTHERAPY FORGYNECOLOGICAL NEOPLASM,CURRENT THERAPY AND NOVELAPPROACHES,in the Series Basic and Clinical Oncology,Angioli et al.Eds.,2004)。
“奥沙利铂”是基于铂的化疗药物,所述药物与顺铂和卡铂属于同一家族。典型地,在被称作FOLFOX的组合中奥沙利铂与氟尿嘧啶和甲酰四氢叶酸联合给药用于治疗大肠癌。与顺铂相比,用环己基二胺取代两个胺基以改善抗肿瘤活性。用草酸衍生的草酸双牙配体取代氯配体以改善水溶性。奥沙利铂的等同物为本领域技术人员所知晓的,包括而不限于:顺铂、卡铂、Aroplatin、洛铂、奈达铂和JM-216(参见McKeageet al.(1997)J.Clin.Oncol.201:1232-1237,并且总体而言,参见CHEMOTHERAPYFOR GYNECOLOGICAL NEOPLASM,CURRENT THERAPY AND NOVELAPPROACHES,in the Series Basic and Clinical Oncology,Angioli et al.Eds.,2004)。
本发明的一方面,抗癌药物为拓扑异构酶抑制剂,该抑制剂是干扰拓扑异构酶(拓扑异构酶I和拓扑异构酶II)作用的药剂。拓扑异构酶为通过催化DNA磷酸二酯键骨架断裂和重接来控制DNA结构变化的酶。这种制剂为本领域技术人员所熟知的。拓扑异构酶I抑制剂的非限制性例子包括喜树碱衍生物、原小檗碱生物碱及其衍生物、邻二氮杂菲衍生物、Xu(1998)Biochemistry37(10):3558-3566中描述的Terbenzimidazole及其衍生物以及蒽环类抗生素衍生物,其中,所述喜树碱衍生物包括如Pommier(2006)Nat.Rev.Cancer6(10):789-802和美国专利申请第2005/0250854号中描述的CPT-11/伊立替康、SN-38、APC、NPC、喜树碱、拓扑替康、依沙替康甲磺酸、9-硝基喜树碱、9-氨基喜树碱、勒托替康、卢比替康、silatecan、吉马替康(gimatecan)、二氟替康(diflomotecan)、依喜替康(extatecan)、BN-80927、DX-8951f和MAG-CPT);所述原小檗碱生物碱及其衍生物包括如Li et al.(2000)Biochemistry39(24):7107-7116和Gattoet al.(1996)Cancer Res.15(12):2795-2800中描述的9-去甲小檗碱和甲氧檗因;所述邻二氮杂菲衍生物包括如Makhey et al.(2003)Bioorg.Med.Chem.11(8):1809-1820中描述的苯并[i]菲啶、两面针碱和花椒宁碱;所述蒽环类抗生素衍生物包括如Foglesong et al.(1992)Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol.30(2):123-125,Crow et al.(1994)J.Med.Chem.37(19):3191-3194和Crespi et al.(1986)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.136(2):521-8中描述的阿霉素、柔红霉素和米托蒽醌。
本发明的一方面,拓扑异构酶I抑制剂可选自,但不限于:喜树碱衍生物、原小檗碱生物碱及其衍生物、邻二氮杂菲衍生物、Xu(1998)Biochemistry37(10):3558-3566中描述的Terbenzimidazole及其衍生物、蒽环类抗生素衍生物,其中,所述喜树碱衍生物包括如Pommier(2006)Nat.Rev.Cancer6(10):789-802和美国专利申请第2005/0250854号中描述的CPT-11/伊立替康、SN-38、APC、NPC、喜树碱、拓扑替康、依沙替康甲磺酸、9-硝基喜树碱、9-氨基喜树碱、勒托替康、卢比替康、silatecan、吉马替康、二氟替康、依喜替康、BN-80927、DX-8951f和MAG-CPT);所述原小檗碱生物碱及其衍生物包括如Li etal.(2000)Biochemistry39(24):7107-7116和Gatto et al.(1996)Cancer Res.15(12):2795-2800中描述的9-去甲小檗碱和甲氧檗因;所述邻二氮杂菲衍生物包括如Makheyetal.(2003)Bioorg.Med.Chem.11(8):1809-1820中描述的苯并[i]菲啶、两面针碱和花椒宁碱;所述蒽环类抗生素衍生物包括如Foglesong etal.(1992)Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol.30(2):123-125,Crow et al.(1994)J.Med.Chem.37(19):3191-3194和Crespiet al.(1986)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.136(2):521-8中描述的阿霉素、柔红霉素和米托蒽醌,拓扑异构酶I抑制剂将用于与上述基于抗体的化疗一同联合治疗,以治疗通过合适的遗传标记确认的主体。
伊立替康(CPT-11)以商标销售。它是生物碱喜树碱的半合成类似物,伊立替康通过水解为SN-38被活化,并靶向拓扑异构酶I。化学等同物是那些抑制拓扑异构酶I和DNA相互作用以产生催化活性拓扑异构酶I-DNA复合体的物质。化学等同物在G2-M期抑制细胞周期进程而导致细胞增殖被破坏。
另一方面,一些制剂抑制拓扑异构酶II并具有DNA嵌入活性,所述一些制剂例如,但不限于:蒽环类(阿柔比星、柔红霉素、阿霉素、表阿霉素、去甲氧柔红霉素、氨柔比星、吡柔比星、戊柔比星、佐柔比星)和蒽二酮(米托蒽醌和Pixantrone)。
本发明的一方面,拓扑异构酶II抑制剂包含但不限于:依托泊苷和替尼泊苷。
本发明的另一方面,拓扑异构酶I和拓扑异构酶II双重抑制剂选自,但不限于:如Denny and Baguley(2003)Curr.Top.Med.Chem.3(3):339-353中所描述的Saintopin、萘并萘二酮(Naphthecenediones)、DACA和其它吖啶-4-羧胺,茚托利辛和其它苯并吡啶并吲哚(Benzopyridoindoles)、TAS-103和其它7H-茚并[2,1-c]喹啉-7-酮、吡唑啉吖啶、XR11576和其它苯并吩嗪、XR5944和其它二聚化合物,以及蒽-氨基酸共轭物。一方面,它们可用于与上述基于抗体的化疗一同联合治疗,以治疗通过合适的遗传标记确认的主体。
“拉帕替尼”是溶瘤细胞的EGFR和erB-2双重抑制剂。已在一些临床试验中研究了拉帕替尼作为抗癌单一疗法,以及拉帕替尼与曲妥单抗、卡培他滨、来曲唑、紫杉醇和FOLFIRI(伊立替康,5-氟尿嘧啶和甲酰四氢叶酸)联合。目前正在对转移性乳腺癌、头颈癌、肺癌、胃癌、肾癌和膀胱癌的口服治疗进行第III阶段测试。
拉帕替尼的化学等同物是小分子或化合物,所述小分子或化合物为酪氨酸激酶抑制剂或者HER-1抑制剂或HER-2抑制剂。已发现几种TKI具有有效的抗肿瘤活性并已证实或正在临床试验中。这样的例子包括,但不限于:凡德他尼(ZD6474),易瑞沙(吉非替尼)和特罗凯(厄洛替尼),甲磺酸伊马替尼(STI571;格列卫),厄洛替尼(OSI-1774;特罗凯),卡奈替尼(CI1033),司马沙尼(semaxinib)(SU5416),瓦他拉尼(PTK787/ZK222584),索拉非尼(BAY43-9006),索坦(SU11248)和来氟米特(SU101)。
拉帕替尼的生物学等同物是肽、抗体或其抗体衍生物,所述肽、抗体或其抗体衍生物为HER-1抑制剂和/或HER-2抑制剂。这样的例子包括但不限于人源化抗体曲妥单抗和赫赛汀。
本发明的一方面,所述治疗剂为内质网应激诱导剂。这种制剂的例子包括,但不限于:塞来考昔、二甲基-塞来考昔和硼放射致敏剂(即万珂(硼替佐米))。
本发明的另一方面,抗癌药物是抗代谢物制剂,所述抗代谢物制剂抑制代谢物(即,作为正常新陈代谢的一部分的另一化学物质)的使用,在癌症治疗中,抗代谢物干扰DNA生成,由此干扰细胞分裂和肿瘤生长。这些制剂的非限制性例子是基于叶酸的制剂,即二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂,例如氨蝶呤、甲氨蝶呤和培美曲塞;胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,例如雷替曲塞、培美曲塞;基于嘌呤的制剂,即腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂,例如喷司他丁、巯基嘌呤(例如硫鸟嘌呤和巯嘌呤)、卤代/核苷酸还原酶抑制剂(例如克拉屈滨、氯法拉滨、氟达拉滨)或鸟嘌呤/鸟苷:巯基嘌呤(例如硫鸟嘌呤);或基于嘧啶的制剂,即胞嘧啶/胞苷:去甲基化(hypomethylating)剂(例如阿扎胞苷和地西他滨)、DNA聚合酶抑制剂(例如阿糖胞苷)、核苷酸还原酶抑制剂(例如吉西他滨)或胸腺嘧啶/胸苷:胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂(例如氟尿嘧啶(5-FU))。
氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)属于称作基于嘧啶的抗代谢物的治疗药物家族。5-FU转化成不同的细胞毒素代谢物,然后所述细胞毒素代谢物掺入DNA和RNA中,从而诱导细胞周期停止和细胞凋亡。所述氟尿嘧啶是嘧啶类似物,其转化成不同的细胞毒素代谢物,然后所述细胞毒素代谢物掺入DNA和RNA中,从而诱导细胞周期停止和细胞凋亡。化学等同物为导致DNA复制破坏的嘧啶类似物。化学等同物在S期抑制细胞周期进程引起细胞周期的破坏并因此凋亡。5-FU的等同物包括其前药、类似物和衍生物,例如在Papamicheal(1999)The Oncologist4:478-487中描述的5’-脱氧-5-氟尿苷(去氧氟尿苷(doxifluroidine))、1-四氢呋喃基-5-氟尿嘧啶(呋氟脲嘧啶)、卡培他滨(希罗达)、S-1(MBMS-247616,由替加氟和两个调节器组成、5-氯-2,4-二羟基吡啶和氧嗪酸钾)、雷替曲噻(拓优得)、诺拉曲塞(Thymitaq,AG337)、LY231514和ZD9331。
卡培他滨和替加氟是5-FU的化学等同物的例子。它们是(5-FU)的前药,在三个酶促步骤的途径之后它们通过肿瘤-特异性嘧啶磷酸化酶转化成活性形式和两个中间代谢物(5’-脱氧-5-氟胞啶(5’-DFCR)和5’-脱氧-5-氟尿苷(5’-DFUR))。卡培他滨由罗氏以商标销售。
甲酰四氢叶酸(亚叶酸)是用于癌症治疗的佐剂。它用于与5-FU协同联合以改善化疗剂的疗效。不受理论的束缚,人们认为甲酰四氢叶酸的加入通过抑制胸苷酸合成酶提高5-FU的疗效。甲酰四氢叶酸已用作解毒剂来保护正常细胞不受高剂量的抗癌药物甲氨蝶呤的影响并且甲酰四氢叶酸已用于增加氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和替加氟-尿嘧啶的抗肿瘤效果。甲酰四氢叶酸也被称为柠胶因子和亚叶酸钙制剂(Wellcovorin)。所述化合物的化学名称为L-谷氨酸N[4[[(2-氨基-5-甲酸基1,4,5,6,7,8六氢4氧6-pteridinyl)甲基]氨基]苯甲酰]钙盐(1∶1)。
长春花生物碱的例子包括但不限于:长春碱、长春新碱、长春氟宁、长春地辛和长春瑞滨。
紫杉烷的例子包括但不限于:多西紫杉醇、Larotaxel、奥他赛(Ortataxel)、紫杉醇和替司他赛(Tesetaxel)。埃博霉素的例子为伊沙匹隆。
酶抑制剂的例子包括但不限于:法尼基转移酶抑制剂(替吡法尼(Tipifarnib));CDK抑制剂(Alvocidib,Seliciclib);蛋白酶体抑制剂(硼替佐米);磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(阿那格雷);IMP脱氢酶抑制剂(噻唑呋林);和脂肪氧合酶抑制剂(马丙考)。
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的例子包括但不限于:ErbB:HER1/EGFR(厄洛替尼、吉非替尼、拉帕替尼、凡德他尼、舒尼替尼、来那替尼(Neratinib));HER2/neu(拉帕替尼、来那替尼);第III类RTK:C-kit(阿西替尼、舒尼替尼、索拉非尼);FLT3(来他替尼(Lestaurtinib));PDGFR(阿西替尼、舒尼替尼、索拉非尼);和VEGFR(凡德他尼、司马沙尼、西地尼布(Cediranib),阿西替尼、索拉非尼));bcr-abl(伊马替尼、尼罗替尼、达沙替尼);Src(伯舒替尼)和Janus激酶2(来他替尼)。
PTK/ZK是靶向所有VEGF受体(VEGFR)、血小板源生长因子(PDGF)受体、c-KIT和c-Fms的具有广泛特异性的“小”分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。Drevs(2003)Idrugs6(8):787-794。PTK/ZK是通过抑制结合VEGF的所有已知受体的活性来阻断血管生成和淋巴管生成的靶向药物,所述结合VEGF的所有已知受体包括VEGFR-1(Flt-1)、VEGFR-2(KDR/Flk-1)和VEGFR-3(Flt-4)。PTK/ZK的化学名称是1-[4-氯苯胺]-4-[4-吡啶基甲基]酞嗪琥珀酸盐或1-二氮杂萘基胺(1-Phthalazinamine),N-(4-氯苯基)-4-(4-吡啶基甲基)-,丁烷二酯(butanedioate)(1∶1)。PTK/ZK的同义词和类似物为瓦他拉尼(Vatalanib)、CGP79787D、PTK787/ZK222584、CGP-79787、DE-00268、PTK-787、PTK-787A、VEGFR-TK抑制剂、ZK222584和ZK。
化疗剂和联合治疗的例子包括但不限于:安吖啶、曲贝替定(Trabectedin)、类视黄醇(阿利维A酸、视黄酸)、三氧化二砷、降天冬酰胺(asparagine depleter)(天冬酰胺酶/皮格阿帕扎)、塞来考昔、地美可辛、伊利司莫、依沙芦星、乙环氧啶、氯尼达明、硫蒽酮、丙脒腙、米托坦、奥利默森、西罗莫司(Temsirolimus)和伏立诺他。
“FOLFOX”是用以治疗大肠癌的一种联合治疗类型的缩写。它包括5-FU、奥沙利铂和甲酰四氢叶酸。所述治疗的有关信息见国家癌症研究所的网站(cancer.gov,上次访问于2008年1月16日)。
“FOLFOX/BV”是用以治疗大肠癌的一种联合治疗类型的缩写。这种治疗包括5-FU、奥沙利铂、甲酰四氢叶酸和贝伐单抗。此外,“XELOX/BV”是用以治疗大肠癌的另一种联合治疗,所述联合治疗包括5-FU的前药联合奥沙利铂和贝伐单抗,所述前药被称为卡培他滨(希罗达)。这些治疗的相关信息可在国家癌症研究所的网站(cancer.gov)或从国家综合癌症网络的网站(nccn.org,上次访问于2008年5月27日)上得到。
治疗性抗体的例子包括但不限于:抗HER1/EGFR(西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗);抗HER2/neu(erbB2)受体(曲妥珠单抗);抗EpCAM(卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、依决可单抗)抗VEGF-A(贝伐单抗);抗CD20(利妥昔单抗、托西莫单抗、替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab));抗CD52(阿仑单抗);和抗CD33(吉妥单抗)及其生物学等同物。
贝伐单抗由Genentech以商品名阿瓦斯汀(Avastin)销售。它是结合人血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)并抑制人血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的生物活性的人源化单克隆抗体。本文认为生物学等同抗体为改性的抗体并且它们结合至相同的抗原表位,防止VEGF与其受体(Flt01,KDR又名VEGFR2)相互作用并随之产生等同反应(例如,阻断内皮细胞增殖和血管生成)。
一方面,“化学等同物”指能够选择性地与其目标蛋白质、DNA、RNA或其片段发生相互作用的化学物质,通过使目标蛋白失活、向DNA或RNA中掺入化学物质或其它合适的方法检测所述目标蛋白质、DNA、RNA或其片段。化学等同物包括,但不限于:那些具有相同或相似的生物学活性的制剂并且包括,但不限于:其药学上可接受的盐或混合物,所述盐或混合物与作为参考化学物质的相同的目标蛋白质、DNA或RNA发生相互作用,和/或使作为参考化学物质的相同的目标蛋白质、DNA或RNA失活。
一方面,“生物等同物”指能够选择性地结合表位蛋白或其片段的抗体,通过ELISA或其它合适的方法检测表位蛋白或其片段。生物学等同抗体包括,但不限于:与作为参考抗体的相同表位结合的那些抗体、肽、抗体片段、抗体变型、抗体衍生物和抗体模拟物。等同的贝伐单抗抗体的例子为结合人血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)并抑制人血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的生物学活性的抗体。
剂型
可将所述药物组合物通过下列途径中的任何一种给药:眼部给药、口服给药、全身给药(例如,经皮、鼻内或通过栓剂),或肠胃外(例如,肌肉内、静脉或皮下)给药。在一些实施方式中,给药方式为便于可根据病痛程度调整的每日剂量方案的口服给药。组合物可采用片剂、丸剂、胶囊、半固体、粉末、持续释放剂型、溶液、悬浮液、酏剂、气雾剂的形式,或任何其它合适的组合物形式。本文所述的化合物的另一给药方式为吸入给药。
剂型的选择取决于各种因素,例如药物给药的方式和药物的生物利用度。就通过吸入递送而言,化合物可配制成液体溶液、悬浮剂、气溶胶喷射剂或干粉并装载于适合的分配器中来给药。有如下几种类型的药物吸入装置:雾化吸入器、计量剂量吸入器(MDI)、口罩和干粉吸入器(DPI)。雾化装置产生高速空气流使治疗剂(配制成液体形式)作为薄雾喷出而被带进主体呼吸道。MDI典型地为用压缩气体包装的制剂。驱动后,所述装置通过压缩气体排放出测量数量的治疗剂,从而提供可靠的方法给药指定量的制剂。DPI可以自由流动的粉末的形式分配治疗剂,所述粉末可通过所述装置在主体呼吸过程中的吸气气流中分散。为了得到自由流动的粉末,用诸如乳糖之类的赋形剂配制治疗剂。将测量数量的治疗剂以胶囊的形式储存并在每次驱动时分配。
近年来,基于可通过增加表面积(即减小粒径)来增加生物利用度的原则,药物剂型,特别是表现出较差生物利用度的药物的剂型已经得到发展。例如,美国专利第4,107,288号描述了含有粒径为10nm至1,000nm的颗粒的药物剂型,在所述颗粒中,活性物质由大分子的交联基质支撑。美国专利第5,145,684号描述了一种药物剂型的生产,其中,在表面改性剂存在的条件下,将药品粉碎成纳米颗粒(平均粒径400nm),然后分散于液体介质中以提供表现出明显较高的生物利用度的药物剂型。
对于眼部给药而言,可将本文所述的组合物配制成适合给药于眼睛的溶液、乳剂、悬浮液等。多种适于将化合物给药于眼睛的媒介为本领域技术人员所知晓的。美国专利第6,261,547号;美国专利第6,197,934号;美国专利第6,056,950号;美国专利第5,800,807号;美国专利第5,776,445号;美国专利第5,698,219号;美国专利第5,521,222号;美国专利第5,403,841号;美国专利第5,077,033号;美国专利第4,882,150号;美国专利第4,738,851号中描述了具体的非限制性例子。
所述组合物可额外包含固体药物赋形剂,例如淀粉、纤维素、滑石粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、大米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉等等。液体和半固体赋形剂可选自甘油、丙二醇、水、乙醇和各种油(包括石油、动物、植物和合成来源的油,例如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等等)。液体载体,特别是注射用液体载体,包括水、盐水、葡萄糖水和乙二醇。
压缩气体可用于分散本文所描述的气溶胶形式的组合物。适合该目的的惰性气体为氮气、二氧化碳等。其它适合的药物赋形剂及其剂型在E.W.Martin编辑的Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack出版公司,第18版,1990)中描述。
剂型中组合物的量可在本领域技术人员所采用的全部范围内变化。典型地,所述剂型将包含(基于体积百分比(v/v%)占总剂型的0.01v/v%至99.99v/v%的本文所述的组合物和剩余部分一种或一种以上适合的药物赋形剂。在一些实施方式中,所述组合物的含量为约1v/v%至80v/v%。
因此,本发明的组合物可配制成喷剂或滴剂用于鼻内给药;通过透皮贴剂或离子导入术经皮给药以及使用喷雾器、MDI或类似装置吸入给药。因此,所述组合物可进一步包含使组合物适于经皮给药的渗透促进剂、增塑剂等,可选地,所述组合物可基本上由使组合物适于经皮给药的渗透促进剂、增塑剂等组成,或所述组合物还可进一步由使组合物适于经皮给药的渗透促进剂、增塑剂等组成。一方面,本发明为经皮给药贮存器,所述经皮给药贮存器中含有有效量的本发明的组合物用于经皮给药所述组合物。另一方面,本发明提供包含经皮给药贮存器的经皮给药装置。所述经皮给药贮存器和/或装置可用于将有效量的本发明组合物给药于需要治疗的受治者。这些装置适合给药诸如镇痛剂和麻醉剂之类的止痛药。前面提供了这些治疗剂的例子。
本发明还提供用于鼻内给药的上述组合物。因此,所述组合物可进一步包括使组合物适于鼻内给药的渗透促进剂等,可选地,所述组合物基本上可由使组合物适于鼻内给药的渗透促进剂等组成,或所述组合物还可进一步由使组合物适合鼻内给药的渗透促进剂等组成。一方面,本发明为鼻内剂型,所述鼻内剂型中含有有效量的本发明的组合物用于鼻内给药所述组合物。这些制剂适于癌症药物或治疗神经障碍的药物。下面提供这些药物的例子。
本发明还提供用于吸入给药的上述组合物。因此,所述组合物可进一步包含使组合物适于吸入给药的渗透促进剂等,可选地,所述组合物可基本上由使组合物适于吸入给药的渗透促进剂等组成,或所述组合物还可进一步由使组合物适于吸入给药的渗透促进剂等组成。一方面,本发明为吸入给药剂型,所述剂型中含有有效量的本发明的组合物用于吸入给药所述组合物。这些剂型适于给药癌症药物或治疗神经障碍的药物。前面提供了这些药物的例子。
当在人类主体之外的受治者(例如小鼠)体内实施时,所述方法提供用于发现替代制剂、组合物和治疗的动物模型。在人类主体中,所述方法治疗上述病变或以过度增殖细胞为特征的病变,例如,癌症。用于检测有效治疗的临床和亚临床证据的方法为本领域技术人员所知晓的并在下列专利和文献中描述:美国专利申请第2004/0087651号(公开日2004年5月6日);Balassiano et al.(2002)Intern.J.Mol.Med.10:785-788;Thorneet al.(2004)Neuroscience127:481-496;Fernandes et al.(2005)Oncology Reports13:943-947;da Fonseca et al.(2006)66:611-615;da Fonseca et al.(2008)Surgical Neurology70:259-267;da Fonseca et al.(2008)Arch.Immunol.Ther.Exp.56:267-276和Hashizume et al.(2008)Neuroncology10:112-120(每个文献通过引用并入本文)。在这些方法的每一个方法中,将有效量的本发明组合物递送至或给药于受治者,例如,小鼠或人类主体。
本发明还提供用于治疗需要这种治疗的受治者中的疾病的方法,所述方法包括将有效量的本文所述组合物给药于受治者,可选地,所述方法基本上由将有效量的本文所述组合物给药于受治者组成,或所述方法还进一步由将有效量的本文所述组合物给药于受治者组成,从而治疗所述疾病。
可由兽医将所述组合物给药于动物或哺乳动物。
本发明还提供了通过检测来自受治者含有细胞的样品中髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)的存在对患有癌症的受治者进行预测的方法,所述MDSC通过以下任一表型确定:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+以及CD1lb+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+,如果这些MDSC表型的任一种存在,则改变治疗方法。预测包括确定整体生存率,早期疾病复发率和治疗失败率。
本发明的方法可以,例如,采用包装好的诊断试剂盒的方式进行,试剂盒如下所述,包括至少一种本文中所述的探针或引物核酸,试剂盒使用非常方便,例如可以用来确定受试者在接受本文所述的治疗后是否有可能癌症复发,或是否有患病(例如结肠癌)的风险。
诊断程序也可以直接在原发组织(例如通过活检或切除术获得的活体组织)的组织切片(例如固定和/或冻结的)上原位进行,这样的话就不需要核酸纯化。核酸试剂可以被用作该原位应用的探针和/或引物(参考,例如,Nuovo,G.J.(1992)PCR IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION:PROTOCOLS ANDAPPLICATIONS,RAVEN PRESS,NY)。
除了主要集中在某种核酸序列检测的方法,在检测方案中还可以对图谱进行分析。例如,通过差异显示技术、Northern和/或RT-PCR,可以产生指纹图谱。
探针可以固定在表面,作为“基因芯片”使用。通过本领域技术人员已知的各种技术,这种基因芯片可以用于检测遗传变异。在一项技术中,寡核苷酸被排列在基因芯片上,通过序列杂交的方法检测DNA序列,如美国专利Nos.6025136和6018041所述。本发明的探针也可以被用于基因序列的荧光检测,这种技术已经被公开了,例如美国专利Nos.5968740和5858659所述。探针也可以被固定在电极表面,用于核酸序列的电化学检测,例如Kayem等人申请的美国专利No.5,952,172和Kelley等人发表的(1999)Nucleic Acids Res.27:4830-4837所记载。
本发明还提供了一组遗传标记,所述遗传标记选自但不限于本文所鉴定的用于确定基因表达的探针和/或引物。所述探针或引物可以附在或被支撑在固相支撑物上,例如但不限于基因芯片或微阵列芯片。所述探针或引物能够被可检测地标记。
一方面,这一组探针含有本文所鉴定的探针或引物以及其他探针或引物。可选地,这一组探针包括一种或多种以上所标注出的探针或引物以及其他。更进一步,这一组探针仅仅包括以上所标注出的探针或引物。
探针可以固定在表面,作为“基因芯片”或“微阵列芯片”使用。通过本领域技术人员已知的各种技术,这些基因芯片或微阵列芯片可以用于检测遗传变异。在一项技术中,寡核苷酸被排列在基因芯片上,通过序列杂交的方法检测DNA序列,如美国专利Nos.6025136和6018041所述。本发明的探针也可以被用于基因序列的荧光检测,这种技术已经被公开了,例如美国专利Nos.5968740和5858659所述。探针也可以被固定在电极表面,用于核酸序列的电化学检测,例如Kayem等申请的美国专利No.5,952,172和Kelley等人发表的(1999)Nucleic Acids Res.27:4830-4837所记载。
各种“基因芯片”或“微阵列芯片”及其类似的技术是本领域所公知的。其实施例包括但不限于LabCard(ACLARA Bio Sciences Inc.);GeneChip(Affymetric,Inc);LabChip(Caliper Technologies Corp);具有电化学传感器的低密度芯片(Clinical Micro Sensors);LabCD System(Gamera BioscienceCorp.);Omni Grid(Gene Machines);Q Array(Genetix Ltd.);具有液相表达技术的高通量、自动化质谱系统(Gene Trace Systems,Inc.);热喷射定位系统(Hewlett Packard Company);Hyseq HyChip(Hyseq,Inc.);BeadArray(Illumina,Inc.);GEM(Incyte Microarray Systems);可分配12至64个点(spot)至多个载玻片上的高通量微阵列系统(Intelligent Bio-Instruments);MolecularBiologyWorkstation and NanoChip(Nanogen,Inc.);微流体玻璃芯片(OrchidBiosciences,Inc.);具有四个PiezoTip压电的根据需要滴加的(drop-on-demand)尖头的BioChipArrayer(Packard Instruments,Inc.);FlexJet(Rosetta Inpharmatic,Inc.);MALDI-TOF质谱仪(Sequnome);ChipMaker2和ChipMaker3(TeleChem International,Inc.);和GenoSensor(Vysis,Inc.)如鉴定和描述于Heller(2002)Annu.Rev.Biomed.Eng.4:129-153。“基因芯片”的或“微阵列”实例也在美国专利Nos.2007/0111322;2007/0099198;2007/0084997;2007/0059769和2007/0059765和美国专利Nos.7,138,506;7,070,740和6,989,267中被描述。
一方面,本发明提供了单独含有用于目的基因检测的探针或引物的“基因芯片”或“微阵列”,或含有用于目的基因检测的探针或引物以及其他探针或引物的“基因芯片”或“微阵列”。合适的样品来自主体,进行基因组DNA、RNA、蛋白或其任意组合的提取和扩增(如有需要)。在适合目的基因与包含在基因芯片或微阵列上的探针或引物杂交的条件下,使DNA或RNA样品接触基因芯片或微阵列控制板。该探针或引物可被可检测地标记,由此辨认目的序列。可选地,可使用化学或生物学反应来辨认与目的基因的DNA或RNA杂交的探针或引物。然后在前述装置和方法的协助下确定主体的基因图谱。
实施例
材料和方法
细胞系和细胞培养
肿瘤细胞系来自于美国标准培养物收藏中心(ATCC)或获赠于Epstein实验室。肿瘤细胞系的真实性是通过在ATCC或我们实验室进行的细胞遗传学和表面标记分析确定的。所有的细胞系都是在37℃条件下,在组织细胞培养瓶中的完全培养基[(RPMI-1640,加入10%胎牛血清(FCS,Hyclone,Inc.,Logan,UT)、2mM谷酰胺、100U/ml青霉素以及和100μg/mL链霉素)]中培养的,培养瓶放置在湿润的5%CO2的培养箱中,每周用胰蛋白酶传代2~3次。
肿瘤相关的MDSC的产生过程
i.诱导
静脉穿刺(总体积60ml)后,通过密度梯度离心(Ficoll Hypaque,Sigma,St.Louis,MO)从健康自愿者供体中分离得到人类PBMC。PBMC和人类肿瘤细胞系在T-25培养瓶中用完全培养基(6ⅹl05个细胞/mL,补充rhGM-CSF(10ng/ml,R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN),以维持其生存力)培养一周。在第7天时接入肿瘤细胞(和PBMC大约1:100的比例),使两者汇合,肿瘤细胞长满的样品被排除在分析之外,调整比例后重复实验。可选地,辐照肿瘤细胞(3500rad)以1:10的比例被最先接入到共培养物中,以检测诱导是否依赖于活跃分裂的肿瘤细胞。在培养基中单独培养PBMC作为每个供体的诱导阴性对照,以控制FCS的任何影响。在中和单克隆抗体存在或不存在的条件下,PBMC-肿瘤细胞系共培养物重复多次中和实验,所述单克隆抗体是HNSCC细胞系部分抗体:anti-VEGF(Avastin,Genetech,San Francisco,CA),anti-TNFa(Humira,Abbott,Abbott Park,IL),anti-IL-1β(clone AB-206-NA,Abeam,Cambridge,MA),anti-IL-6(clone AB-201-NA,Abeam)或anti-GM-CSF(clone BVD2)。随后分离CD33+或CD11+细胞,按如下所述测试其抑制功能。这些研究是根据南加州大学机构审查委员会批准的协议HS-06–00579,采用了20~62岁的61名健康志愿者供体(39名男性,22名女性)。数据至少来源于两个个体,在MDSC诱导或功能实验中没有观察到组间差异。
ⅱ.MDSC分离
一周后,收集来自肿瘤-PBMC共培养液的所有细胞。利用Detachin非蛋白酶细胞解离试剂(GenLantis,San Diego,CA)消化贴壁细胞。然后根据生产商的指导,利用CD33抗体磁珠和LS柱分离(Miltenyi Biotec,Germany)从共培养物中分离髓系(CD33+)细胞。通过流式细胞术和形态学检测,发现分离得到的细胞群的纯度大于90%。用台盼蓝染料确认分离得到的细胞的存活率,存活率不到80%的样品被排除在分析之外,在随后的实验中重复。来自于PBMC共培养物的CD33+细胞的平均产率为8.75%(范围为6~12%),而来自于单独PBMC培养基的CD33+细胞的平均产率为10%。为了从乳腺癌细胞共培养物中分离CD11b+抑制细胞,用CD11b抗体磁珠代替CD33抗体磁珠。
ⅲ.抑制试验
肿瘤促使分化的CD33+或CD11b+细胞的抑制功能通过它们在以下抑制试验中抑制自体T细胞增殖的能力来测定:从30ml采集于健康供体的PMBC中分离得到的CD8+T细胞被CFSE标记(3μM,Sigma),以2×105个细胞/孔的密度接入96孔板。之前分离得到的CD33+细胞(上述ⅱ.MDSC分离)以相对于T细胞1:4的比例被加入到96孔板。通过anti-CD3/CD28刺激因子磁珠(stimulation beads)(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)提供T细胞刺激。三天后,通过流式细胞术分析T细胞增殖来分析抑制试验,上清液进行IFNγ水平分析(以下)。对照包括阳性T细胞增殖对照(只有T细胞)以及从单独在培养基中培养的PBMC中分离得到的CD33+或CD11b+细胞的诱导阴性对照。每个样品重复三次,数据来自于15,00个细胞的增殖百分率。样品是在FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)上测试的,利用USC Flow Cytometry core facility上的CellQuestPro软件(BD)获取数据及进行数据分析。
髓系抑制细胞的特征
i.MDSC的形态
进行了CD33+或CD11b+细胞离心涂片的Wright吉姆萨染色(ProtocolHema3,Fisher,Kalamazoo,MI)以检测肿瘤促使分化的髓系细胞的形态。同时制备新鲜分离的在培养基中单独培养的或被细胞因子GM-CSF+IL-6(26)诱导的PBMC和CD33+(或CD11b+),以进行比较。使用连接到自动化、数码SPOT RTke相机和SPOT Advanced软件(SPOT Diagnostic Instrument Inc.,www.diaginc.com)的徕卡DM2500显微镜(Leica Microsystems,www.leica-microsystems.com)进行观察、评估和图像采集。利用Adobe Photoshop软件(Adobe,www.adobe.com)调整发表图像的大小、亮度和颜色。
ii.流式细胞术分析细胞表型
检测体外产生的MDSC的表型,与非抑制性肿瘤促进分化的CD33+或CD11b+细胞相比较,以进行髓系、抗原呈递和抑制细胞标记的表达。为了染色,利用Detachin胰蛋白酶从细胞培养瓶中收集细胞以使细胞表面蛋白降解最小化,利用FACS缓冲液(PBS中2%FCS)洗涤两次后,将106个细胞悬浮在100μlFACS缓冲液中。利用荧光标记的单克隆抗体鸡尾酒或荧光标记的同型匹配对照抗体在冰上染色细胞1小时,用FACS缓冲液洗涤两次,重悬在FACS缓冲液中以进行分析。针对胞内染色,在胞外染色后,利用固定/透化试剂盒(eBioscience,San Diego,CA)使细胞固定和透化。抗体购于BD Biosciences:CD1lc(B-ly6),CD33(HIM3-4),HLA-DR(L243),CD1lb(ICRF44),CD66b(G10F5),CD14(M5E2),CD68(Y1/82A),41BBL(C65-485),OX40L(Ik-1);或eBioscience(San Diego,CA):CD30(Ber-H2),CD103(B-Ly7),GITRL(eBioAITR-L),CD56(MEM-188)。样品在BDFACSCalibur流式细胞仪上运行,数据获取和分析如前所述。数据来源于三个独立的供体,表示为标记细胞在设门为15000个活性细胞内的百分数。来源于在培养基单独培养的PBMC的CD33+或CD11b+细胞作为平行对照。
iii.Real-time RT-PCR分析髓系抑制性细胞和肿瘤细胞系基因表达
为了进行基因表达分析,在诱导之后(上述i.诱导),利用荧光激活细胞分选术从肿瘤-PBMC共培养物中分离出肿瘤促使分化的CD33+或CD11b+细胞,利用Qiagen's RNeasy micro kit(Valencia,CA)从MDSC中分离RNA且进行DNase处理。利用Qiagen RNeasy mini kit从培养的肿瘤细胞中分离RNA且进行DNase处理。为了进行Real-time RT-PCR,利用一步法PowerSYBR green RNA-to-Ct kit(Applied Biosystems)和基因特异性引物扩增经过DNase处理的l00ng RNA,Real-time RT-PCR在MX3000P Strategenethermocycler(La Jolla,CA)上进行。利用MxPro软件(Stratagene)获取和分析数据。利用管家基因GAPDH作为基因表达的标准,相对于单独在培养基中培养的细胞的表达水平来确定基因表达倍数的改变。可以从NIHqRT-PCR数据库获取引物序列(http://primerdepot.nci.nih.gov),引物由USCCore Facility(29)合成。
iv.免疫组化
免疫组化研究是利用抗p-STAT3(克隆6D779,稀释度1:400)和EBPβ+(克隆H-7,稀释度1:100)的抗体(Santa Cruz Biotech)在抑制性和非抑制性髓系细胞的离心涂片制剂(cytospin preparations)上进行的。
v.通过ELISA检测肿瘤衍生因子
从细胞系培养物中收集上清液,通过0.2μm的针孔过滤器以去除细胞碎片,分装保存在-20℃。按照制造商的说明,利用ELISA DuoSet kits(R&D)检测上清液样品中IL-1β、IL-6、TNFα、VEGF和GM-CSF的水平。在ELX-800酶标仪(Bio-Tek,Winooski,VT)上读取光吸收值,利用KC Junior软件(Bio-Tek)进行分析。
vi.统计分析
在对单独T细胞实验样品进行两两比较的Dunnett测试后,利用单向方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检测肿瘤促使分化的MDSC存在或不存在时,平均T细胞增殖和平均IFNγ生成变化统计显著性。在对所有样品组进行两两比较的Tukey's测试后,利用方差分析(ANOVA)检测抑制机制的单个抑制因子存在或不存在时,抑制试验中平均T细胞增殖变化的统计显著性。利用Student's测试检测独立样品中抑制性和非抑制性CD33+或CD11b+细胞合并组(pooled groups)之间表面标记的平均表达差异显著性。利用Student's测试检测CD33+和CD11b+MDSC之间平均转录因子或抑制基因表达差异的显著性。统计测试是用GraphPad Prism软件(La Jolla,CA)进行的,其显著性水平为0.05。利用GraphPad Prism,Microsoft Excel以及AdobeIllustrator and Photoshop软件(San Jose,CA)绘制图表和图像。
结果
肿瘤相关的人类髓系抑制性细胞的诱导
设计了从健康供体PBMC中产生肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+人类MDSC的方法(如图1所示)。如上详细所述,PBMC-肿瘤细胞系共培养物在组织培养瓶中培养一周。然后,分离肿瘤促使分化的CD33+细胞,检测其活力,在T细胞刺激因子存在的条件下,与新鲜的自体CD8+T细胞共培养,以检测其抑制功能。该项研究中每个供体的对照包括来自于在培养基中单独培养的PBMC的具有CD33+的T细胞(诱导阴性对照)以及单独的T细胞(增殖阳性对照)。利用共培养物中已辐照的肿瘤细胞产生可比较的抑制细胞诱导,表明肿瘤细胞不需要发生活跃的有丝分裂,即可介导所观察到的抑制功能诱导。未分级(Unfractionated)PBMC细胞被用于检测人类实体瘤细胞系产生髓系抑制细胞的能力,以最近似于体内设置,但是在与4-998骨原性肉瘤或SCCL-MT1头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)细胞共培养的T细胞去除的PBMC中也成功地产生了CD33+抑制细胞。相同的方法被用于从正常供体PBMC中产生肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD11b+人类MDSC。
确定具有强髓系抑制性细胞诱导能力的人类肿瘤细胞系亚群
通过共培养实验测试了101个人类实体瘤细胞系诱导MDSC的能力。除掉乳腺癌,每一种测试的人类肿瘤(宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、肺癌、头颈部细胞癌、肾细胞癌、肝癌、大肠癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌、胃癌、膀胱癌、肉瘤癌、恶性胶质瘤)至少有一个细胞系能够产生MDSC(表1)。来自于肿瘤共培养物的CD33+细胞被分成强MDSC(抑制自体T细胞增殖的能力大于50%)、弱MDSC(50~20%,满足统计显著性)或非抑制性髓系细胞(n≥2个生物学样品)。在测试的101个肿瘤细胞系中,45个细胞系始终产生MDSC,其中30个产生强抑制性MDSC。似乎大部分测试肿瘤细胞系的典型组织细胞系具有产生抑制性细胞的能力,明显的例外是测试的人类乳腺癌细胞系(0/9)均不产生抑制性CD33+细胞。
表1
*肿瘤细胞产生MDSC,具有统计显著性的自体T细胞平均抑制(p<0.05)
**肿瘤细胞产生MDSC,具有强烈的T细胞抑制(平均抑制≥50%)
表1显示,在与来自志愿者的正常人类PBMC体外共培养一周后,100个人类实体瘤细胞系中的45个功能性地诱导抑制性CD33+髓系抑制性细胞。表1显示了对照组、HNSCC、甲状腺癌、脑癌、黑色素瘤、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、,卵巢癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、肉瘤、非小细胞肺癌、小细胞癌、间皮瘤、肝癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌以及表皮样细胞癌的结果。诱导具有统计显著性抑制功能的CD33+的肿瘤细胞系用“*”标记,具有强烈的MDSC诱导能力(由CD33+细胞引起的平均T细胞抑制≥50%)的肿瘤细胞系用“**”标记。来自于单独在完全培养基中培养的PBMC(非抑制性对照)的CD33+细胞和细胞因子诱导的MDSC(GM-CSF+IL-6,抑制性对照)被作为平行对照。
MDSC诱导能力与肿瘤细胞系中IL-16,IL-6,TNFα,VEGF以及GM-CSF表达相关
为了阐明所观察到的肿瘤细胞系诱导髓系抑制性细胞差异潜在的机制,利用定量RT-PCR技术(18,24,26)检测了已经报道的MDSC诱导免疫调节因子(c-kitL,COX2,FLT3L,GM-CSF,IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IDO,iNOS,M-CSF,TGFβ,TOFα,VEGF)在8个HNSCC细胞系中的表达。CD33+MDSC诱导能力与肿瘤细胞系中IL-1β,IL-6,TNFα,VEGF以及GM-CSF的表达直接相关(表2)。利用ELISA技术(图2A-D)在蛋白水平检测IL-6,TNFα,VEGF以及GM-CSF的基因表达差异,但IL-1β的表达水平低于本实验的敏感度。
表2
通过qRT-PCR检测在MDSC诱导和非诱导的头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)细胞系中十个公认的MDSC诱导因子的表达。如表2所示,上升的MDSC诱导能力与更高表达的IL-1β,IL-6,TNFα以及VEGF(p<0.05)相关。[相对于参考RNA的平均倍数变化(n=2)(灰色=上升的=倍数变化>1,白色=降低的表达=倍数变化<1]。
抑制性CD33+髓系细胞既抑制T细胞的增殖也抑制IFNγ的产生
为了进一步描述肿瘤细胞系共培养产生的CD33+抑制性细胞的特征,在来源于几种不同的HNSCC细胞系(CAL-27,FaDu,RPMI2650,SCC-4,SCCL-MTI,SW2224和SW451)的共培养物的MDSC抑制试验中,检测了IFNγ的产生和T细胞增殖(图3A和3B)。比较了HNSCC诱导的CD33+MDSC和阳性T细胞增殖对照(单独T细胞)的抑制能力,以分离自在培养基中单独培养的PBMC的CD33+细胞作为阴性对照,以分离自用GM-CSF和IL-6培养的PBMC的CD33+细胞作为诱导阳性对照。与单独T细胞相比,SCCL-MTI、SCC-4、CAL-27、SW451诱导的CD33+细胞和诱导阳性对照显示统计显著性的强烈的自体T细胞增殖抑制能力,而FaDu诱导的CD33+细胞显示弱抑制性MDSC(p<0.05)。与强抑制一致,SCCL-MTI、SCC-4诱导的CD33+细胞和诱导阳性对照显示统计显著性的抑制IFNγ产生(p<0.05)。尽管FaDu诱导的CD33+细胞没有强烈抑制T细胞增殖,这些共培养物确实显示明显地降低的IFNγ产生(p<0.05)。相反,Cal-27和SW451诱导的MDSC强烈地抑制T细胞增殖,但只有弱抑制的IFNγ。RPMI2650和SW2224诱导的CD33+细胞没有显示抑制T细胞增殖或抑制IFNγ。这些发现表明,MDSC可能通过多途径阻碍T细胞应答,包括抑制癌细胞增殖和IFNγ产生。
人类癌细胞系优先诱导CD11b+MDSC
为了阐明乳腺癌细胞系明显不诱导CD33+MDSC,检测了来自于乳腺癌细胞系-PBMC共培养物的CD11b+对于CD3/CD28刺激的自体T细胞的抑制功能(图4)。在这些研究中,4/8的人乳腺癌细胞系诱导CD11b+抑制细胞。分别显示了CD33+或CD11b+细胞与自体T细胞的抑制试验中平均(n=2)T细胞增殖或T细胞增殖(n=l)(图4)。结果,乳腺癌细胞系优先诱导CD11b+MDSC,且人类乳腺癌细胞系(0/9)测试中均没有生成抑制CD33+细胞,这表明MAC-1吞噬复合体(phagocytic complex)成分可能是乳腺癌肿瘤细胞诱导的MDSC亚群的更特异的标记。非小细胞肺癌细胞系和神经胶质瘤细胞系具有低频率的CD33+MDSC诱导能力(分别为3/10和2/9),但被发现其也能中等频率的诱导CD11b+MDSC亚群(分别为4/10和4/9)(图4)。这些实验确认了在癌症中产生的人类MDSC第二亚群。通过对CD33+MDSC诱导的大量研究,这些数据表明MDSC诱导是人类癌症的一个普遍特性,在观察到的诱导的MDSC亚群表型中有一些变异。
肿瘤细胞系诱导的人类CD33+和CD11b+抑制性细胞的形态
来自于正常供体PBMC和肿瘤细胞系共培养物的人类髓系细胞的两个亚群(CD33+和CD11b+细胞)具有抑制能力。通过瑞氏-吉姆萨复合染色比较抑制性肿瘤-CD33+和CD11b+共培养物群体和新鲜分离的PBMC以及在培养基中单独培养的髓系细胞的形态。健康供体的PBMC偶见细胞浆暗淡且不足的单核细胞,分散在主要淋巴细胞中。来自于在培养基中单独培养(有rhGM-CSF作为生长支撑因子)一周的PBMC的CD33+细胞主要是大单核细胞,具有丰富的嗜碱性胞浆,偶见粒细胞和其他髓系细胞(如嗜酸性粒细胞)。相对于只有髓系细胞的培养基中见到的成熟细胞系,从肿瘤-PBMC共培养物中分离的CD33+和CD11b+抑制性细胞显示大量的未成熟细胞,包括晚幼粒细胞或带状细胞和爆炸样(blast-like)细胞。没有观察到CD33+和CD11b+细胞间的明显形态差异。
MDSC表型显示CD33+和CD11b+亚群,HLA-DRlow和细胞系
为了描述CD33+和CD11b+MDSC亚群的进一步特征,检测了大范围的预定MDSC和成熟天然免疫细胞标记(CD33,CDllb,CD66b,CD14,CDllc,HLA-DR,GITRL,OX40L,41BBL(CD137L),CD56)的表达。在与SCCL-MT1或USC-HN2HNSCC细胞系(CD33+)或MCF-7乳腺癌细胞系(CD11b+)共培养一周后,利用磁珠柱分离技术分离人类MDSC,以来自于单独培养的PBMC的非抑制性CD33+或CD11b+作为对照细胞。通过流式细胞仪检测到柱分离的细胞群纯度>90%。通过流式细胞仪计算每个细胞群中MDSC和成熟髓系细胞标记的阳性率,且比较CD33+和CD11b+MDSC亚群之间以及抑制性和非抑制性细胞群之间MDSC和成熟髓系细胞标记的阳性率(图5)。在这些实验中,CD11b在CD33+细胞中的表达水平与抑制功能成反比,类似地,在CD11b+细胞中,CD33的阳性率与抑制功能成反比,表明在诱导过程中两个群体中的分化(divergence)。与非抑制性CD33+和CD11b+细胞群相比,CD33+和CD11b+抑制细胞群均显示活性标记HLA-DR和成熟DC标记CD1lc表达的下降。这些数据与非成熟髓系细胞的聚集相一致,非成熟髓系细胞的聚集与CD33+或CD11b+细胞中抑制功能的诱导相一致。在CD33+MDSC亚群中进一步检测了DC标记和T细胞协同刺激配体,发现其在抑制性和分离自肿瘤共培养物的非抑制性CD33+细胞(p=NS)中的表达水平几乎一样低(图5B),这表明在T细胞抑制中,MDSC的成熟和抗原呈递缺陷不是主要的。在该项实验中,巨噬细胞标记CD68和粒细胞标记CD66b的表达非常低或者根本不表达,在抑制性和非抑制性CD33+或CD11b+细胞中无表达差异。
肿瘤诱导的髓系抑制性细胞过表达iNOS,TGFfi,NOX2,VEGF和ARG-1
通过对假定的MDSC抑制基因表达的分析,进一步描述肿瘤诱导的典型CD33+MDSC亚群的特征。针对这些研究,在肿瘤细胞系诱导的MDSC中检测了假定的抑制基因的表达,包括那些被SCCL-MT1HNSCC细胞系诱导的MDSC和那些被4-998骨原性肉瘤、DU145前列腺癌、CAKI-肾细胞癌、SK-OV-3卵巢癌以及SW608和SW732结直肠腺癌细胞系诱导的MDSC(图6A),并且比较了这些基因在正常细胞、来源于在培养基中单独培养的PBMC的非抑制性CD33+髓系细胞中的表达水平。与来源于在培养基中单独培养的PBMC的对照CD33+细胞相比,这些MDSC一直表现出统计显著性的精氨酸酶(ARG-1)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、NADPH氧化酶(NOX2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和/或转化生长因子(TGF)的上调(图6)。观察到了这些肿瘤诱导的MDSC的基因表达模式微妙的变化。为了确定由典型CD33+MDSC亚群引起的T细胞抑制的主要机制,在特定抑制因子ARG-1(nor-NOHA)、iNOS(L-NMMA)、NOX2(apocynin)、VEGF(中和抗体Avastin)或TGFβ1(SB431542或中和抗体1D11)存在或不存在的条件下,重复抑制实验。在这些研究中,没有发现哪一个抑制因子完全反向抑制(图6B),与单核MDSC的多效性行为(pleotropic actions)相符合,但在CD33+MDSC引起的抑制中,抑制因子ARG-1和NOX2确实产生统计显著性的下降。通过单个抑制基因(ARG-1,iNOS,NCF1(NOX2构成的),TGFβ1或VEGFA)的siRNA敲除进一步确认该实验结果。通过比较HNSCC或乳腺癌细胞系诱导的CD33+和CD11b+人类MDSC中ARG-1,iNOS以及NOX2-构成的的NCF1的基因表达,发现这些亚群之间具有相似的基因表达水平,其中在CD33+MDSC中,ARG-1和NOX2均有表达上升的趋势(图6C)。
更高的Hif1α、STAT3和C/EBPβ基因表达区分出肿瘤细胞系诱导的人类MDSC和正常的髓系细胞
我们利用了qRT-PCR(数据来源于6个单独的供体,两个独立的实验)(图7A)和免疫组化(图7B)检测了肿瘤细胞系(SCCL-MT1或USC-HN2)诱导的CD33+或(MCF7乳腺癌)CD11b+人类抑制性细胞和对照培养细胞中HIF1α、STAT3和C/EBPβ的基因表达。CD33+MDSC显示出更加强烈的HIF1α和STAT3上调,而CD11b+MDSC显示出类似的更高水平的C/EBPβ上调(图7A)。利用脂质体(LPS)(一个已知的MDSC功能活化因子)处理CD33+或CD11b+肿瘤细胞系诱导的MDSC引起STAT3、C/EBPβ和HIF1α的进一步上调,且同时引起ARG-1、iNOS以及NOX2构成的NCF1(NOX2-component NCF1)的表达上调。
检测了全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinb)或塞来昔布(Celecoxib,CXB)处理的CD33+或CD11b+人类MDSC中的基因表达模式)(图7D)。由ATRA,Sunitinb和Celecoxib引起的CD33+MDSC抑制与HIF1α和STAT3转录下调相关。经比较,由ATRA和Sunitinb引起的CD11b+MDSC抑制与C/EBPβ转录水平下降相关,但是HIF1α和STAT3在mRNA水平没有改变。发现Celecoxib对CD11b+MDSC没有抑制作用,也没有引起CD11b+细胞群中C/EBPβ表达水平的下降。这些数据表明HIF1α、STAT3和C/EBPβ是肿瘤细胞系诱导的人类MDSC中抑制功能相关的关键转录因子。
应当理解的是,尽管本发明利用上述优选实施例进行了特定描述,但是本发明所属领域的技术人员可以对公开的实施例进行选择、调整、改进和变化,这些调整、改进和变化依然在本发明的保护范围之内。本发明提供的材料、方法和实施例意在举例说明,并不限制本发明的保护范围。
本发明进行了广泛性和一般性描述。在本发明公开的属内的各个更详细的分类和亚属群组也是本发明的一部分。这包括本发明用限制性条件或排除属内某些主题的间接性限制条件描述的属,无论是否对本文中排除的物质进行特定说明。
此外,在本发明的特点或方面涉及到马库什组(Markush groups)之处,本发明所属领域的技术人员能够认识到本发明也涉及到马库什组的任何具体成员或亚组成员。
本发明中所提到的所有出版物、专利申请、专利或其他参考以引用的方式整体并入本文,同样的,也可以以引用的方式单独并入本文。在有冲突时,遵循说明书(包括定义)。
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Claims (25)
1.一种治疗已确定对治疗有反应的癌症主体的方法,包括:给主体实施有效量的癌症治疗,其中通过一种方法确定所述癌症主体对所述治疗有反应,所述方法包括:在来自于所述主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlow/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlow HIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+和CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+。
2.一种检测或辅助检测主体体内是否有癌症的方法,包括:
在来自于所述主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),其中所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD1lb+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,和CD11b+HLA-DRlow C/EBPβ+;以及
其中所述MDSC存在则指示有癌症,所述MSDC不存在则指示没有癌症。
3.一种用于在癌症主体中确定癌症治疗效力的方法,包括:
在来自于所述主体的含有细胞的样品中检测髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC),其中所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlow HIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+和CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+;以及
其中在癌症治疗过程中,所述MDSC减少或不存在所述MDSC则指示有效的治疗应答。
4.如权利要求1~3任一项所述的方法,其中所述的癌症选自由HNSCC、乳腺癌、淋巴瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌、脑癌、黑色素瘤、肉瘤、子宫内膜癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌以及胰腺癌构成的组。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述的癌症选自由HNSCC、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌和结肠癌构成的组。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述的癌症是淋巴癌。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述的淋巴癌选自由成熟细胞瘤、成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤以及霍吉金斯淋巴瘤构成的组。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述的成熟细胞瘤选自由慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病、淋巴浆细胞性淋巴瘤(例如Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症)、脾边缘带淋巴瘤、浆细胞骨髓瘤、浆细胞瘤、单克隆免疫球蛋白病、重链病、结外边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(MALT淋巴瘤)、结内边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(NMZL)、滤泡淋巴瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、纵隔(胸腺)大B细胞淋巴瘤、血管内大B细胞淋巴瘤、原发积液淋巴瘤以及伯基特淋巴瘤/白血病构成的组。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述的成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤选自由T细胞大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病、侵袭性NK细胞白血病、成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤、结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(鼻型)、肠病型T细胞淋巴瘤、肝脾T细胞淋巴瘤、母细胞性NK细胞淋巴瘤、蕈样真菌/塞扎里综合征、原发性皮肤CD30-阳性皮肤T细胞增生性疾病、原发性皮肤间变性大细胞淋巴瘤、淋巴瘤样丘疹病、血管免疫母细胞性淋巴瘤、外周T细胞淋巴瘤(非特定的)以及间变性大细胞淋巴瘤构成的组。
10.如上述任一权利要求所述的方法,其中所述含有细胞的样品包括:外周血、外周血淋巴细胞、全外周血的红细胞溶解产物、肿瘤、淋巴结组织、淋巴、脾细胞、脑脊液、胸腔积液或腹腔积液。
11.如上述任一权利要求所述的方法,其中所述的检测是使用抗体检测进行的。
12.如上述任一权利要求所述的方法,其中所述的检测是使用荧光激活流式细胞术进行的。
13.如权利要求1以及4~12任一项所述的方法,其中在实施所述癌症治疗后,所述方法进一步包括:
评估来自于所述主体的含有细胞的样品中髓源抑制性细胞(MDSC)的存在,其中所述MDSC具有下组表型中的一种:CD33+HLA-DRlow HIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIF lα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD11b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+和CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+;以及
其中所述MDSC下降则指示治疗改善,所述MSDC水平上升或没有变化则指示治疗失败。
14.一种用于从髓系细胞源产生人类MDSC的方法,包括:
(a)在足以诱导MDSC的条件下,使所述髓系细胞源与肿瘤样品接触;
(b)分离被诱导的MDSC。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述的髓系细胞源选自由血液、肿瘤、淋巴、淋巴结组织、脾细胞、脑脊液、腹腔积液和胸腔积液构成的组。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述的髓系细胞源是外周血单核细胞。
17.如权利要求14~16任一项所述的方法,其中所述的髓系细胞源来自于健康供体。
18.如权利要求14~17任一项所述的方法,其中所述被诱导的MDSC的表型选自由CD33+、CD14+、CD66b+和CD11b+构成的组。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述被诱导的MDSC的表型选自由CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+,CD14+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD66b+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD33+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+,CD1lb+HLA-DRlowHIFlα+/STAT3+/pSTAT3+/C/EBPb+和CD11b+HLA-DRlowC/EBPβ+构成的组。
20.如权利要求14~16任一项所述的方法,其中所述的肿瘤样品选自由HNSCC、恶性淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌、脑癌、黑色素瘤、肉瘤、子宫内膜癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、胃癌、甲状腺癌、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌以及胰腺癌构成的组。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述的恶性淋巴瘤选自由成熟细胞瘤、成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤以及霍吉金斯淋巴瘤构成的组。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述的成熟细胞瘤选自由慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病、淋巴浆细胞性淋巴瘤(例如Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症)、脾边缘带淋巴瘤、浆细胞骨髓瘤、浆细胞瘤、单克隆免疫球蛋白病、重链病、结外边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(MALT淋巴瘤)、结内边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(NMZL)、滤泡淋巴瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、纵隔(胸腺)大B细胞淋巴瘤、血管内大B细胞淋巴瘤、原发积液淋巴瘤以及伯基特淋巴瘤/白血病构成的组。
23.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述的成熟T细胞或自然杀伤细胞瘤选自由T细胞大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病、侵袭性NK细胞白血病、成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤、结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(鼻型)、肠病型T细胞淋巴瘤、肝脾T细胞淋巴瘤、母细胞性NK细胞淋巴瘤、蕈样真菌/塞扎里综合征、原发性皮肤CD30-阳性皮肤T细胞增生性疾病、原发性皮肤间变性大细胞淋巴瘤、淋巴瘤样丘疹病、血管免疫母细胞性淋巴瘤、外周T细胞淋巴瘤(非特定的)以及间变性大细胞淋巴瘤构成的组。
24.一种用于鉴别候选化合物作为抑制激动剂的方法,包括:比较所述候选化合物存在或不存在时肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+细胞、CD14+细胞、CD66b+细胞或CD11b+人类MDSC的抑制活性功能,其中所述候选化合物存在时T细胞增殖的相对下降则指示促进抑制活性。
25.一种用于鉴别候选化合物作为抑制拮抗剂的方法,包括:比较所述候选化合物存在或不存在时肿瘤细胞系促使分化的CD33+细胞、CD14+细胞、CD66b+细胞或CD1lb+人类MDSC的抑制活性功能,其中所述候选化合物存在时T细胞增殖的相对增加则指示反抑制活性。
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CN108559750B (zh) * | 2018-01-16 | 2020-07-31 | 华南农业大学 | Stat3在猪卵巢颗粒细胞中的应用 |
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CN113667637B (zh) * | 2021-08-05 | 2023-06-16 | 大连医科大学 | 一种体外诱导人外周MDSCs分化和扩增的方法 |
CN114739890A (zh) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-07-12 | 广州市第一人民医院(广州消化疾病中心、广州医科大学附属市一人民医院、华南理工大学附属第二医院) | 人MDSCs在鉴别CAA和AAA中的应用及鉴别试剂盒 |
CN114739890B (zh) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-12-13 | 广州市第一人民医院(广州消化疾病中心、广州医科大学附属市一人民医院、华南理工大学附属第二医院) | 人MDSCs在鉴别CAA和AAA中的应用及鉴别试剂盒 |
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EP3682896A1 (en) | 2020-07-22 |
US8883497B2 (en) | 2014-11-11 |
EP2701722A4 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
US9746480B2 (en) | 2017-08-29 |
US20150204887A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
WO2012149416A3 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
US20120276004A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
WO2012149416A2 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
CN109517897A (zh) | 2019-03-26 |
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