CN103597180A - 用于测量包含在容器中的优选为nh3的还原剂量的设备 - Google Patents
用于测量包含在容器中的优选为nh3的还原剂量的设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于测量包含在容器（10；110；210）中的还原剂的量的设备，还原剂优选为NH3，所述容器（10；110；210）包含有在其中存储了还原剂的存储材料（11；111；211），所述存储材料（11；111；211）的体积根据它所包含的还原剂的量而变化，所述测量设备包括与容器（10；110；210）相关联的装置（13,14,14’；113,114；213,214），所述装置适合于根据所述存储材料（11；111；211）的体积而测量存储在该存储材料（11；111；211）中的所述还原剂的量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于测量包含在容器中的还原剂的水平的设备。本发明还涉及一种用于控制将还原剂注入到机动车辆的废气中的方法。
背景技术
与运输相关的污染物排放在近三十年来一直处在最前沿以促进工业进步。对于四种受管制的污染物（一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化物（NOx）、颗粒物）越来越严格的排放限制已使空气质量显著改善，特别是在大城市。
不断增加的机动车辆的使用需要继续努力以进一步降低这些污染物排放。因此，在预期2015年欧6标准生效时更严格的欧洲限值的背景下，降低氮氧化物（NOx）仍然是个复杂的问题。为了具备可达到的高效率，在所有行驶条件下的防止污染技术仍是运输行业的主要挑战。
其次，与CO2排放直接相关联的燃料消耗已成为主要关注的问题。例如，在2012年开始将按照欧洲水平出台有关乘用车CO2排放的法规。今后将认为这个限制在未来几十年里将被定期降低。因此，CO2减排已成为整个运输行业的显著需要。
这种降低局部污染（NOx）及减少燃料消耗（CO2）的双重问题给柴油发动机带来特别的困难，其稀薄燃烧伴随着难以处理的NOx排放。
这些设备已经存在，诸如在EP1977817中所公开的设备，其通过选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂经由存储在设置在容器内的碱土氯盐型的存储材料中的氨使得NOx的量得以减少。将氨注入到废气中是通过用于对存储材料进行加热以允许氨的可逆的吸收/吸附反应的加热设备来控制的，这是因为该反应与存储材料中的温度直接相关。
实际上，将氨按照NOx还原反应的化学计量比而连续不断地注入到废气中。因此，建议能够在车上存储足够量的氨。为了限制包含所述存储材料的容器的大小，汽车制造商青睐定期填充或更换容器，例如在发动机保养（更换机油）期间或在补给燃料时。根据车辆的不同（乘用车辆、重型卡车，等），在车辆的寿命内预计必须有10到100次的容器填充或容器更换操作。
这种需要确保在车辆的寿命内有效防止NOx污染的定期维护服务是使用SCR技术的各个国家具体法规的目标。所有这些法规的共同点是需要能够确定保留在容器中的氨的量，以便能够通知驾驶员何时需要换料。例如，在欧洲乘用车立法中，必须能够测量在2400km和800km（分别对应于约3次燃料填充和1次燃料填充）时的剩余范围的至少两个阈值。
此外，如果每个包括氨存储材料的若干容器是为车载的从而简化车辆中的氨存储系统的集成，或改进车辆的操作（引入冷却单元），则有必要知道保留在每个容器中的氨的量，以便发动机计算机能够对包含在这些各个容器中的氨的注入进行最优控制。
文献DE102009022884A1本身公开了一种用于基于电容器的电容的变化来测量氨的量的设备。
文献US2006/184307A1公开了一种用于通过将平均消耗与阈值进行比较来控制还原剂的注入的方法，以便如果需要，对该消耗进行限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提出一种用于测量包含在容器中的还原剂（优选为氨）的水平的设备。
根据本发明，该目的是通过用于测量包含在容器中的还原剂（优选为NH3）的量的设备而实现的，所述容器包含有在其中存储了还原剂的晶格（下文为存储材料），存储材料的体积根据它所包含的还原剂的量而变化。测量设备包括与容器相关联的装置，所述装置适合于根据存储材料的体积而测量存储在该存储材料中的还原剂的量。所述装置设置成一方面用于测量由存储材料的膨胀所产生的机械应力，在另一方面用于将该机械应力测量量转化成存储在存储材料中的还原剂的量。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种用于控制将还原剂注入到机动车辆的废气中的方法，该方法至少包括以下步骤：
-利用如上定义的测量设备测量容器中的给送至发送机的还原剂的量，
-确定自上次容器维护服务后的还原剂的平均消耗，
-将所述平均消耗与至少一个阈值进行比较，以便如果需要，则对该消耗进行限制，从而具有足够量的还原剂用以达到下一个容器维护服务的理论上的步骤。
附图说明
在参考附图并阅读仅作为不以任何方式进行限制的实例而给出的若干不同实施例的描述，本发明的特征将变得清楚明显，在这些附图中：
-图1表示制备存储材料的主要步骤；
-图2示出了包括根据第一构造分别为装载有氨和没有氨的存储材料的容器；
-图3示出了包括根据第二构造分别为装载有氨和没有氨的存储材料的容器；
-图4示出了包括根据第三构造分别为装载有氨和没有氨的存储材料的容器；
-图5示出了通过测量作为容器中氨的水平的函数的机械应力而测量的应力的变化；
-图6表示用于确定氨消耗限制的图；
-图7表示用于待注入的氨的量的修正图；
-图8表示在所谓的平均行驶条件下作为机动车辆行驶的距离的函数的所消耗的氨的量的变化；
-图9表示受到所谓的恶劣行驶条件限制的所消耗的氨的量的变化。
具体实施方式
根据以下所公开的本发明的各个实施例依据以下事实：在吸收反应期间，氨在金属氯化物类型的盐中的固定伴随着体积的增加，然后氨占据比纯盐的体积更大的体积（达4到5倍的比率）。盐的体积的增加不仅取决于其晶格的膨胀，还取决于它的分馏，因此在氨化合物的微晶之间留有自由空间。
根据本发明，存储材料优选包括膨胀天然石墨，一方面使得该材料具有更好热导率，以及另一方面更有鲁棒性。根据如图1所示的这种存储材料的制备，膨胀天然石墨在根据单向轴线被压紧之前被添加到盐中。以这种方式，由具有氨的材料的饱和所引起的膨胀首先根据压缩轴线以及较小程度地根据垂直于压缩轴线而发生。因此，根据压缩轴线控制材料的膨胀是可能的，该相关性用于限制施加至存储容器的壁的应力。
然后，在氨的吸附期间，通过再压缩膨胀天然石墨产生的网络形成鲁棒结构，其保持了没有氨的盐颗粒物。根据实现的质量，观察到了根据压缩轴线的从1%到10%之间的膨胀以及根据垂直于该压缩轴线的轴线的大约0.01%到1%的膨胀。
根据图2中所示的第一实施例，包含存储材料11的容器10旋转对称，优选为圆柱形，该容器10的两端通过两个半球12、12’而被封闭。能透过氨气的第一和第二圆盘13、13’被设置在存储材料11的两侧并且能够根据所述材料11的压缩轴线而移动。第一和第二压电传感器14、14’被分别设置在半球12、12’的每个中，以便分别与第一和第二圆盘13、13’接触，从而在氨的吸附期间根据存储材料的压缩轴线来测量存储材料11的膨胀。
根据如图3中所示的本发明的第二实施例，能透过氨气的第一和第二圆盘113、113’被设置在位于容器110中的存储材料111的两侧。第一圆盘113能够根据材料111的压缩轴线移动，而第二圆盘113’被固定。压电传感器114被设置成与第一圆盘113接触，以便能够在氨的吸附期间根据存储材料的压缩轴线来测量存储材料111的膨胀。
根据如图4中所示的本发明的第三实施例，对垂直于存储材料211的压缩轴线而发生的膨胀进行测量。在这种情况下，覆盖存储材料211的整个外表面的压电材料214被放置在容器210与存储材料211之间。当存储材料211将氨排空时，施加至压电材料214的机械应力减少。
我们指出任何其他适合于测量存储材料的膨胀的装置可用于替代一个或多个压电传感器。
对于本发明的这三个实施例，在完整的吸附周期期间由存储材料的膨胀所导致的机械应力的变化可与存在于容器中的氨直接相关。因此，如图5中示意性地表示，通过测量在压电材料两端的电压而可能通过校准来对容器关于氨的剩余水平进行定义。
执行定期维护，优选地安排发动机保养（更换机油）或补给燃油，用以使用氨来填充包括本发明的存储材料的容器。还可以用新容器来代替没有氨的容器，该新容器的存储材料为氨饱和。上述与维护服务的获得相关联的剩余的氨的测定使得可能根据本发明通过计算来确定自上次维护服务后的氨的平均消耗。在本发明中，根据适应消耗策略的目标，将该测得的平均消耗与各个阈值相比较，以便如果需要，则对该消耗进行限制并因此确保充足的氨储备用以达到容器的理论维护步骤。在实际中，经由使用一个或多个压电传感器而测量的自上次维护服务后所消耗的氨的量通过如图6中所定义的图确定限制水平。
通常，只要氨的消耗保持低于阈值水平1，限制水平零是有效的（即，无需修正被注入的氨的量）。如果在行驶某一距离后，氨的消耗超过水平1阈值曲线，限制水平1被激活，并且之后施加相应的修正。
对于每个限制水平，将修正施加至待被注入的氨的量，所述氨的量计算用于SCR后处理设备的NOx转换需求。通过如图7中所表示的模式/负载图确定每个限制水平的修正系数，该修正系数以小于1的乘法系数的形式施加，其中新欧洲行驶循环（NEDC）区域是在同素化周期（homologation cycle）期间被覆盖的区域。根据该图，一旦发动机分别为在区域1运行，然后在区域2运行，最后在区域3运行，氨消耗通过三个修正系数而逐渐被限制。参数环境温度、高度和发动机水温也可被考虑用来确定修正系数的值。
通过建立这些连续限制水平，使得以适应于每个客户的行驶条件的方式控制氨的消耗成为可能。鉴于大多数客户经历平均行驶条件，氨的注入不用修正，并且获得系统的最大效率（图8）。对于10％的在恶劣行驶条件下的客户，氨的未经修正的注入将导致在更换机油间隔之前存储在容器中的氨的完全消耗。建立限制水平使得能够以降低系统的效率为代价逐渐限制氨的消耗，以确保系统的操作直到更换机油间隔（图9）。
不言而喻，本发明并不限于上述作为示例的实施例，而是相反地，它包含所有变化的实施例。例如，测量设备还可用于估计氢存储系统燃料电池的氢的量。
Claims (9)
1.一种用于测量包含在容器（10；110；210）中的还原剂的量的设备，所述还原剂优选为NH3，所述容器（10；110；210）包含有在其中存储了还原剂的存储材料（11；111；211），所述存储材料（11；111；211）的体积根据它所包含的还原剂的量而变化，所述测量设备包括与容器（10；110；210）相关联的装置（13,14,14’；113,114；213,214），所述装置适合于根据所述存储材料（11；111；211）的体积而测量存储在该存储材料（11；111；211）中的所述还原剂的量，所述装置（13,14,14’；113,114；213,214）设置成一方面用于测量通过所述存储材料（11；111；211）的膨胀所产生的机械应力，而另一方面用于将应力测量量转换为存储在所述存储材料（11；111；211）中的还原剂的量。
2.如权利要求1所述的测量设备，其中所述装置包括至少一个压电传感器（14，14’；114，214）。
3.如权利要求2所述的测量设备，其中所述装置还包括至少一个与所述存储材料（11；111；211）接触的移动壁（13，13’；113），所述压电传感器（14，14’；114，214）被设置成测量与该移动壁（13，13’；113）的移动相关的机械应力。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的测量设备，其中所述装置包括两个压电传感器（14，14’）和两个移动壁（13，13’），每个压电传感器（14，14’）与各自的移动壁（13，13’）相关联，以便测量与所述移动壁的移动相关的机械应力。
5.如权利要求3或4所述的测量设备，其中至少一个移动壁（13，13’；113）能够透过所述还原剂。
6.如权利要求3至5中任一项所述的测量设备，其中每个壁（13，13’；113）垂直于所述容器（10；110；210）的纵向轴线设置。
7.如权利要求1所述的测量设备，其中所述装置（214）围绕所述存储材料（211）的侧表面设置。
8.一种用于控制将还原剂注入到机动车辆的废气中的方法，所述方法包括至少以下步骤：
-测量容器中的给送至发动机的还原剂的量，特别是利用如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的测量设备，
-确定自上次容器维护服务后的还原剂的平均消耗，
-将所述平均消耗与至少一个阈值进行比较，以便如果需要，对所述消耗进行限制，以便具有足够量的还原剂以达到下一个容器维护服务的理论步骤。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其中所述还原剂的消耗根据如下进行限制：
-发动机速度、发动机负载和/或发动机水温；机动车辆自上次容器维护服务后行驶的距离；和/或
-外部参数，特别是环境温度和/或高度。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11003978.1 | 2011-05-13 | ||
| EP11003978.1A EP2522823B1 (fr) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | Dispositif de mesure d'une quantité d'un agent réducteur, de préférence de NH3, contenu dans un réservoir |
| PCT/EP2012/058936 WO2012156371A1 (fr) | 2011-05-13 | 2012-05-14 | Dispositif de mesure d'une quantité d'un agent réducteur, de préférence de nh3, contenu dans un réservoir |
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| CN103597180A true CN103597180A (zh) | 2014-02-19 |
| CN103597180B CN103597180B (zh) | 2017-08-25 |
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| EP2890875B1 (fr) | 2012-08-09 | 2018-03-21 | Aaqius & Aaqius S.A. | Unité de stockage d'ammoniac et structure et système associés |
| EP2749746B1 (fr) * | 2012-12-31 | 2018-01-24 | Aaqius & Aaqius S.A. | Unité de stockage d'ammoniac et structure et système associés |
| FR3004436B1 (fr) | 2013-04-12 | 2016-10-21 | Aaqius & Aaqius Sa | Structure de stockage d'ammoniac et systemes associes |
| FR3004435B1 (fr) * | 2013-04-12 | 2016-10-21 | Aaqius & Aaqius Sa | Structure de stockage d'ammoniac et systemes associes |
| PT2810656T (pt) * | 2013-06-06 | 2017-11-13 | Zentiva As | Formulações de agomelatina compreendendo agomelatina na forma de cocristais |
| DE102015100584B3 (de) * | 2015-01-15 | 2015-11-26 | Technische Universität Dresden | Messeinrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Menge eines in einem Speicher aufgenommenen Gases an einem porösen Speichermaterial |
| JP6499921B2 (ja) * | 2015-05-27 | 2019-04-10 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | 排気浄化装置 |
| EP3223004A1 (en) | 2016-03-25 | 2017-09-27 | Plastic Omnium Advanced Innovation and Research | System and method for capacitively sensing the degree of ammonia saturation in solid storage medium |
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- 2012-05-14 WO PCT/EP2012/058936 patent/WO2012156371A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2012-05-14 JP JP2014509767A patent/JP6022552B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-05-14 US US14/117,360 patent/US9243945B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| EP2522823B1 (fr) | 2014-04-23 |
| JP6022552B2 (ja) | 2016-11-09 |
| US20140216010A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
| JP2014516128A (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
| CN103597180B (zh) | 2017-08-25 |
| WO2012156371A1 (fr) | 2012-11-22 |
| EP2522823A1 (fr) | 2012-11-14 |
| US9243945B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 |
| KR101908096B1 (ko) | 2018-10-16 |
| KR20140045944A (ko) | 2014-04-17 |
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