CN103538487B - 用于加热电动车辆的牵引电池的方法和系统 - Google Patents

用于加热电动车辆的牵引电池的方法和系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103538487B
CN103538487B CN201310244831.9A CN201310244831A CN103538487B CN 103538487 B CN103538487 B CN 103538487B CN 201310244831 A CN201310244831 A CN 201310244831A CN 103538487 B CN103538487 B CN 103538487B
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motor
battery
vehicle
discharge current
component
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CN103538487A (zh
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保罗·西欧多尔·莫姆西罗维琪
布鲁斯·卡维·布雷克蒙
艾伦·罗伊·盖尔
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • H02J7/1446Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle in response to parameters of a vehicle
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    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2009Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for braking
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    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2054Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed by controlling transmissions or clutches
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    • B60W20/10Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
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    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B60K2006/4825Electric machine connected or connectable to gearbox input shaft
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Abstract

本发明提供一种用于加热电动车辆的牵引电池的方法和系统。电动车辆(比如混合动力电动车辆(HEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)和纯电池电动车辆(BEV))包括牵引马达。电池释放用于车辆推进的放电电流。放电电流包括用于加热电池的交流电(AC)分量以及用于车辆推进的电流分量。用于车辆推进的电流分量可以是直流电(DC)分量。

Description

用于加热电动车辆的牵引电池的方法和系统
技术领域
本发明涉及加热电动车辆的牵引电池。
背景技术
电动车辆(比如混合动力电动车辆(HEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)和纯电池电动车辆(BEV))具有电动马达和牵引电池。马达安装在电池和车辆的驱动轴之间,其中,马达连接至车辆的传动系。可以控制马达使用来自电池的能量以贡献正的车轮扭矩至车轮从而推进车辆。
另外,可以控制马达贡献负的车轮扭矩至车轮用于车辆制动。在称之为再生制动的过程期间,在车辆减速期间给电池充电来收集车辆制动中存储的动能。在再生制动期间,在摩擦制动器和马达之间分配需要的车轮制动扭矩,该马达作为给电池充电的发电机。
当电池的温度下降时,典型的牵引电池收集再生制动能量的能力变得受限并且在冰点以下尤其明显。一种用于加热电池以克服这种收集能力减小的方法涉及电池的能量的循环进出。然而,在温度相对较低时,相对较少的能量可循环回电池。在这种情况下,放电电流提供所有的电池加热。
发明内容
本发明的实施例提供了一种方法,该方法包括从车辆的牵引电池释放放电电流用于车辆推进。放电电流包括用于加热电池的交流电(AC)分量。
放电电流可进一步包括用于车辆推进的直流电(DC)分量。AC分量使电池产生比仅通过DC分量产生的热损失更多的热损失从而改善电池的加热。在一个实施例中,AC分量具有0Hz和300Hz之间的频率。
方法可包括:通过控制器产生马达扭矩信号用于指示:(i)将通过连接至电池的马达使用放电电流的DC分量而产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩,以及(ii)用于加热电池的放电电流的AC分量。方法可包括:提供马达扭矩信号至马达以运转电池而释放放电电流。
方法可包括:从电池提供放电电流至与电池连接的马达。方法可包括:通过马达将放电电流转化为机械扭矩,并将来自马达的该机械扭矩提供至变速器用于变速器使用该机械扭矩来推进车辆。
方法可包括:随着电池加热而随时间减少放电电流的AC分量,使得一旦电池的温度已经增加至足够的阈值,则放电电流至少基本上没有AC分量。
本发明的一个实施例提供一种具有控制器的系统,该控制器配置用于从牵引电池释放放电电流用于车辆推进。放电电流包括用于加热电池的AC分量。
本发明的实施例提供了一种车辆,该车辆具有变速器、配置用于向变速器提供马达扭矩以推进车辆的马达以及牵引电池。电池配置用于向马达释放放电电流用于马达使用而产生马达扭矩。放电电流包括用于加热电池的AC分量。
根据本发明,提供一种系统,所述系统包括:控制器,配置用于从牵引电池释放放电电流用于车辆推进,放电电流除包括用于车辆推进的电流分量之外还包括用于加热电池的交流电(AC)分量。
根据本发明的一个实施例,用于车辆推进的电流分量是直流电(DC)分量。
根据本发明的一个实施例,AC分量的频率在0Hz和300Hz之间。
根据本发明的一个实施例,控制器配置用于产生马达扭矩信号,马达扭矩信号用于指示:(i)将通过连接至电池的马达使用放电电流的DC分量而产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩,以及(ii)用于加热电池的放电电流的AC分量;控制器进一步配置用于提供马达扭矩信号至马达以运转电池而释放放电电流。
根据本发明的一个实施例,控制器进一步配置用于随着电池加热而随时间减少放电电流的AC分量,使得一旦电池的温度已经达到足够的阈值,则放电电流至少基本上没有AC分量。
根据本发明的一个实施例,用于车辆推进的电流分量是直流电(DC)分量。
根据本发明的一个实施例,AC分量的频率在0Hz和300Hz之间。
根据本发明的一个实施例,所述车辆进一步包含:控制器,配置用于产生马达扭矩信号,马达扭矩信号用于指示:(i)将通过与电池连接的马达使用放电电流的DC分量而产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩,以及(ii)用于加热电池的放电电流的AC分量。
根据本发明的一个实施例,控制器进一步配置用于提供马达扭矩信号至马达以运转电池而释放放电电流。
根据本发明的一个实施例,车辆是混合动力电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆以及纯电池电动车辆中的一种。
附图说明
图1说明了根据本发明的实施例的示例混合动力车辆动力传动系统的框图;以及
图2说明了描述根据本发明的实施例用于修改牵引电池的DC负荷以使其包括用于加热电池的AC分量的方法和系统的运转的流程图。
具体实施方式
本说明书中公开了本发明具体的实施例;但是,应理解公开的实施例仅为本发明的示例,其可以以多种替代形式实施。附图无需按比例绘制;可放大或缩小一些特征以显示特定部件的细节。所以,此处所公开的具体结构和功能细节不应解释为限制,而仅为教导本领域技术人员以多种形式实施本发明的代表性基础。
现在参照图1,显示了根据本发明的实施例的用于混合动力电动车辆(HEV)的示例动力传动系统10的框图。动力传动系统10包括发动机20、电机(比如电动马达/发电机30(“马达”))、多传动比(multiple-ratio)自动变速器50以及摩擦制动系统。
发动机20具有通过发动机离合器32(即分离离合器32)与马达30的输入轴24连接或分离的输出轴22。马达30具有通过马达离合器52(即启动离合器52)与变速器50的输入轴44连接和分离的输出轴42。尽管离合器32、52被描述并说明为液压离合器,但是还可以使用其它类型的离合器(比如机电式离合器)。
变速器50具有多个传动比并连接至驱动轴54(即变速器50的输出轴)。输出轴54连接至差速器56。左右驱动轮60、62通过左右轴64、66连接至差速器56。利用这种布置,变速器50传输动力传动系统输出扭矩68至驱动轮60、62。车轮60、62设置有摩擦制动器70用于施加制动力来使车辆减速。
起动马达34通过线38连接至牵引电池36以便还用作发电机而产生用于存储在电池36中的电能。当运行时,发动机20能提供动力至起动马达34,使得起动马达34产生用于存储在电池36中的电能。马达30也通过线53连接至电池36。
发动机20是用于动力传动系统10的主要动力源,而电池36是用于动力传动系统10的辅助动力源。发动机20是内燃发动机,比如汽油、柴油或天然气驱动的发动机。当发动机20和马达30通过发动机离合器32连接时,发动机20产生提供至马达30的第一输入扭矩76(即发动机扭矩)。为了通过发动机20驱动车辆,第一输入扭矩76的至少一部分从发动机20通过发动机离合器32传递至马达30并随后通过马达离合器52从马达30传递至变速器50。发动机20还通过发动机离合器32提供动力至马达30,使得马达30可作为发电机运转并产生用于存储在电池36中的电能。
取决于车辆的特定运转模式,马达30可以发送电力至电池36或者将存储在电池36中的电能转化为第二输入扭矩78(即马达扭矩)。第二输入扭矩78也通过马达离合器52发送至变速器50。当产生用于存储在电池36中的电力时,马达30在驱动模式中从发动机20中获取动力或者当马达30作为称之为再生制动的制动模式中的制动器运转时从车辆的惯性获取动力。
如描述的,在图1中说明的发动机20、发动机离合器32、马达30、马达离合器52以及变速器50顺序串联地连接。这样,动力传动系统10代表并联式或模块化的混合动力传动装置(“MHT”)配置,其中,发动机20通过发动机离合器32连接至马达30,而马达30通过马达离合器52连接至变速器输入轴44。
取决于发动机离合器32和马达离合器52是接合的还是分离的而确定输入扭矩76和78中的哪一者传输至变速器50。例如,如果发动机离合器32是分离的,那么只有来自马达30的第二输入扭矩78提供至变速器50。如果离合器32、52都接合,那么来自发动机20和马达30的第一和第二输入扭矩76、78分别提供至变速器50。当然,如果只需要来自发动机20的输入扭矩用于变速器50,则离合器32和52都接合,但是不开启马达30,这样只有来自发动机20的第一输入扭矩76提供至变速器50。动力传动系统输出扭矩68对应于提供至变速器50的发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78的总和。
变速器50包括通过选择性接合多个摩擦元件而选择性地置于不同的传动比的多个行星齿轮组(未显示),以建立希望的多个传动比。例如,变速器50的摩擦元件可包括即将接合的摩擦元件72(即,即将接合的离合器(“OCC”))、即将分离的摩擦元件73(即,即将分离的离合器(“OGC”))和前进离合器74。通过连接和分离变速器50的行星齿轮组的特定元件的换挡计划可以控制变速器50的摩擦元件,以控制变速器输出和变速器输入之间的比例。
变速器50基于车辆的需求而自动地从一个传动比切换为另一个传动比。然后变速器50提供动力传动系统输出扭矩68至输出轴54。动力传动系统输出扭矩68最终驱动驱动轮60、62。通过大范围的变速器设置而建立变速器的动力细节。变速器50是变速器设置的示例以在本发明的实施例中使用。可接受从发动机和/或马达接收输入扭矩并随后以不同的传动比提供扭矩至输出轴的任何多传动比变速器在本发明的实施例中使用。这包括自动变速器和手动变速器。例如,可接受无级变速器、双离合变速器以及无限变速器(infinitelyvariable transmission)在本发明的实施例中使用。
动力传动系统10进一步包括动力传动系统控制单元80和制动控制单元85。控制单元80和85共同地构成车辆系统控制器。当驾驶员想要使车辆减速时,基于制动踏板92的位置改变,车辆驾驶员提供总的制动扭矩需求信号94。驾驶员压下踏板92越多,请求的车轮制动扭矩越多。制动控制单元85在动力传动系统制动扭矩信号95(其代表通过再生制动获取的扭矩量)和摩擦制动扭矩信号96(其代表通过摩擦制动器70获取的扭矩量)之间分配总的车轮制动扭矩。
制动控制单元85提供摩擦制动扭矩信号96至摩擦制动器70以使摩擦制动器施加摩擦制动扭矩至驱动轮。制动控制单元85提供动力传动系统制动扭矩信号95至动力传动系统控制单元80。作为响应,动力传动系统控制单元80发送代表需要通过再生制动提供的马达扭矩量的马达扭矩信号98至马达30。然后,马达30产生再生制动扭矩并从而提供负的输入扭矩至变速器50。
比如在换挡期间,动力传动系统控制单元80从变速器50接收关于从一个转速比(speed ratio)切换为另一个转速比的扭矩比信号101。动力传动系统控制单元80还接收代表动力传动系统输出扭矩68总量的动力传动系统扭矩信号99。
为了推进车辆,动力传动系统控制单元80发送指示在给定时间需要多少发动机扭矩的发动机扭矩信号100至发动机20。作为响应,发动机20根据发动机扭矩信号100运转而产生发动机扭矩76。类似地,动力传动系统控制单元80发送指示在给定时间需要多少马达扭矩的马达扭矩信号98至马达30。作为响应,马达30根据马达扭矩信号98运转而产生马达扭矩78。动力传动系统输出扭矩68对应于提供至变速器50的发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78的总和。当离合器32、52两者都接合时,发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78都提供至变速器50。在这种情况下,动力传动系统输出扭矩68对应于发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78的总和。
马达30获取从电池36释放的电流以产生马达扭矩78。用于产生马达扭矩78的放电电流是电池36的直流电(DC)负荷。马达30将放电电流转化为机械扭矩(即马达扭矩78)。
来自电池36的放电电流的量对应于将要产生的马达扭矩78的量。当然,电池36处于固定电压时来自电池36的放电电流与马达功率成比例(即,电压*电流=功率),并且马达功率是马达扭矩78和马达30转速的乘积。如上所述,将要产生的马达扭矩78的量是基于来自动力传动系统控制单元80的马达扭矩信号98。从而,动力传动系统控制单元80通过从电池36获取对应的不同的放电电流而控制马达30以产生不同的马达扭矩78。动力传动系统控制单元80通过将对应的不同的马达扭矩信号98指令至马达30而控制马达30以产生不同的马达扭矩78。
当电池36的温度下降到冰点以下时,电池36收集再生制动能量的能力变得受限。根据本发明的实施例的控制策略添加交流电(AC)分量至电池36的放电电流负荷以加热电池36。即,这些控制策略修改电池36的放电电流负荷以包括用于加热电池36的AC分量。例如,电池36的单元被加热。在一个实施例中,动力传动系统控制单元80添加AC扰动(disturbance)至马达扭矩信号98以添加AC分量至电池36的放电电流负荷。即,在该实施例中,修改电驱动扭矩指令以包括AC扰动。在一个实施例中,AC分量是频率大约在0Hz和300Hz之间的低频AC分量。
作为添加AC分量至电池36的放电电流的示例,认为在电池36上汲取十安培的直流电(DC)电流。如果将汲取的十安培的正负峰间(peak-to-peak)的AC电流添加至DC电流,那么电池36将不经历充电电流。然而,在该示例中,平均汲取电流将保持在十安培而电池损耗(I2*R)有12%的增加。
现在参照图2,显示了描述根据本发明的实施例用于修改电池36的DC负荷以包括AC分量用于加热电池36的方法和系统的运转的流程图200。当车辆当前通过至少基于马达扭矩78的动力传动系统输出扭矩68被推进时发生该运转。在运转期间,发动机扭矩76可以或可以不被提供至变速器50用于推进车辆。
该运转开始于动力传动系统控制单元80产生马达扭矩信号98以控制马达30产生对应的马达扭矩78来推进车辆。特别地,动力传动系统控制单元80产生具有添加的AC分量扰动的马达扭矩信号98。这样,马达扭矩信号98包括指示DC电流负荷的分量和指示AC电流负荷的分量。DC分量对应于将产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩78。AC分量对应于添加的用于电池加热的AC扰动。在没有添加的AC分量扰动的情况下,马达扭矩信号98将是完全指示DC电流负荷的典型马达扭矩信号。如框202所示,指令具有添加的用于电池加热的AC扰动的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩信号98至马达30。
如框204所示,响应于马达扭矩信号98从动力传动系统控制单元80指令至马达30,电池36释放电流至马达30。放电电流包括对应于将产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩78的DC分量和对应于添加的用于加热电池36的AC扰动的AC分量。
如框206所示,马达30根据指令的马达扭矩信号98产生马达扭矩78。如框208所示,马达30通过接合的马达离合器52提供马达扭矩78至变速器50以产生动力传动系统输出扭矩68用于推进车辆。
随着电池36变热可以随时间而减少AC分量,使得一旦电池36的温度已经增加至足够的阈值,则放电电流没有或基本没有AC分量。相反,可以随时间而增加AC分量以处理电池36在足够量的时间内没有变热。
如上所述,当扭矩76、78都提供至变速器50时,动力传动系统输出扭矩68是发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78的总和。相应地,如果需要,动力传动系统控制单元80能与添加至马达扭矩信号98的AC扰动一致而控制发动机20以抵消AC扰动导致的对马达扭矩78的任何影响。当扭矩76、78都提供至变速器50时,由于动力传动系统输出扭矩68相当于发动机扭矩76和马达扭矩78的总和,因此这种选择是可用的。
在另一个实施例中,马达30作为用于电池36的发电机而运转。在该实施例中,发动机20通过发动机离合器32提供动力至马达30,使得马达30可作为发电机运转并产生用于存储在电池36中的电能。在该实施例中,改变马达30至电池36的电能输出以将AC扰动添加至电能输出用于电池加热。在这种情况下,通过添加的AC扰动修改用于电池36的马达30的典型电能输出。
本发明的实施例适用于锂离子电池。本发明的实施例利用了在低AC频率(例如在0Hz和300Hz之间)处锂离子电池的温度增加明显快于简单地通过DC电流负荷或相对较高的AC频率使电池放电的特性。由于在这些低AC频率处电池的电阻最高,所以在这些低AC频率处可明显较快地增加电池温度。于是,向电池36汲取的DC电流添加频率为0Hz到300Hz的AC分量能有效地减小电池变暖的时间量。所以,电池36捕获再生制动能量的能力增强了。如本说明书描述的,可通过向用于驱动系统的电流控制器添加扰动而实现向电池36汲取的DC电流添加这种频率分量(或多种频率分量)。
通过向推进系统添加低频扰动,减少了电池达到允许捕获再生制动能量的温度所用的时间同时向车辆驾驶员提供车辆的全部功能。该减少的时间可以提供改善的低温再生制动捕获从而扩展车辆运转范围。如描述的,可以通过向用于驱动系统的电流控制器添加扰动而实现向电池36汲取的DC电流添加低频率分量的方法。这可通过本领域技术人员已知的各种方式来完成。其一个示例在IEEE的车辆动力和推进会议(VPPC)中描述,中国哈尔滨,2008年9月3-5日,978-1-4244-1849-7/082008,IEEE的通过随机信号的直接喷射的新颖的矢量控制驱动的设计和实施(IEEE Design&Implementation of a Novel Vector-Controlled Drive by Direct Injection of Random Signa,A.Zabihinejad andJ.S.Moghani)。
如本说明书描述的,动力传动系统10是动力传动系统的示例以在本发明的实施例中使用。动力传动系统10代表并联式混合动力电动车辆配置。在本发明的实施例中可以使用其它的混合动力电动车辆动力传动系统。同样,本发明的实施例可使用插电式混合动力电动车辆动力传动系统和纯电池电动车辆动力传动系统。总之,本发明的实施例可以使用马达安装在牵引电池和变速器之间的任何电动车辆。这种电动车辆可以包括或可以不包括发动机。
尽管上文描述了示例性实施例,但并非意味着这些实施例说明并描述了本发明的所有可能形式。相反,说明书中使用的词语为描述性词语而非限制,并且应理解可作出各种改变而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。此外,可组合各种执行实施例的特征以形成本发明进一步的实施例。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于加热电动车辆的牵引电池的方法,包含:
从车辆的牵引电池释放放电电流用于车辆推进,所述放电电流除包括用于所述车辆推进的电流分量之外还包括用于加热所述电池的交流电分量,
其中,用于所述车辆推进的所述电流分量是直流电分量,并且所述交流电分量使得所述电池产生比仅通过所述直流电分量产生的热损失更多的热损失从而改善所述电池的加热。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:
所述交流电分量具有0Hz和300Hz之间的频率。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包含:
通过控制器产生马达扭矩信号用于指示:(i)将通过连接至电池的马达使用所述放电电流的所述直流电分量而产生的用于车辆推进的马达扭矩,以及(ii)用于加热所述电池的所述放电电流的所述交流电分量。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,进一步包含:
将所述马达扭矩信号提供至所述马达以运转所述电池而释放所述放电电流。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包含:
将所述放电电流从所述电池提供至与所述电池连接的马达。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,进一步包含:
通过所述马达将所述放电电流转化为机械扭矩;以及
将来自所述马达的所述机械扭矩提供至变速器用于变速器使用所述机械扭矩来推进所述车辆。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包含:
随着电池加热而随时间减少所述放电电流的所述交流电分量,使得一旦所述电池的温度已经增加至足够的阈值,则所述放电电流至少基本上没有所述交流电分量。
8.一种车辆,包含:
变速器;
马达,配置用于提供马达扭矩至所述变速器以推进所述车辆;以及
牵引电池,配置用于释放放电电流至所述马达用于所述马达使用而产生所述马达扭矩,其中,所述放电电流除包括用于推进所述车辆的电流分量之外还包括用于加热所述电池的交流电分量,
其中,用于推进所述车辆的所述电流分量是直流电分量,并且所述交流电分量使得所述电池产生比仅通过所述直流电分量产生的热损失更多的热损失从而改善所述电池的加热。
9.一种方法,包括:
产生马达扭矩命令,使得与马达电连接的牵引电池向马达输出放电电流,所述放电电流具有(i)用于车辆推进的直流电分量以及(ii)用于使牵引电池的温度增加的交流电分量,所述交流电分量根据牵引电池的温度进行选择。
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