CN103562556B - 加强机械零件的方法 - Google Patents

加强机械零件的方法 Download PDF

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CN103562556B
CN103562556B CN201280025032.6A CN201280025032A CN103562556B CN 103562556 B CN103562556 B CN 103562556B CN 201280025032 A CN201280025032 A CN 201280025032A CN 103562556 B CN103562556 B CN 103562556B
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reinforcement
sheath
reinforcing fibre
recess
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吉勒斯·查尔斯·卡斯米尔·克莱因
吉恩-米歇尔·帕特里克·莫里斯·弗朗切特
多米尼克·麦格纳德克斯
吉尔伯特·米歇尔·马林·勒孔特
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/14Form or construction
    • F01D5/147Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/282Selecting composite materials, e.g. blades with reinforcing filaments
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/02Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of a press ; Diffusion bonding
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/02Selection of particular materials
    • F04D29/023Selection of particular materials especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/321Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow compressors
    • F04D29/324Blades
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/54Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
    • F04D29/541Specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/542Bladed diffusers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/001Turbines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/742Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/08Blades for rotors, stators, fans, turbines or the like, e.g. screw propellers
    • B29L2031/082Blades, e.g. for helicopters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/20Rotors
    • F05D2240/30Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05D2240/303Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the leading edge of a rotor blade
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/10Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
    • F05D2300/17Alloys
    • F05D2300/174Titanium alloys, e.g. TiAl
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/20Oxide or non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/22Non-oxide ceramics
    • F05D2300/226Carbides
    • F05D2300/2261Carbides of silicon
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/603Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
    • F05D2300/6032Metal matrix composites [MMC]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/60Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
    • F05D2300/614Fibres or filaments
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/70Treatment or modification of materials
    • F05D2300/702Reinforcement
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316Impeller making
    • Y10T29/49336Blade making
    • Y10T29/49337Composite blade

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  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
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  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

用于加强机械零件的方法。本发明涉及用于加强机械零件诸如,例如通过组装两个部件(3)所获得的涡轮机零件的方法,例如,使用扩散焊接,包括步骤在于:‑至少部分地在部件(3)之一中所形成的和沿着部件(3)所连接的表面(6)上开口的凹部(7)中插入细长形状的加强装置(8、9),‑组装两个部件(3)。

Description

加强机械零件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及加强机械零件,诸如涡轮发动机零件,例如,通过扩散粘接,例如,通过将两个部件组装在一起所制造的零件的方法。
背景技术
为了降低涡轮发动机风扇叶片的重量和成本,通常由复合材料制造它们。风扇叶片需要抵挡住高水平的应力和撞击,因为它们的旋转速度和因为对可能穿入到气流中的颗粒或外部物体的撞击。这是为什么复合叶片在它们的前缘和/或后缘受到金属加强件保护的原因,该金属加强件粘合地粘接在叶片的翼面上。
以申请人名字的文献EP1574270-A1描述了通过超塑性成形和扩散粘接(SPF/DB)来制造加强件的方法,该方法包括:
·通过扩散粘接将两个金属片粘接在一起以获得预制件,一部分片覆盖在抗扩散物质中以防止它们在确定的区域中粘接在一起;
·弯曲和扭曲预制件;
·膨胀预制件以使它经受超塑性成形;和
·切割预制件以成形,以获得加强件。
该方法不可能获得对加强件中腔的内部形状的精确控制。特别地,片之间的连接区域形成消弱加强件的应力集中区域和裂缝起始区域。
为了改善加强件的机械特征,在申请人所提交的还没有公布的专利申请FR10/51992中提出了制造金属加强件的方法,该方法包括:
·通过模冲压成形两个金属片,以使它们适合待要被制造的加强件的最终形状;
·将两个片定位在核心的任一侧上,该核心复制加强件的吸入侧和压力侧的内部形状;
·在真空下,以密封方式绕着核心将两个片组装在一起;
·通过热等静压压制在核心上成形片;和
·切割片以分离加强件和释放核心。
片的热等静压压制使片能够成形以匹配核心的性质,并且可以在片的连接区域获得大的连接半径,因此避免其中集中应力或具有裂缝起始的任何区域。
所得到的加强件具有实心区域,用于吸收对颗粒或外部物体撞击的能量,该实心区域延伸有两个唇部,用于分别地压靠待要被保护的叶片的压力侧和吸入层。
存在改善加强件的机械性质的需要,以保护复合材料叶片免于吸入重的外部物体,诸如小鸟,但是不显著地增加加强件的重量。
发明内容
本发明的特别目的是提供对该问题简单、有效和廉价的解决方案。
为此,本发明提供了加强机械零件,诸如涡轮发动机的零件,例如,通过将两个部件组装在一起制造的零件的方法,该方法的特征在于它包括下面步骤:
·在零件的两个部件的连接表面的每个中形成至少一个凹部;
·在所述凹部中至少部分地插入细长形状的加强装置;和
·例如,通过扩散粘接,将两个部件组装在一起。
在机械零件中插入加强装置用于增加其机械特征,而不显著地增加其重量。
有利地,加强装置包括护套所环绕的至少一束加强纤维,该护套用于保持和保护该纤维。
护套用于保持纤维在凹部中适当的位置,以及防止它们在两个部件的装配期间破裂。
根据本发明的特征,加强纤维由陶瓷,例如,碳化硅制造。
片和部件可以由金属制造,例如,钛基合金,并且可以用金属材料,例如钛基合金涂层纤维。
优选地,纤维、片和两个部件的涂层都是由相同的金属材料制造的,并且通过扩散焊接将两个部件组装在一起,这样扩散后,零件包括具有在其中插入加强纤维的均质金属基体。
在本发明的变化形式中,通过编织纤维制造片,该纤维与加强纤维具有相同的种类或不同的种类。
在插入到上述一个部件的凹部中之前,可以成形加强装置以匹配凹部的形状。
这使得在将部件组装在一起之前,更容易将加强装置放置在凹部中的位置。
为了更容易地将纤维束插入到片中,纤维束的截面可以小于或等于护套截面的95%。
有利地,机械零件是一块金属加强件,用于安装在涡轮发动机的复合叶片,诸如飞机涡轮螺旋桨或涡轮喷气发动机的风扇叶片的前缘或后缘。
本发明可以应用于涡轮发动机的其它机械零件,诸如特别地需要加强区域的壳体。
本发明可以提供通过进行上述方法所获得的涡轮发动机的加强的机械零件,该零件特征在于:它包括在零件的两个部件的连接表面中至少一个凹部中零件的核心中设置的加强装置。
附图说明
通过阅读下面参考附图所进行的非限制性实施例的描述,可以更好地理解本发明和呈现本发明的其它细节、特征和优点,其中:
图1是现有技术用于涡轮发动机叶片的前缘或后缘的加强件的一部分的立体图,通过将两个片组装在一起制造该加强件。
图2到图4是本发明三个实施方式中加强装置的一部分的示意图。
图5是加强装置插入前,本发明片之一的一部分的立体图。
图6是加强装置插入后,对应于图5的视图。
图7是其中具有插入的加强装置的片之一的一部分的立体图。
图8是具有插入其中的加强装置的片的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1表示通过将两个片2、3组装在一起所制造的现有技术的一部分金属加强件1。该加强件用于安装在涡轮发动机的复合叶片,诸如飞机的涡轮螺旋桨或涡轮喷气发动机的风扇叶片的前缘或后缘。
加强件1具有流线形形状和在前面,它具有实心部分4,该实心部分4延伸有两个唇部5,用于压靠和粘合地粘结复合材料所制造的风扇叶片的压力侧和吸入侧表面。复合材料的风扇叶片通常通过树脂转移模塑(RTM)类型的方法制造。
当两片组装在一起时,加强件1的每片具有连接表面6,用于压靠另一片的相同的连接表面。当两片2、3由相同材料,例如钛合金制造时以及当通过扩散粘接将它们组装在一起时,片之一的材料扩散到另一个片中,或反之亦然,这样组装后,两个片之间的连接平面可以变得不可见了,或者实际上不可见了。
尽管图1中仅仅示出了一小部分加强件1,但是加强件在叶片的全部长度上延伸(这通常在0.5米(m)到1m的范围),并且它遵循着叶片的轮廓。应该想到这种叶片可以是弯曲和扭曲的,并且加强件1需要匹配相应叶片的前缘或后缘的。
本发明寻求改进加强件1的机械特性。
为此目的,例如,通过机械加工或通过模冲压,在片2、3的大部分长度上,在片2、3的连接表面6中制造凹部7(参看图5至7)。这些凹部7形成在组装后将要构成加强件1的实心部分4的区域中。
在片2、3的连接表面的每个中可以制造一个或多个凹部,所述片2、3已经组装在一起后,凹部7位于互相地面对的位置。
加强件1也包括一个或多个护套8,其具有插入在其中的一束或多束纤维9,在插入到片2、3之一的凹部7中之前,成形组件以匹配凹部7的形状。
在图5至图6中,所示出的片2、3的部件基本上是平面。然而,这些片2、3包括弯曲的区域或部分,诸如图7和图8中所示的。
举例说明,护套8的截面可以是圆形的(图2)或椭圆形(图3),并且例如,护套8的内直径可以是约3毫米(mm)到12mm。
纤维9、护套8和凹部7沿着加强件1延伸长度范围0.5m到1m。
纤维9由陶瓷,例如碳化硅(SiC)所制造,并且使用已知的涂层方法,例如,如文献WO-A1-2010/136687中所公开的方法,它们涂层有钛基合金。
护套8和片2、3也由钛基合金所制造。举例说明,这些构件由TA6V、T40或TA3V2.5所制造。
在变化形式中,通过与加强纤维9具有相同种类或不同种类的编织纤维10制造护套8。用于编织护套8的纤维10例如,可以由钛基合金或由碳化硅所制造。
纤维束9的截面小于或等于护套8截面的95%,这样纤维束可以容易地插入到护套8的内部。
一旦每个护套8都已经放置在片2、3之一的相应凹部7中,护套8、护套8中保持在适当位置的纤维9和两个片2、3通过它们的连接表面6可以组装在一起。然后,护套8变得插入在另一片2的凹部7中。通过护套8保持纤维9的完整性,并且在组装阶段也保护它们和保持它们在适当的位置。
在该组装期间,两个片2、3通过扩散粘接组装在一起,同时通过绕着核心的热等静压压制预先成形组件也是可能的。这些方法在现有技术中都是已知的,并且在此没有详细地描述它们。特别地,以申请人名字的文献EP1574270描述了制造加强件的方法,该方法包括扩散粘接的步骤。申请人所提交的还没有公布的专利申请FR10/51992和FR11/50532描述了制造加强件的方法,该方法包括热等静压压制的步骤。
在扩散粘接期间,纤维9的涂层中、护套8中和片2、3中存在的钛从一个构件扩散到另一个构件,这样扩散后,加强件1包括其中插入有纤维9的均质的金属基体。这给予了加强件1与现有技术加强件的机械特征比较增加约50%的机械特征。

Claims (9)

1.加强用于安装在涡轮发动机的复合叶片的前缘或后缘上和通过将两个部件(2、3)组装在一起所制造的一块金属加强件(1)的方法,该方法的特征在于它包括下面步骤:
·在该块加强件(1)的两个部件的连接表面的每个中提供至少一个凹部(7);
·在所述凹部(7)中至少部分地插入细长形状的加强装置;
·将两个部件(2、3)组装在一起;
加强装置包括护套(8)所环绕的至少一束加强纤维(9),该护套用于保持和保护该加强纤维(9)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:加强纤维(9)由陶瓷制造。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:护套(8)和部件(2、3)由金属制造。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:用金属材料涂层加强纤维(9)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:加强纤维(9)的涂层、护套(8)和两个部件(2、3)都是由相同的金属材料制造的,并且通过扩散焊接将两个部件(2、3)组装在一起,这样扩散后,加强件(1)包括具有在其中插入加强纤维(9)的均质金属基体。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:通过编织纤维(10)制造护套(8)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:在插入到一个部件(3)的凹部(7)中之前,成形加强装置以匹配凹部(7)的形状。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:加强纤维(9)束的截面小于或等于护套(8)截面的95%。
9.一块金属加强件(1),其用于安装在涡轮发动机的复合叶片的前缘或后缘上,并且是通过进行根据权利要求1至8中任一权利要求的方法所获得的,其特征在于:它包括在该块加强件(1)的两个部件(2、3)的连接表面(6)凹部中该块加强件(1)的核心中所设置的加强装置。
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US20140086753A1 (en) 2014-03-27
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