CN103592357B - Precise concrete carbonization measurement method - Google Patents
Precise concrete carbonization measurement method Download PDFInfo
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- CN103592357B CN103592357B CN201210534728.3A CN201210534728A CN103592357B CN 103592357 B CN103592357 B CN 103592357B CN 201210534728 A CN201210534728 A CN 201210534728A CN 103592357 B CN103592357 B CN 103592357B
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- sensor
- linked sealing
- concrete
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- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000168254 Siro Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011545 laboratory measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014483 powder concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a precise concrete carbonization measuring method, which comprises the following steps: 1. calibrating parameters aiming at specific equipment and a standard reagent, and setting a precise digital display device; 2. putting a sample to be detected into a reaction bottle; 3. injecting an acid solution into the solvent cavity; 4. connecting a precise digital display device with a sensor, then connecting the sensor with a doubly-linked sealing plug, then horizontally installing a pressure cavity of a reagent bottle on the doubly-linked sealing plug to ensure that acid liquor in a solvent cavity is not spilled out, and finally connecting a reaction bottle with the doubly-linked sealing plug; 5. and erecting the reaction bottle to enable the acid liquid in the solvent cavity to flow out for reaction, leading the generated gas pressure into the sensor from the doubly-linked sealing plug, transmitting data to the precise digital display device by the sensor, and displaying a result after the precise digital display device processes the electric signal of the sensor. The invention can accurately measure the CaCO of the concrete3Content, accurate evaluation of concrete carbonization condition, simple response, easy operation and low detection cost.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method that field of civil engineering concrete structure durability detects, specifically, relate to a kind of precision concrete carbonization measuring method.
Background technology
Concrete carbonization and neutralisation, refer to the CO in air
2gas, constantly through the pore of complete water-filling in concrete, is diffused into inside concrete and carries out neutralization reaction, Formed hydrochlorate or other materials with wherein hydrated product, make the process that the pH value of concrete hole solution reduces.
Carbonization reduces concrete basicity, and destroy the passivating film of rebar surface, carbonation depth reaches reinforcement location, makes concrete lose protective effect to reinforcing bar, causes Steel Bars in Concrete Structure corrosion; Meanwhile, carbonization also can affect many character such as concrete shrinkage, intensity, structure, Ion transfer.Carbonization is the primary factor that durability damage occurs xoncrete structure under atmospheric environment, evaluates concrete carbonizing degree and is of great importance to the permanance of reinforced concrete constructional work under prediction normal atmospheric environment.Therefore, must test and judge the concrete carbonization in xoncrete structure, the decision method of concrete carbonization conventional at present has following several:
1, chemical-agent technique.Utilize the color change of different chemical reagent under different pH value environment, measure concrete carbonization depth.The phenolphthalein alcoholic solution of conventional 1% concentration, take pH=9 as boundary line, carbonizing zone is colourless, non-carbonizing zone pinkiness.Separately have a kind of rainbow indicator (Rainbow indicator), the color according to reaction differentiates different pH value (5 ~ 13), can test carbonization and the partially carbonized degree of depth.The method reflects concrete carbonizing degree indirectly, easy to use, cost is low, but precision is not high, influence factor is many, and can not determine concrete neutralisation reason.
2, heat analysis method.When adding hot concrete by certain programming rate, there is physical-chemical reaction in the hydrated product in concrete within the scope of different temperatures, causes the change of weight concrete, and along with heat absorption and exothermic phenomenon.Ca (OH) in concrete
2and CaCO
3there is following pyrolysis at a certain temperature:
Ca(OH)
2 CaO +H
2O
CaCO
3 CaO+ CO
2
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis conbined usage, can obtain about the more complete useful data of carbonization and data.The method directly can react the carbonizing degree of hydrated product, process of the test more complicated.Ca (OH) can only be evaluated
2carbonization, can not evaluate the carbonization of C-S-H, sample preparation is complicated, heats up and needs cost plenty of time etc., be not suitable for carrying out a large amount of tests.
3, x-ray method.By X-ray diffractometer, directly measure Ca (OH) contained by different depth place Behavior of Hardened Cement Paste in concrete
2and CaCO
3the content of crystal, judges that concrete is subject to carbonization situation.XRD method can record Ca (OH) simultaneously
2and CaCO
3along the distribution of the degree of depth, be applicable to laboratory and accurately measure.There is sample preparation complexity in XRD method, is not easy to lot of experiments equally, and quantitative accuracy is poor.
4, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) method.2 electronics when electron probe microanalyzer (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer:EPMA) is specimen surface irradiating electron beam and reflection electronic are to observe specimen surface state, and utilize now produced element peculiar X ray to obtain microcell surface state, the concentration of chemical element and a kind of device of space distribution thereof, be mainly used in measuring microcell carbonization state.
In above-mentioned four kinds of methods, Site Detection commonly uses chemical-agent technique, can test the degree of depth of complete carbonizing zone, although rainbow indicator is convenient, but more difficult by visual color, cause comparatively big error unavoidably, be not suitable for the test needing accurately to determine concrete carbonization depth; For the heat analysis method in laboratory measurement method, x-ray method low precision, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) method, process of the test is all too complicated, and cost is high.
Inquiry is carried out to existing other technologies and finds some patents, lift following being described:
Chinese patent (application) number 88220741.5 utility model patents, utilize lever principle to measure concrete carbonization depth, and measuring error is comparatively large, and the minimum division value of measurement is 0.25mm, and maximum range is 10mm.Although the minimum division value measured is less, carbonization is more seriously that carbonization cannot detect more than the concrete of 10mm.
Chinese patent (application) number 200810039181.3 patents of invention, provide a kind of concrete carbonization depth testing apparatus, and according to circumstances can determine the degree of depth detected, minimum detection scale division value is 2mm, and the maximum detection degree of depth does not limit.But the method is when casting concrete, device is fixed on template or reinforcing bar, the detection of new construction can only be used for, and can not the carbonization of built engineering be evaluated; In addition due to this device pre-buried in concrete, this place's concrete surface is processed, so the carbonization situation at this place can not reflect concrete actual carbonization situation truly simultaneously; The method is in earlier stage pre-buried is that work is more, and also need repetitive measurement during measurement, testing process is too complicated.
The patent of invention of Chinese patent (application) number 00135769.7, it is a kind of pen type carbonization depth measurer, apparatus structure is simple, easy to use, but the degree of depth measured is inadequate, the most deeply can reach 10mm, for existing research, the degree of depth is not by far up to the mark, and the component that especially carbonization situation is more serious cannot detect.
Several more representational patent, all belongs to aforesaid chemical-agent technique above, there is the defect that chemical-agent technique is intrinsic.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiency of existing concrete carbonization assay method and technology, provide precision concrete carbonization measuring method, the method can accurately measure concrete CaCO
3content, to concrete carbonization situation accurate evaluation, surveying instrument features simple structure, the process of measurement is more convenient, and the reagent of use is very common, and test equipment cost is lower, is easy to carry and places, and is extremely have promotional value.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of precision concrete carbonization measuring method, comprises following steps:
1) setting parameter: take standard calcium carbonates as tested object, with selected reaction bulb for container, according to calcium carbonate and produce the linear relationship of gas, generated reactive gas amount and the linear relationship of container inner pressure and the variation relation between container pressure and sensor electrical signal, the display data of setting precise digital display device; 2) testing sample is put into reaction bulb;
3) by reagent bottle horizontal positioned, and liquid injection hole upwards, and reagent puts into solvent chamber by liquid injection hole;
4) precise digital display device is connected by cable with one end of sensor, subsequently sensor is connected with doubly-linked sealing-plug, liquid injection hole horizontal direction is upwards kept to be sleeved on doubly-linked sealing-plug by the pressure chamber of reagent bottle subsequently, ensure that the solvent in solvent chamber does not spill, finally reaction bulb is connected with doubly-linked sealing-plug;
5) reaction bulb is overturn, holds up and rock reaction bottle simultaneously, solvent in solvent chamber is flowed out from liquid injection hole, react with the sample in reaction bulb, the gas produced enters pressure chamber from pressure transmission hole, the metalwork flowing through doubly-linked sealing-plug again enters sensor, the resistance in sensor is changed, produces different electric current, according to current values and default parameter, demonstrate test result by precise digital display device.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: measure concrete CaCO exactly
3content, to concrete carbonization situation accurate evaluation; Surveying instrument features simple structure, the process of measurement is more convenient, and the reagent used in process of the test is also very common, and test equipment cost is lower, is easy to carry and places; By Experimental Calibration and instrument designing, instrument directly can show CaCO
3account for concrete quality mark, need not process again and computing data; Control course of reaction, ensure that reaction institute produces gas acquisition true pressure value; Utilize the setting of doubly-linked sealing-plug, then compound rubber pad and be wound around raw silk, achieve the transition problem in large and small hole, solve seal of vessel problem; The setting of reagent bottle, solves the problem of gas-liquid separation in course of reaction effectively, and protection sensor probe, improves the serviceable life of product; In addition, this product carries out chemical reaction as a kind of solid liquid phase material and produces gas, and to the method that the gas flow of reaction generation is measured, can be used for biology, medical science, chemical field, range of application is very extensive.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Accompanying drawing 1 is the precision concrete carbonization precise digital display device schematic diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 2 is the connection diagram of the doubly-linked sealing-plug of the specific embodiment of the invention, reagent bottle and reaction bulb;
Accompanying drawing 3 is the sensor of the specific embodiment of the invention and the connection side view of doubly-linked sealing-plug;
Accompanying drawing 4 is the sensor of the specific embodiment of the invention and the connection front elevation of doubly-linked sealing-plug;
Accompanying drawing 5 is the reagent bottle outside drawing of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 6 is the reagent bottle skeleton view of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 7 is the reagent bottle planimetric map of the specific embodiment of the invention.
Reference numeral: 1 precise digital display device; 2 sensors, 21 external threads, 22 cables; 3 doubly-linked sealing-plugs, 31 doubly-linked sealing-plug internal threads, 32 metalworks, 33 sleeves, 34 pressure ports, 35 rubber blankets; 4 reaction bulbs; 5 reagent bottles, 51 pressure chambers, 52 pressure transmission holes, 53 solution cavities, 54 liquid injection holes.
Embodiment
The specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:
Adopt following methods, carry out following measuring process:
1) setting parameter: take standard calcium carbonates as tested object, with the reaction bulb selected by test process for container, according to calcium carbonate and produce the linear relationship of gas, generated reactive gas amount and the linear relationship of container inner pressure and the variation relation between container pressure and sensor electrical signal, the display data of setting precise digital display device;
2) concrete sample is carried out layering abrasive dust, layering is ground the powder got and is contained in sealing bag, and preventing reacts with the gas in air causes test error, and the degree of depth got by the mill that the surface of sealing bag indicates concrete sample.
3) be electrically connected with precise digital display device 1 by cable 22, precise digital display device 1 connects power supply, and precise digital display device 1, with auto zero function, ensures that the electric signal of sensor 2 is properly displayed.
4) other end of sensor 2 is connected with doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 one end female metalwork 32 of band by external thread 21, the other end of doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 is connected with reaction bulb 4 by doubly-linked sealing-plug internal thread 31, rubber blanket 35 is provided with between doubly-linked sealing-plug internal thread 31 and reaction bulb 4, guarantee one end that the sleeve 33 that rubber blanket 35 passes duplex sealing-plug 3 extends internally, with compact siro spinning technology inside duplex sealing-plug 3.
5) be positioned in reaction bulb 4 with the sample powder that Precision Electronics Balance scale takes some, make sample powder concentrate on the bottom of reaction bulb 4 as far as possible.
6) horizontal direction takes reagent bottle 5, and liquid injection hole 54 upwards, use dropper in solvent chamber 53, to add acid solution by liquid injection hole 54, and the sleeve 33 pressure chamber 51 opening side on reagent bottle 5 being enclosed within doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 extends internally in part.
7) by reagent bottle 5 horizontal direction intercalation reaction bottle 4, reaction bulb 4 and doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 are by reaction bulb 4 and doubly-linked sealing-plug internal thread 31 compact siro spinning technology, revolving reaction bottle 4, doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 is motionless, the sleeve 33 that reagent bottle 5 is enclosed within doubly-linked sealing-plug 3 extends internally in part, also can not move, ensure that acid solution is not revealed.
8) reaction bulb 4 is erected, hand-held sensor 2 shakes reaction bulb 4 simultaneously, hydrochloric acid solution flows into reaction bulb by the liquid injection hole 54 in solvent chamber 53, concrete powder generation chemical reaction in hydrochloric acid in reagent bottle 5 and reaction bulb 4, generate carbon dioxide, the volume of gas increases, and the air pressure of increase reaches pressure chamber 51 by the pressure transmission hole 52 on reagent bottle 5, and arrives sensor 2 through the pressure port 34 of doubly-linked sealing 3.The cavity length that the length of reagent bottle and reaction bulb and doubly-linked sealing-plug are formed is suitable; reagent bottle in shake process can be avoided to come off from doubly-linked sealing-plug; avoid the middle opening that acid solution enters doubly-linked sealing-plug, thus effectively protect sensor, improve product serviceable life.
9) change of air pressure size, resistance in sensor 2 is changed, and produce different electric current, different electric currents represents different CaCO
3account for the massfraction of concrete powder, read the numerical value on instrument and record data.
10) measurement end cleaning reaction bottle 4 and reagent bottle 5 carry out next one test.
11) CaCO is drawn
3the massfraction accounting for concrete powder, along the CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION of distance concrete surface, carries out quantitative description to concrete carbonization.
Claims (1)
1. a precision concrete carbonization measuring method, is characterized in that, comprises following steps:
1) setting parameter: take standard calcium carbonates as tested object, with selected reaction bulb for container, according to calcium carbonate and produce the linear relationship of gas, generated reactive gas amount and the linear relationship of container inner pressure and the variation relation between container pressure and sensor electrical signal, the display data of setting precise digital display device;
2) testing sample is put into reaction bulb (4);
3) by reagent bottle (5) horizontal positioned, and liquid injection hole (54) upwards, and reagent puts into solvent chamber (53) by liquid injection hole (54);
4) precise digital display device (1) one end with sensor (2) is connected by cable, subsequently sensor (2) is connected with doubly-linked sealing-plug (3), liquid injection hole (54) horizontal direction is upwards kept to be sleeved on doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) by the pressure chamber (51) of reagent bottle (5) subsequently, ensure that the acid solution in solvent chamber (53) is not spilt, finally by reagent bottle (5) horizontal direction intercalation reaction bottle (4), reaction bulb (4) and doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) are by screw thread compact siro spinning technology between the two, rubber blanket (35) is provided with between doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) internal thread (31) and reaction bulb (4), one end that rubber blanket (35) extends internally through the sleeve (33) of doubly-linked sealing-plug (3), closely be connected with doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) inner side, a revolving reaction bottle (4) during rotation screw thread, doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) is motionless, reagent bottle (5) is enclosed within doubly-linked sealing-plug (3) and extends internally in sleeve (33) part, also can not move, to ensure that hydrochloric acid does not leak,
5) reaction bulb (4) is overturn, hold up and rock reaction bulb (4) body simultaneously, acid solution in solvent chamber (53) is flowed out from liquid injection hole (54), react with the sample in reaction bulb (4), the gas produced enters pressure chamber (51) from pressure transmission hole (52), sensor (2) is entered again by the metalwork (32) of doubly-linked sealing-plug (3), resistance in sensor (2) is changed, produce different electric current, according to current values and default parameter, test result is demonstrated by precise digital display device (1).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210534728.3A CN103592357B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Precise concrete carbonization measurement method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210534728.3A CN103592357B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Precise concrete carbonization measurement method |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103592357A CN103592357A (en) | 2014-02-19 |
| CN103592357B true CN103592357B (en) | 2015-07-15 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210534728.3A Expired - Fee Related CN103592357B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Precise concrete carbonization measurement method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117147077B (en) * | 2023-10-24 | 2024-01-26 | 南通辛普森仪器有限公司 | Check valve atmospheric pressure durability testing arrangement |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3939693A (en) * | 1973-04-26 | 1976-02-24 | Carrieres Et Fours A Chaux Dumont-Wautier | Process and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid material |
| JP2007263970A (en) * | 2007-05-24 | 2007-10-11 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | Measuring instrument of carbon dioxide gas concentration |
| CN101694449A (en) * | 2009-10-19 | 2010-04-14 | 重庆大学 | Testing device for carbonization resistance of cement based materials and testing method |
| WO2011013376A1 (en) * | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-03 | 日本原子力発電株式会社 | Test container and test method using same |
| CN103592200A (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2014-02-19 | 青岛理工大学 | Accurate concrete carbonization measuring device |
-
2012
- 2012-12-12 CN CN201210534728.3A patent/CN103592357B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3939693A (en) * | 1973-04-26 | 1976-02-24 | Carrieres Et Fours A Chaux Dumont-Wautier | Process and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid material |
| JP2007263970A (en) * | 2007-05-24 | 2007-10-11 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | Measuring instrument of carbon dioxide gas concentration |
| WO2011013376A1 (en) * | 2009-07-30 | 2011-02-03 | 日本原子力発電株式会社 | Test container and test method using same |
| CN101694449A (en) * | 2009-10-19 | 2010-04-14 | 重庆大学 | Testing device for carbonization resistance of cement based materials and testing method |
| CN103592200A (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2014-02-19 | 青岛理工大学 | Accurate concrete carbonization measuring device |
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| CN103592357A (en) | 2014-02-19 |
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