CN103594552B - 一种光伏电池的制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种光伏电池的制造方法,依次包括如下步骤:(1)提供基板;(2)在基板上依次形成第一透明导电层、非晶硅薄膜层、超晶格P型半导体层、第一非晶碳薄膜层、本征非晶硅半导体层;N型非晶硅半导体层;第二非晶碳薄膜层、第二透明导电层以及电极。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种半导体技术领域,特别涉及一种能够增加光能带、扩展对太阳光谱波长范围的吸收与降低P型半导体层电阻的光伏电池的制造方法。
背景技术
由于世界经济的快速法杖,世界各国对能源的需求日益增长,而且传统能源日渐枯竭,因此在当今世界,能源短缺已经成为世界各国必须面对的共同问题。为了解决能源危机,世界各国一直持续研发各种可行的替代能源,其中又以光伏电池最受瞩目。光伏电池能够将太阳能转换为电能,其具有使用方便、取之不尽、用之不竭、无废弃物、无污染、使用寿命长等优点。
在20世纪70年代,由美国贝尔实验室首先研制出的光伏电池逐步发展起来。随着光伏电池的发展,如今光伏电池有多种类型,典型的有单晶光伏电池、多晶光伏电池、非晶光伏电池、化合物光伏电池、染料敏化光伏电池等。
目前市场上主流的光伏电池为硅光伏电池,按材料区分,其包括1.单结晶硅;2.多结晶硅;3.非结晶硅。目前最成熟的工业生产制造技术和最大的市场占有率乃以单晶硅和非晶硅为主的光伏电池。这是因为:单晶效率最高;非晶价格最便宜,且无需封装,生产也最快;多晶的切割及下游再加工较不易,而前述两种都较易于再切割及加工。为了降低成本,现今主要以积极发展非晶硅薄膜光伏电池为主,但其效率上于实际应用中仍然过低。近来,提出了一种在导带(Conduction band)与价带(Valence band)之间引进额外的能带的中间能带(Intermediate band)结构。理论上,如果掺杂(doping)浓度高到某种程度,即掺杂原子之间的距离接近到某种程度,掺杂原子就不能再被视为是相互独立的。掺杂原子的能阶互相耦合(Overlapping),就会在导带与价带之间引进中间能带。中间能带的引入,可以让原本能量小于能隙的不被吸收的光子,有机会被吸收,因而增加光电流。另一方面,为了保持输出电压,一般须要采用P-i-N结构,让中间能带位于纯质(intrinsic,i layer)区域。然而,过去并无在P层结构中制作具有超晶格的硅薄膜光伏电池。
因此,有必要提出一种具有超晶格的硅薄膜光伏电池,利用超晶格结构来提高其光波长的吸收范围,并增加光伏电池的光电转换效率。
发明内容
本发明提出的能够增加光能带、扩展对太阳光谱波长范围的吸收与降低P型半导体层电阻的光伏电池的制造方法,依次包括如下步骤:
(1)提供基板;
(2)在基板上依次形成第一透明导电层、非晶硅薄膜层、超晶格P型半导体层、第一非晶碳薄膜层、本征非晶硅半导体层;N型非晶硅半导体层;第二非晶碳薄膜层、第二透明导电层以及电极。
其中,采用蒸镀法、溅镀法、电镀法或淀积(CVD)工艺来形成第一透明导电层和非晶硅薄膜层;
其中,超晶格P型半导体层由非晶硅材料层与非晶碳材料层在水平方向上相互间隔形成,所述非晶硅材料层与非晶碳材料层的宽度相等,厚度相同。在超晶格P型半导体层上形成第一非晶碳薄膜层。非晶硅薄膜层、超晶格P型半导体层、第一非晶碳薄膜层所组成的三明治结构用于提高光伏电池的电特性与产生空穴。本征非晶硅半导体层形成于该第一非晶碳薄膜层上,用以提高光伏电池的电特性。N型非晶硅半导体层形成于本征非晶硅半导体层上,用于产生电子。第二非晶碳薄膜层形成在N型非晶硅半导体层上,用于提高光伏电池的电特性和产生电子。第二透明导电层形成在第二非晶硅薄膜层上,其用于取出电能并提高光伏电池的光电转换效率。电极形成在第二透明导电层上,其用于取出电能。
附图说明
图1-3为本发明提出的光伏电池制造方法的示意图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
参见图1-3,本发明提出的光伏电池的制造方法,依次包括如下步骤:
(1)提供基板10;
(2)在基板10上依次形成第一透明导电层11、非晶硅薄膜层12、超晶格P型半导体层(13和14)、第一非晶碳薄膜层15、本征非晶硅半导体层16;N型非晶硅半导体层17;第二非晶碳薄膜层18、第二透明导电层19以及电极20。
其中,基板10可选择硅、玻璃、或透明柔性基板。采用蒸镀法、溅镀法、电镀法、淀积(CVD)等工艺来形成第一透明导电层11,其用于取出电能与提升光电转换的效率。第一透明导电层11可选择铟锡氧化物(ITO)、氧化锌(ZnO)、二氧化锡(SnO2)或氧化铟锌(IZO),优选为铟锡氧化物(ITO)或氧化铟锌(IZO);第一透明导电层11的厚度为180-430nm,优选为280nm。
此后在第一透明导电层11上沉积非晶硅;对非晶硅进行光刻后刻蚀,从而在非晶硅上刻蚀出凹槽,然后在凹槽中沉积非晶碳,使得非晶碳完全将凹槽填充满,接着对填充有非晶碳的非晶硅进行平坦化,使得非晶硅与非晶碳的上表面平坦后,留下的非晶碳的厚度为55-130nm,优选为100nm;从而分别形成非晶硅薄膜层12、非晶硅材料层13以及非晶碳材料层14,其中,非晶硅薄膜层12的厚度为60-120nm,优选为80nm;而且非晶硅材料层13与非晶碳材料层14共同构成超晶格P型半导体层;如图1所示,非晶硅材料层13与非晶碳材料层14在水平方向上相互间隔形成,所述非晶硅材料层13与非晶碳材料层14的宽度相等,厚度相同。进一步地,非晶硅材料层13与非晶碳材料层14在水平方向上分别具有三层。
在超晶格P型半导体层(13和14)上沉积形成有第一非晶碳薄膜层15。非晶硅薄膜层12、超晶格P型半导体层(13和14)、第一非晶碳薄膜层15所组成的三明治结构用于提高光伏电池的电特性与产生空穴。其中,第一非晶碳薄膜层15的厚度为60-120nm、优选为80nm。
本征非晶硅半导体16层沉积形成于该第一非晶碳薄膜层15上,用以提高光伏电池的电特性。本征非晶硅半导体层16的厚度为420-780nm,优选为600nm。
N型非晶硅半导体层17沉积形成于本征非晶硅半导体层16上,用于产生电子。N型非晶硅半导体层17的厚度为500-800nm、优选为650nm。
第二非晶碳薄膜层18形成在N型非晶硅半导体层17上,用于提高光伏电池的电特性和产生电子。第二非晶碳薄膜层18的厚度为60-120nm、优选为90nm。
第二透明导电层19形成在第二非晶硅薄膜层上18,其用于取出电能并提高光伏电池的光电转换效率。第二透明导电层19可选择铟锡氧化物(ITO)、氧化锌(ZnO)、二氧化锡(SnO2)或氧化铟锌(IZO)、优选为铟锡氧化物(ITO)或氧化铟锌(IZO);第二透明导电层19的厚度为200-400nm、优选为320nm;可采用蒸镀法、溅镀法、电镀法、淀积(CVD)等工艺来形成。
电极20形成在第二透明导电层19上,其用于取出电能。电极20的材料可选择铟ITO、ZnO、IZO、镍、钛、钯或铝,其厚度为100-250nm、优选为150nm。
本发明提出的光伏电池的制造方法,由于具有由非晶硅薄膜层12、超晶格P型半导体层(13和14)、第一非晶碳薄膜层15所组成的三明治结构,该结构可以增加空穴的产生,所以可以提高光伏电池的光电转换效率。并且还具有第二非晶碳薄膜层19,其可以增加电子的产生,由此光伏电池的光电转换效率可进一步提升。
至此已对本发明做了详细的说明,但前文的描述的实施例仅仅只是本发明的优选实施例,其并非用于限定本发明。本领域技术人员在不脱离本发明精神的前提下,可对本发明做任何的修改,而本发明的保护范围由所附的权利要求来限定。
Claims (2)
1.一种光伏电池的制造方法,依次包括如下步骤:
(1)提供基板;
(2)在基板上依次形成第一透明导电层、非晶硅薄膜层、超晶格P型半导体层、第一非晶碳薄膜层、本征非晶硅半导体层、N型非晶硅半导体层、第二非晶碳薄膜层、第二透明导电层以及电极;
所述步骤(2)中,首先在第一透明导电层上沉积非晶硅;对非晶硅进行光刻,然后刻蚀该非晶硅,从而在非晶硅上刻蚀出凹槽,然后在凹槽中沉积非晶碳,使得非晶碳完全将凹槽填充满,接着对填充有非晶碳的非晶硅进行平坦化,使得非晶硅与非晶碳的上表面平坦化,从而分别形成非晶硅薄膜层、非晶硅材料层以及非晶碳材料层,其中非晶硅材料层与非晶碳材料层共同构成超晶格P型半导体层。
2.如权利要求1所述的光伏电池的制造方法,其特征在于:
其中,第一透明导电层的厚度为180-430nm;
非晶硅薄膜层的厚度为60-120nm
构成超晶格P型半导体层的非晶硅材料层与非晶碳材料层在水平方向上分别具有三层,且非晶硅材料层和非晶碳材料层相互间隔设置;非晶硅材料层和非晶碳材料层的厚度为55-130nm;
第一非晶碳薄膜层的厚度为60-120nm;
本征非晶硅半导体层的厚度为420-780nm;
N型非晶硅半导体层的厚度为500-800nm;
第二非晶碳薄膜层的厚度为60-120nm;
第二透明导电层的厚度为200-400nm;
电极的厚度为100-250nm。
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