CN103373852A - 混合陶瓷切削刀具和用于此的陶瓷粒料混合物和制造该切削刀具的方法 - Google Patents

混合陶瓷切削刀具和用于此的陶瓷粒料混合物和制造该切削刀具的方法 Download PDF

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CN103373852A
CN103373852A CN2013101353364A CN201310135336A CN103373852A CN 103373852 A CN103373852 A CN 103373852A CN 2013101353364 A CN2013101353364 A CN 2013101353364A CN 201310135336 A CN201310135336 A CN 201310135336A CN 103373852 A CN103373852 A CN 103373852A
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G.塔沃尔米安
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种混合陶瓷的切削刀具,特别是刀片或者转位式刀片,其包含至少两种陶瓷硬质材料。其中,第一硬质材料具有锆或钼或铌的氧化物,和第二硬质材料具有选自钽,钨,铪或铼中至少两种的化合物的碳化物或氮化物。

Description

混合陶瓷切削刀具和用于此的陶瓷粒料混合物和制造该切削刀具的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及按照权利要求1前序部分的混合陶瓷切削刀具、用于按照权利要求5前序部分的烧结这种切削刀具的陶瓷粒料混合物和按照权利要求7前序部分的制造混合陶瓷的切削刀具的方法。
背景技术
已知的陶瓷切削刀具,例如由立方结晶的氮化硼(CBN)或由氧化物陶瓷(如Al2O3)组成的,具有高的硬度、耐热性、高温强度和耐磨强度和耐化学性。使用这种刀具可以在切削制造中实现高的切割或者加工速度。此外,使用这种刀具可以不用润滑剂和不用冷却剂进行干燥加工,因为由于它们高的高温强度没有必要降低处于咬合中的切削刃的热负荷。
但是,所述陶瓷的脆硬的材料行为不利于它们的这些良好的特性。由于缺少韧性和抗弯强度,陶瓷切削材料如今在高的进给速度场合或者在不连续切削的情况下,例如在铣削时出现的,仍然仅可以不充分地使用。
虽然可用的高速工具钢(HSS)在韧性和抗弯强度上具有所期望的高值,但是这没有达到陶瓷切削材料或者硬质材料的硬度和高温强度。
通过使用陶瓷混合物,特别是基于氧化物和氮化物陶瓷如Al2O3和Si3N4,得到高硬度且较高韧性的切削材料。但是,这些混合物不利的是,由此得到的切削材料的使用范围仅相对少地运用到较高的进给量或不连续切削的场合,因为这些混合陶瓷还是具有相对低的韧性。此外,相对于最硬的氧化物陶瓷或者CBN还有硬度损失。
此外已知有基于氧化铝(Al2O3)、碳化钛(TiC)和氮化钛(TiN)的混合陶瓷。然而,这些对于在光滑切削中的硬-精细加工或者对于光滑或者不连续切削中的铸铁精整加工也仅具有有限的使用范围。
与此相对,本发明基于的任务在于,制造可广泛使用的混合陶瓷切削刀具和提供陶瓷粒料混合物以及用于此的制造方法。
该任务通过具有权利要求1的特征的切削刀具、具有权利要求5的特征的陶瓷粒料混合物和具有权利要求7的特征的制造方法而得到解决。
本发明有利的扩展实施方案在权利要求2至4、6和8至10中进行了描述。
混合陶瓷的切削刀具,特别是刀片或者转位式刀片,包含至少两种陶瓷的硬质材料。根据本发明,其中,第一陶瓷硬质材料包含锆或钼或铌的氧化物,而第二陶瓷硬质材料包含由选自钽,钨,铪,铼中至少两种物质的化合物形成的碳化物或氮化物。其中,锆或钼或铌的氧化物对陶瓷硬质材料混合物具有分散效应,并使切削刀具具有高的韧性。第一陶瓷硬质材料优选包含ZrO或者ZrO2或者MoO2或者NbO2。含有至少两种物质的碳化物或者氮化物使切削刀具具有高的硬度。其中在碳化物或者氮化物中使用两种不同的物质有利于与第一陶瓷硬质材料的氧化物形成桥连,并相对于传统的切削刀具另外地提高了切削刀具的硬度。第二硬质材料优选为钽与钨或与铪或与铼,或者钨与铪或与铼,或者铪与铼。特别优选碳化钽铪(Ta4HfC5)、碳化钽铼、碳化钨钽或碳化钨铌。通过基于按照本发明选出的硬质材料混合物而提高的硬度和提高的韧性,可以更灵活和更广泛地使用所述切削刀具。因此,它特别可以用于钻孔、车削或者铣削。其中,使用范围延伸到了具有不同材料特性和切削特性的材料领域,例如铁素体材料、易切削钢、结构钢、表面硬化钢、超耐热合金、铸铁和ADI-铸铁。此外,可以的加工种类的范围例如有精加工、中间加工、硬加工和精整加工和粗刨加工。使用特定几何形状的切削刃的硬加工可以用于所有的切削方法中,甚至在不连续切削的情况和具有不同硬化区的工件的情况。相比传统的混合陶瓷切削刀具,由于使用了非常耐磨损的硬质材料,所述切削刀具的耐用度增加到约2倍,并且耐用路程增加到约5倍。另一个优点是提高的方法安全性,因为刀具断裂很少发生或者是很不可能的。因此,也减少了废件和降低了机械损害。此外,相比传统的混合陶瓷切削刀具,按照本发明的切削刀具可以达到约2.5倍的切削速度。通用型切削刀具的特别优点在于,它可以替代多种特种刀具,这样可以在切削制造中降低运输、投资和运行费用。
在所述切削刀具优选的扩展实施方案中,其额外具有第三陶瓷硬质材料,该第三陶瓷硬质材料包含由选自物质钽,钨,铪,铼中至少两种的所述化合物之一所形成的与第二陶瓷硬质材料不同的碳化物或氮化物。此外,通过选择合适的第三陶瓷硬质材料可以将所述陶瓷切削刀具的使用范围集中在更小的使用领域或者可以扩展到更广泛的领域.
所述切削刀具优选的扩展实施方案包括第四陶瓷硬质材料,其包含按照前面描述的与第一陶瓷硬质材料不同的锆或钼或铌的氧化物。
相对于传统的切削刀具,当第一或者第一和第四陶瓷硬质材料的质量比例为切削刀具质量的大约20-40%,而第二或者第二和第三陶瓷硬质材料的质量比例为切削刀具质量的大约80-60%时,所述切削刀具的韧性和硬度得以提高。因此,优选第二或者第二和第三陶瓷硬质材料(碳化物/氮化物)作为陶瓷基质,而第一陶瓷硬质材料或者第一和第二陶瓷硬质材料(氧化物)嵌入其中.
本发明的陶瓷粒料的混合物优选作为用于烧结按照前面描述的混合陶瓷切削刀具的初级产品,该混合物包含第一陶瓷硬质材料的粒料和至少第二陶瓷硬质材料的粒料。在所述混合物的优选扩展实施方案中,该混合物另外包含按照前面描述的第三或者第三和第四陶瓷硬质材料的粒料。
如果所述陶瓷硬质材料的熔化温度不同,对于接下来的烧结证明有利的是,具有较低熔化温度的那种硬质材料的粒料的颗粒大小比具有较高熔化温度的那种硬质材料的粒料的颗粒大小大大约2-10倍,特别优选3-5倍。以这样的方式,烧结过程可以变得容易。具有较高熔化温度的粒料的颗粒大小优选为1-100mm的范围。在这里特别涉及到的混合物中,具有4215℃的已知最高熔化温度之一的碳化钽铪被用作第二硬质材料。
用于制造所述的切削刀具的本发明的方法至少包括步骤“使陶瓷混合物的硬质材料的熔化温度相接近”。这样的相接近特别可以烧结上述有利的切削刀具。该相接近优选通过对不同的硬质材料调节不同的压力而进行。
在本发明方法优选的扩展实施方案中,在步骤“使熔化温度相接近”之前实施步骤“特别是通过石蜡结合(Verbindung)混合物硬质材料粒料”。
在本发明方法另一优选的扩展实施方案中,在步骤“结合粒料”之后和步骤“烧结”之前实施步骤“热压粒料和石蜡的混合物”。
在本发明方法另一优选的扩展实施方案中,在步骤使陶瓷硬质材料“熔化温度相接近”之后或者期间,进行步骤“烧结”陶瓷硬质材料混合物。
接下来,借助表格进一步阐述本发明的用于切削刀具的硬质材料混合物的实施例,和借助两个示意图进一步阐述本发明切削刀具的实施例。
附图说明和具体实施方式
其中:
图1显示了含有用于切削刀具的硬质材料混合物的实施例的表格;
图2显示了切削刀具的实施例的俯视图;
图3显示了按照图2的实施例的切面图。
图1显示了可行的用于制造或者用于烧结本发明的切削刀具的硬质材料混合物。在图1的左边,在第一硬质材料的表格中,列出了为了有针对性地提高混合陶瓷韧性而提供的硬质材料。这些是二氧化锆(ZrO2)、二氧化钼(MoO2)和二氧化铌(NbO2)。
在图1中的右边表格列出了可能的第二硬质材料,其可以由选自钽、铪、钨、铼的两种物质的组合结合可选择的碳(碳化物)或氮(氮化物)而形成。在这种情况下,得到潜在的至少6*2种组合,也就是12种不同的第二硬质材料。
如果单独地考虑,即不存在第一硬质材料,由图示的碳化物形成的切削工具将非常硬且脆。按照莫氏硬度标度其硬度为>5,碳化钽铪的硬度例如为9-10。因此,碳化物和氮化物突出的材料特性是其高的硬度和高温强度,以及它的耐热性。
推荐的由第一和第二硬质材料组成的混合物是从第一硬质材料(例如二氧化锆)通过代表混合物的虚线20到选出的第二硬质材料(例如碳化钽铪)得到的。其中,按照图1的钽和铪与碳形成的化合物碳化钽铪通过实线22表示。其中,碳化钽铪是一种非常硬的、非氧化物的陶瓷,其具有4215℃的已知最高的熔化温度。因此,在含有碳化钽铪和二氧化锆的硬质材料混合物的实施例中,碳化钽铪带来极好的硬度、高温强度和耐热性,从而由此形成的切削刀具可以特别应用于高的切削速度和硬的材料。通过第一硬质材料,例如碳化钽铪的混合物配对二氧化锆,所推荐的硬质材料混合物变得较柔韧。其中,二氧化锆在混合物中显示了分散行为,这有利于所述的韧性。其中,特别是在碳化钽哈中含有的铪有利于在碳化钽哈和二氧化锆之间形成桥连。通过在硬质材料混合物中的第一硬质材料二氧化锆带来的韧性可以在高的进给量的情况下和特别是在不连续切削的情况下,例如在铣削的情况下,使用所述切削刀具。
正如按照图1可以混合的,其它特别优选的实施例有二氧化钼和碳化钨铌的组合、二氧化铌和碳化钽钨的组合或者含有碳化钽铼的混合物,使用碳化钽铼可以期望最高的硬度。二氧化铌的替代物可以是含有Nb2O5的化合物。
在使用与第二硬质材料不同的按照前面描述的第三硬质材料的情况下,这些可以通过正如按照图1对于第二硬质材料可行的组合来提供。与其类似,在使用与第一硬质材料不同的按照前面描述的第四硬质材料的情况下,这些可以通过正如按照图1对于第一硬质材料可行的组合来提供。
在图2和3中显示了作为刀片使用的具有用于优化切屑流出(排屑)的导屑台(排屑槽)混合陶瓷切削刀具1的实施例。其中,所述刀片以S形状(方形的)实施。它的第一硬质材料是韧性的ZrO2和它的第二硬质材料是硬的和热稳定的碳化钽铪Ta4HfC5。在切削刀具1中,所述硬质材料的质量比例为40%和60%。所述实施例具有高的硬度和韧性,从而使其适用于广泛切削加工。其中使用范围可以扩展到车削、铣削、钻孔、精整加工、粗加工和攻丝。作为可加工的材料有易切削钢、结构钢、表面硬化钢、铸铁和超耐热合金。由此,使用范围扩展到远远超出按照DIN ISO 513的种类。
在所述第一实施例中,所述刀片的直径2为15mm。所述刀片的角部4用1.6mm的角部半径R0倒圆。倒圆的角部4在与图2的观察者面对的平面中各具有一个环绕的切削刃6。为了使刀片1上的有关的几何结构直观化,接下来描述图3。
图3显示了沿着剖面A-A(参见图2)的按照图2的第一实施例。所述刀片具有刀具基准面8,它被如此限定,即它垂直于刀片所假定的切削方向10(按照DIN6851)设置。此外,切削刃6的一个切削点(没有示出)设置在刀具基准面8中。所诉刀片具有支承面11,以便支承在刀具架(没有示出)上。支承面11在此情况下平行于刀具基准面8。
在按照规定操作刀片时,工件与切削方向10平行地并且逆向地从所述刀片旁运动通过。所述刀片在此情况下以一定的接触深度与工件咬合,通过该接触深度确定切屑厚度。
所诉刀片被这样地构造,即自由面12平行于刀片所假定的工作平面。由此得出,在假定的工作平面和自由面12之间的后角α具有0o的值。此外,所述刀片这样地构造,即在自由面12和切屑面14之间的楔角β具有90o的值。与此伴随地,在切屑面14和刀具基准面8之间夹成的前角γ具有0o的值。自由面12经由切削刃6相对于切屑面14分界。切削刃6在此情况下具有0.3mm的半径R1。由于前面描述的硬质材料混合物和直角的楔角β,切削刃6特别是在硬加工和/或不连续切削期间被保护而避免断裂。
在排屑的方向上,该排屑按照图2从左向右沿着左切屑面14进行,具有0.5mm的过渡半径R2的过渡面16与切屑面14相邻接。该过渡面16是导屑面18的一个部段,导屑面从切屑面14出发沿着它的导屑深度B延伸。导屑面18在此情况下以-37o的导屑角δ朝着刀具基准面8设置。在此,导屑角按照前面的说明从刀具基准面8出发进行限定。
这样将导屑面18相对于切屑面14和刀具基准面8耸起(陡起),导致在工件车削加工期间改善的切屑形成。越来越多地出现有利的圆柱形或螺旋形的锥状螺旋切屑。也越来越多地观察到碎片状切屑。相对于刀片的常规几何形状,尤其是T形倒棱刀片形式的刀片,减少了带状切屑和/或紊乱切屑的形成。
本发明公开了一种混合陶瓷的切削刀具,特别是刀片或者转位式刀片,其包含至少两种陶瓷硬质材料。其中,第一硬质材料为锆或钼或铌的氧化物,和第二硬质材料为选自钽,钨,铪,铼中至少两种的化合物的碳化物或氮化物。
附图标记表
1混合陶瓷的切削刀具
2直径
4角部(刀角)
6切削刃
8刀具基准面
10切削方向
11支承面
12自由面(后面)
14切屑面
16过渡面
18导屑面
20
L切屑面深度
B导屑面深度
α后角(自由角)
β楔角
γ前角
δ;δ’导屑角

Claims (10)

1.含有至少两种陶瓷硬质材料的混合陶瓷切削刀具,其特征在于,其中第一陶瓷硬质材料具有锆或钼或铌的氧化物,而第二陶瓷硬质材料具有选自钽,钨,铪,铼中至少两种的化合物的碳化物或氮化物。
2.按照权利要求1的切削刀具,含有第三陶瓷硬质材料,其具有选自钽,钨,铪,铼中至少两种的化合物的与第二陶瓷硬质材料不同的碳化物或氮化物。
3.按照权利要求1或2的切削刀具,含有第四陶瓷硬质材料,其具有锆或钼或铌的与第一陶瓷硬质材料不同的氧化物。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一的切削刀具,其中第一或者第一和第四陶瓷硬质材料的质量比例为切削刀具(1)质量的大约20-40%,而第二或者第二和第三陶瓷硬质材料的质量比例为切削刀具(1)质量的大约80-60%。
5.用于烧结切削刀具(1)的陶瓷粒料混合物,其特征在于,它至少含有按照上述权利要求之一的第一和第二陶瓷硬质材料。
6.按照权利要求5的混合物,其中具有较低熔化温度的硬质材料的粒料的颗粒大小比具有较高熔化温度的硬质材料的粒料的颗粒大小大大约2-10倍。
7.制造,特别是烧结混合陶瓷切削刀具(1)的方法,其中该刀具是按照权利要求1至4之一形成的,并相应地含有至少第一和第二硬质材料,其特征在于步骤:
- “使硬质材料的熔化温度相接近”。
8.按照权利要求7的方法,其中步骤“使硬质材料的熔化温度相接近”通过步骤“对不同的硬质材料调节不同的压力”进行。
9.按照权利要求7或8的方法,其中在步骤“使熔化温度相接近”之前进行步骤“将硬质材料粒料结合”,特别是使用石蜡。
10.按照权利要求9的方法,其中在步骤“将硬质材料粒料结合”之后进行步骤“热压粒料和石蜡的混合物”和步骤“烧结”。
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CN106278253B (zh) * 2016-07-19 2022-07-15 广东鸿宝科技有限公司 高硬度、高韧性陶瓷的制作工艺及其制得的环形切刀
CN111196726A (zh) * 2020-01-06 2020-05-26 哈尔滨工业大学 一种SiBCN-Ta4HfC5复相陶瓷及其制备方法
CN111196726B (zh) * 2020-01-06 2022-07-08 哈尔滨工业大学 一种SiBCN-Ta4HfC5复相陶瓷及其制备方法
CN114716245A (zh) * 2020-12-22 2022-07-08 武汉苏泊尔炊具有限公司 陶瓷刀具及其制造方法

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