CN103506809A - Constant loading stress ring manufacturing method for high-temperature high-pressure environment containing poisonous and harmful gas - Google Patents
Constant loading stress ring manufacturing method for high-temperature high-pressure environment containing poisonous and harmful gas Download PDFInfo
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- CN103506809A CN103506809A CN201210216798.4A CN201210216798A CN103506809A CN 103506809 A CN103506809 A CN 103506809A CN 201210216798 A CN201210216798 A CN 201210216798A CN 103506809 A CN103506809 A CN 103506809A
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- nol ring
- stress ring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
Abstract
The invention discloses a constant loading stress ring manufacturing method for a high-temperature high-pressure environment containing poisonous and harmful gas. First, a stress ring is made of a high alloy stainless steel material; second, the material of the stress ring undergoes a technological process of production to obtain required strength and meet the dimensional requirement of a blank needed for manufacturing the stress ring; third, the blank is machined to produce the stress ring, and the stress ring is of a welding-free structure as a whole; fourth, the stress ring is placed in a thermostat, wherein the temperature of the thermostat is adjustable, a press machine is used for applying force to an upper pressing block to make the stress ring shift, different stress ring displacements are obtained through measurement of different values of applied force, and therefore a force-displacement curve at different temperatures is obtained; moreover, the requirements that the force-displacement curve is linear at the different temperatures, and the linearity of the force-displacement curve is larger than 0.98 are met. The stress ring manufactured through the constant loading stress ring manufacturing method can meet the examination requirement of simulated actual working conditions; meanwhile, existing equipment is fully utilized, and therefore a large number of expenses can be reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of constant load NOL ring manufacture method under high temperature, high pressure and toxic and harmful environment.
Background technology
At present, HTHP H can be used or produce to the industry such as oil, chemical industry, medicine in process of production in a large number
2s, SO
2, Cl
2, CS
2, the toxic and harmful such as CO or the liquid that contains these toxic gases, and produce, store or transmit the metal materials such as the required tank of these media, groove, pipe, plate, under the effect of pressure, likely can there is stress corrosion cracking.This type of cracking is often far below material yield intensity and do not have in situation premonitory suddenly and occur, make toxic and harmful out of control excessive, environment is brought to very large harm to personnel, therefore need to carry out the applicability check under actual environment to these tanks, groove, pipe, plate metal material used, guarantee these materials could to be applied to Practical Project under safe prerequisite.For developing or assessing these anti-toxic and harmful materials, need under laboratory simulation working condition, test.
For developing the low-alloy structural steel metal new product contacting with toxic and harmful, as anti-H 2 S oil well pipe, all by A, the B of international NACE TM 0177, C, tetra-kinds of methods of D, test at present, these four kinds of methods respectively have feature, but with regard to simulation and operability, the most frequently used is A method.A method is the test of constant load under normal temperature and pressure environment, is the most acceptable method of current oil field user, and round of visits is 720 hours, and verifying attachment is referring to Fig. 1, and its principle is to utilize the reaction force that the distortion of NOL ring 37 produces to be carried on sample.
But the actual service condition of oil well pipe is far from so, under the condition of HTHP, to be on active service often, this has just proposed the applicability examination requirements of product under actual working conditions.For reaching this target, the counter-measure of taking both at home and abroad is at present: as shown in Figure 1, test flume 35 and accessory thereof are all changed into the high alloy material of heat-proof corrosion resistant erosion that can pressure-bearing, and need additional a set of supercharging and thermostat.Standard code is once checked needs 3 samples, in other words, must be equipped with 3 NOL rings in contrast should, because a NOL ring can only carry out the check of a sample, because the test period is 720 hours (one month), according at present known to the investigation of domestic and international manufacturing enterprise and research unit, be equipped with the above ring of at least 15 groups (45), as being equipped with 86 groups (258) ring, domestic certain oil well pipe manufacturing enterprise just maintains reluctantly the needs of normal production and scientific research, and the current price of every group of ring is all more than 200,000 dollars, such price is that general unit can not bear, just because of this reason, up to the present, solution well is not also found in constant load check under simulation actual working conditions.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of HTHP containing constant load NOL ring manufacture method for toxic and harmful environment, the NOL ring that this manufacture method is made can meet the examination requirements of simulation actual working conditions, also take full advantage of existing equipment, can save a large amount of expenses simultaneously.
For achieving the above object, the present invention has adopted following technical scheme:
Containing a constant load NOL ring manufacture method for toxic and harmful environment,
The first, described NOL ring is made by high-alloy stainless steel material;
The second, the technological process of production of described NOL ring material is: 1) electric furnace smelting, obtains described high-alloy stainless steel material target component; 2) electroslag remelting, obtains clean steel and controls the amount of inclusions, distribution and the form in steel; 3) forge, obtain the required shape and size of boring a hole; 4) hot-puncturing process, hollow forging moulding; 5) heat treatment, controls precipitated phase in material; 6) cold rolling, control deflection, obtain the intensity requiring and make the required billet size requirement of NOL ring;
The 3rd, blank is carried out to machining, produce NOL ring product, NOL ring is whole non-welding structure;
The 4th, NOL ring is placed in to the insulating box of temperature-adjustable, utilize forcing press to force in upper holder block, NOL ring is subjected to displacement, different by applied force value, measure different NOL ring displacements, thereby obtain the force-displacement curve under different temperatures, and meet under different temperatures
,force-displacement curve is linear, and its linearity is greater than 0.98.
The main component of described high-alloy stainless steel material comprises by percentage to the quality: C:0.01-0.05, Mn:0.2-2.0, P: ￡ 0.03, S: ￡ 0.01, Cr:15-25, Mo:5-15, W:0.3-5, Ni:50-60, N:0.0005-0.2, Cu:1-5, Co:0.3-5, Al:0.01-0.20, surplus is iron and inevitable impurity.The main component of described high-alloy stainless steel material also comprises: one or more element of V, Ti, Ca, B, wherein V:0.01-0.3, Ti:0.01-0.70, B:0.0001-0.015, Ca:0.001-0.01.
Described NOL ring product size is: thickness 5-35mm, internal diameter 40-100mm, wall thickness 5-15mm.
The NOL ring that manufacture method of the present invention is made is according to known the harshest hole condition condition: P
h2S≤ 12MPa, P
cO2≤ 8MPa, Cl
-≤ 250g/L, contain elemental sulfur, temperature≤150 ℃, with this understanding, NOL ring material adopts a kind of high-alloy stainless steel material, and its main chemical compositions effect is as follows:
C: while containing too much C, M
23c
6the amount of type carbide significantly increases, the extensibility of alloy and toughness drop, processing and the serviceability of deterioration material; NOL ring material C content of the present invention is 0.01-0.05%;
Mn: add suitable Mn can improve the intensity of material, but too much Mn can make material generation component segregation, causes properties of product to have directionality, finally make material be subject to uneven corrosion, cause losing efficacy, NOL ring material Mn content of the present invention is 0.2-2.0%;
The impurity that P:P inevitably sneaks into into conventionally, conventionally, when containing more P in alloy, drawing abillity, corrosion resistance can be significantly deteriorated; NOL ring material P content of the present invention is for being less than or equal to 0.03%;
S:S is also the impurity of inevitably sneaking into into, and conventionally, when containing more S in alloy, drawing abillity, corrosion resistance can be significantly deteriorated; NOL ring material S content of the present invention is for being less than or equal to 0.01%;
Cr:Cr and W have the effect that alloy corrosion resistance and intensity are improved, and at Cr, are 15% when above, can significantly obtain above-mentioned effect.But when Cr content surpasses 25%, the processing characteristics of alloy reduces.NOL ring material C r content of the present invention is 15-25%;
Mo:Mo has the effect of raising alloy strength under the coexisting with Cr, has the corrosion resistance of significantly improving, particularly improves the effect of resistance to spot corrosion.But when Mo content surpasses 15%, can cause the greatly attenuating of the mechanical performances such as the ductility of material and toughness; NOL ring material Mo content of the present invention is 5-15%;
W:W has the effect of raising alloy strength under the coexisting with Cr, has the corrosion resistance of significantly improving, particularly improves the effect of resistance to spot corrosion.But when W content surpasses 5%, can cause the greatly attenuating of the mechanical performances such as the ductility of material and toughness; NOL ring material W content of the present invention is 0.3-5%;
Ni:Ni has the effect that makes austenitic matrix stabilisation, its objective is in order to contain the necessary element of element that a large amount of Cr, Mo etc. have invigoration effect and corrosion-resistant effect in Ni alloy.In addition, Ni suppresses to generate the effect of σ phase.At the content of Ni, surpassing 40% can easily obtain above-mentioned each when above and act on; On the other hand, add too much in a large number the excessive rising that Ni can cause cost of alloy, also can cause the surplus of performance, produce unnecessary wasting phenomenon simultaneously.NOL ring material Ni content of the present invention is 50-60%;
N:N has the effect of alloy precipitation strength, but too much N can make material embrittlement, and causes the greatly attenuating of the mechanical performances such as the ductility of material and toughness; NOL ring material N content of the present invention is 0.0005-0.2%;
Cu:Cu effectively improves the element of the corrosion resistance under acid gas environment, particularly, confirming as under the acid gas environment that S is simple substance, coexists and has the effect that greatly improves corrosion resistance with Cr, Mo and W.When Cu content is 1-5%, can obtain above-mentioned effect, but too much interpolation Cu can make the ductility of material and toughness lower, and affects processability and the mechanical performance of material; NOL ring material C u content of the present invention is 1-5%;
Co: add Co, there is the effect that makes stabilization of austenite.In order to obtain reliably above-mentioned effect, preferably Co is more than 0.3% content.But, add in a large number the excessive rising that Co can cause cost of alloy, therefore NOL ring material C o content of the present invention is 0.3-5%;
Al: aluminium can refinement material grains, improves impact and the hot strength of material, but too much Al can form and be mingled with in material, will reduce material corrosion resistance and anti-sulfur vulcanization hydrogen performance, so NOL ring materials A l content of the present invention is 0.01-0.20%;
Other elements: suitably add one or more element of V, Ti, Ca, B, wherein V:0.01-0.3%, Ti:0.01-0.70%, B:0.0001-0.015%, Ca:0.001-0.01%.
Because NOL ring need load and NOL ring device itself also be subject to the reaction force of sample sample, so NOL ring must possess certain mechanical strength and could be competent at the check work to sample.Certainly also must possess sulfurated hydrogen stress etching-resisting cracking performance.According to the actual conditions condition of NACE TM0177 standard, NACE MR0175 standard, world today's sulfur crude gas well, the yield strength claimed range that can obtain NOL ring is: 827-930MPa, tensile strength >=870MPa.
Intensity based on above-mentioned and the requirement of prerequisite anti-sulphur hydrogen stress corrosion cracking, the technological process of production that has proposed to make NOL ring blank:: electric furnace smelting, obtains target component; Electroslag remelting, obtains clean steel and controls the amount of inclusions, distribution and the form in steel; Forge, obtain the required shape and size of boring a hole; Hot-puncturing process, hollow forging moulding; Heat treatment, controls precipitated phase in material; Cold rolling, control deflection, obtain the intensity requiring and make the required billet size requirement of NOL ring.
The principle of NOL ring structure and size design is: appearance and size is little, and shape is wanted rationally, and load operation will facilitate, and can easily as far as possible many NOL rings be placed in autoclave, to increase work efficiency simultaneously.The size of simultaneously guaranteeing anti-sulphur sample meets the requirement of NACE TM0177-A method, and anti-sulphur sample is referring to Fig. 2.
NOL ring of the present invention is to carry out, after machining, producing NOL ring product through counter stress ring blank.NOL ring product size is: NOL ring thickness 5-35mm, internal diameter 40-100mm, wall thickness 5-15mm.NOL ring is whole non-welding structure, and some defects of having avoided NOL ring Welding Structure to bring on the one hand can make NOL ring loading force even, stable on the other hand, can guarantee that, in process of the test, the load that sample is subject to is constant.
Utilize the deformation displacement power of NOL ring to realize the constant load of sample is loaded, as little in NOL ring displacement, loading force low precision; As large in NOL ring displacement, easily make NOL ring produce plastic deformation, cause test data incorrect.Therefore the control of NOL ring displacement and the chemical composition of NOL ring, intensity, shape, every size etc. have very large associated.
The constant load NOL ring that the present invention makes, its volume is little, corrosion-resistant, high temperature and high pressure, can put in autoclave by organizing NOL ring more simultaneously, so both can meet the examination requirements of simulation actual working conditions, also take full advantage of existing equipment, saved a large amount of expenses simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is existing normal temperature and pressure constant load experimental rig schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is NACE TM0177 constant load sample schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is NOL ring metering device schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is 25 ℃ of NOL ring power-displacement measurement curves;
Fig. 5 is 100 ℃ of NOL ring power-displacement measurement curves;
Fig. 6 is 150 ℃ of NOL ring power-displacement measurement curves;
Fig. 7 is 205 ℃ of NOL ring power-displacement measurement curves;
Fig. 8 is that NOL ring constant load sample of the present invention loads schematic diagram.
In figure: 1 loads screw rod, and 2 load nut, 3 NOL rings, 4 transition nuts, 5 samples, 6 lower nuts; 21 upper holder blocks, measuring stick on 22,23 times measuring sticks, 24 insulating boxs, 25 lower lock blocks; 31 load screw rods, and 32 load nuts, attaching nut on 33,34 samples, 35 test flumes, 36 times attaching nuts, 37 NOL rings, 38 brackets, 39 amesdials.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, the invention will be further described.
1, it is as shown in table 1 that the embodiment of the present invention is numbered the chemical composition of 1 to 3 NOL ring material.
The chemical composition of table 1 NOL ring material
| Numbering | C | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | W | Ni | |
| 1 | 0.02 | 0.52 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 16.3 | 11.81 | 0.5 | 58.1 | 0.002 |
| 2 | 0.03 | 1.35 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 22.1 | 9.21 | 2.7 | 56.1 | 0.002 |
| 3 | 0.02 | 1.42 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 23.4 | 14.35 | 2.3 | 52.2 | 0.003 |
| Numbering | Cu | Co | Al | V | Ti | B | Ca | Fe | ? |
| 1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.0025 | 0.002 | All the other | ? |
| 2 | 2.34 | 2.48 | 0.01 | 0.1 | ? | 0.002 | ? | All the other | ? |
| 3 | 1.35 | 1.54 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.03 | ? | 0.001 | All the other | ? |
2, the technological process of production of described NOL ring material is: 1) electric furnace smelting, obtains described high-alloy stainless steel material target component; 2) electroslag remelting, obtains clean steel and controls the amount of inclusions, distribution and the form in steel; 3) forge, obtain the required shape and size of boring a hole; 4) hot-puncturing process, hollow forging moulding; 5) heat treatment, controls precipitated phase in material; 6) cold rolling, control deflection, obtain the intensity requiring and make the required billet size requirement of NOL ring.
3, the NOL ring that method of the present invention is produced is of a size of: thickness 25mm, internal diameter 80mm, wall thickness 8mm, the whole non-welding structure of NOL ring.
The NOL ring of below manufacture method of the present invention being made is tested, and comprises tension test, corrosion resistance test, NOL ring parameter experiment.
1) stretching and the corrosion resistance of the pipe of making NOL ring are as shown in table 2.
Table 2 NOL ring stretches and corrosion resistance
Note: this material of table 2 data declaration is adapted at using under extreme harsh simulation hole condition condition.
2) NOL ring parameter
A NOL ring that is applicable to check must possess: (1) guarantees that force-displacement curve is linear, and its linearity is greater than 0.98; (2) at different temperature
,guarantee that force-displacement curve is linear, its linearity is greater than 0.98, and its basic reason is to guarantee that test data is less than 2% error.
Fig. 3 is NOL ring metering device schematic diagram, the NOL ring 3 that is numbered 1 is placed in to the insulating box 24 of temperature-adjustable, a temperature that test is required is set, utilize forcing press to force in upper holder block 21, the NOL ring 3 that makes to be positioned on lower lock block 25 is subjected to displacement, by the A point on upper measuring stick 22 and these 2 of the B points on lower measuring stick 23, recorded, different by applied force value, measure different NOL ring displacements, the NOL ring force-displacement curve under different temperatures of measuring according to the method, referring to Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, therefrom can find out, the NOL ring linearity is greater than 0.98, meet linearity.
According to said method, adopt above-mentioned same method to measure the NOL ring that is numbered 2 and 3, its Ya Li & at 25 ℃, 100 ℃, 150 ℃, 205 ℃ temperature; The linearity of displacement curve is all greater than 0.98, in Table 3, illustrates that the NOL ring of embodiment of the present invention numbering 1 to 3 meets test requirements document.
Table 3 NOL ring metering result
The course of work of the NOL ring that manufacture method of the present invention is made is as follows:
Referring to Fig. 8, first according to the requirement of test, confirmed test temperature, and the NOL ring searching out at this temperature measures curve, it is the force-displacement curve of NOL ring, as shown in Figures 4 to 7, according to being carried in the setting power value on sample, by insertion, obtaining with this power and be worth corresponding NOL ring shift value subsequently.
Operating process: sample 5 is placed in to NOL ring 3 the insides, 5 times screw threads of sample are connected with lower nut 6, on sample 5, screw thread is connected with middle transition nut 4, to load screw rod 1 is connected with transition nuts 4, loading nut 2 is twisted to receive and load on screw rod 1, make to load nut 2 in complete relaxed state, with A on miking NOL ring 3, initial distance between 2 of B, by the fixing transition nuts 4 of wrench (not shown), with the rotation of spanner limit, load nut 2 limits simultaneously and measure NOL ring A, distance between B, when NOL ring 3 displacements approach target, should trace rotation load nut 2, until NOL ring 3 shift values reach setting value, the NOL ring 3 that has loaded sample 5 is placed on the shelf in autoclave, pour test simulation liquid into (conventionally containing SO
2 2=, Cl
-deng), kettle cover is installed, pass into the gases at high pressure of setting (as H
2s, CO
2, one or several the combination such as CO), set test temperature, after 720 hours, with nitrogen replacement, go out toxic gas in still, open kettle cover and take out NOL ring 3, unload sample 5, press the test situation of NACE TM0177-A method observation sample 5.
The NOL ring of making according to manufacture method of the present invention, test through nearly half a year of 10 rounds, and after each off-test, through counter stress ring again, measure, its parameter also in allowed limits, prove that the NOL ring that manufacture method of the present invention makes is practical, and reached high, economic, the easy to operate effect of test accuracy, solved well the NACE TM0177-constant load check under simulated oil gas well condition condition.
These are only preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit protection scope of the present invention, therefore, all any modifications of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. HTHP, containing a constant load NOL ring manufacture method for toxic and harmful environment, is characterized in that:
The first, described NOL ring is made by high-alloy stainless steel material;
The second, the technological process of production of described NOL ring material is: 1) electric furnace smelting, obtains described high-alloy stainless steel material target component; 2) electroslag remelting, obtains clean steel and controls the amount of inclusions, distribution and the form in steel; 3) forge, obtain the required shape and size of boring a hole; 4) hot-puncturing process, hollow forging moulding; 5) heat treatment, controls precipitated phase in material; 6) cold rolling, control deflection, obtain the intensity requiring and make the required billet size requirement of NOL ring;
The 3rd, blank is carried out to machining, produce NOL ring product, NOL ring is whole non-welding structure;
The 4th, NOL ring is placed in to the insulating box of temperature-adjustable, utilize forcing press to force in upper holder block, NOL ring is subjected to displacement, different by applied force value, measure different NOL ring displacements, thereby obtain the force-displacement curve under different temperatures, and meet under different temperatures
,force-displacement curve is linear, and its linearity is greater than 0.98.
2. constant load NOL ring manufacture method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the main component of described high-alloy stainless steel material comprises by percentage to the quality: C:0.01-0.05, Mn:0.2-2.0, P: ￡ 0.03, S: ￡ 0.01, Cr:15-25, Mo:5-15, W:0.3-5, Ni:50-60, N:0.0005-0.2, Cu:1-5, Co:0.3-5, Al:0.01-0.20, surplus is iron and inevitable impurity.
3. constant load NOL ring manufacture method according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: the main component of described high-alloy stainless steel material also comprises: one or more element of V, Ti, Ca, B, wherein V:0.01-0.3, Ti:0.01-0.70, B:0.0001-0.015, Ca:0.001-0.01.
4. constant load NOL ring manufacture method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described NOL ring product size is: thickness 5-35mm, internal diameter 40-100mm, wall thickness 5-15mm.
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|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (5)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103926146A (en) * | 2014-04-11 | 2014-07-16 | 西南石油大学 | Constant-load stress corrosion testing device of small test sample and testing method thereof |
| CN107290213A (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2017-10-24 | 江苏金钿实业有限公司 | A kind of wrist-watch corrosion-resistant detection method of steel bracelet |
| CN110208108A (en) * | 2019-04-24 | 2019-09-06 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of single clamp suitable for high temperature declines dynamic fatigue experimental device |
| CN112240851A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-01-19 | 衡阳华菱钢管有限公司 | Loading auxiliary device |
| CN112345378A (en) * | 2020-10-26 | 2021-02-09 | 北京科技大学 | Semi-solid liquid core forging thermal simulation device and method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107290213B (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2019-08-20 | 江苏金钿实业有限公司 | A kind of corrosion-resistant detection method of wrist-watch steel bracelet |
| CN110208108A (en) * | 2019-04-24 | 2019-09-06 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of single clamp suitable for high temperature declines dynamic fatigue experimental device |
| CN112240851A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-01-19 | 衡阳华菱钢管有限公司 | Loading auxiliary device |
| CN112345378A (en) * | 2020-10-26 | 2021-02-09 | 北京科技大学 | Semi-solid liquid core forging thermal simulation device and method |
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