CN103344684B - 磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法。该方法依次包含电极预处理、电聚合溶液预组装、经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极、电聚合形成印记聚合物以及模板分子洗脱步骤。本发明分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法操作简便、价格低廉、响应灵敏、抗干扰能力强、稳定性和重现性良好,可实现血浆、尿液中肌酸酐的高效、灵敏和快速检测,对临床肾脏疾病的诊断与监测有重要意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于分析检测技术领域,具体涉及一种磁场诱导自组装的肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法。
背景技术
肌酸酐(Creatinine,Cr),是肌酸和磷酸肌酸代谢的终产物,它主要由肌肉中磷酸肌酸的非酶促反应生成。肾功能是肾脏排泄体内代谢废物,维持机体电解质稳定及酸碱平衡的功能,而血肌酸酐是反映肾功能的一项重要指标[1,2]。目前,临床血肌酸酐检测主要有两种方法:苦味酸法和酶测定法[3]。苦味酸法测定肌酸酐易受内源性物质的干扰,酶法测定中使用酶的价格昂贵,不适用于常规化验使用。研制一种安全、快速、准确且简便的肌酸酐检测方法尤为重要。
体内肌酸酐的检测受内源性物质(如肌酸、尿酸、抗坏血酸等)的干扰,需要一个预处理过程以减少基质影响并实现目标物富集。近年来备受热宠的分子印记技术(molecularlyimprinted technology,MIT)能够高效地从复杂基质中分离富集目标分子清除基体干扰,从而降低检出限,提高分析的精度和准确性,正好为这一难题的解决带来了可能。由于其具有结构预定性、特异识别性和广泛实用性等特点而在各个领域有迅猛的发展,特别是在分析方面的应用得到了长足进步。分子印记聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymers,MIPs)成功用于复杂基质中分析物的富集和分离已见诸报道。其广泛应用于色谱分离、传感器、固相萃取、固相微萃取、固相分散萃取及其他领域。
传感器是一种重要的电子器件,随着分析要求的不断提高,它在临床诊断、环境分析、食品分析和产品检测中越来越受到人们的关注。其中电化学传感器(Electrochemicalsensors,ES)灵敏度高、设计简单、价格低廉、有良好的稳定性及重复利用性、可实现实时监测因而应用广泛。但选择性差成为其发展的瓶颈,而MIPs具有专一性强、抗恶劣环境能力强的特点,将二者结合在一起相得益彰,在食品检验、环境监测、化学品和医药生产中具有很大的应用前景。分子印记聚合物用作传感器的敏感材料已成为分子印记技术的一个重要应用,人们把这种以分子印记聚合物作为敏感材料的电化学传感器称为分子印记电化学传感器(Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor,MIES)。MIES与近年来研究较多的生物敏感材料电化学传感器相比,不易被生物降解破坏,可重复利用,制备简单,并且耐高温、高压、酸、碱和有机溶剂,因此有望成为生物材料的理想替代品。
科学家在酸性条件下获得具有导电性的聚苯胺(polyanilin,PANI)以来,PANI因具有多样的结构,独特的掺杂机制、优异的物理化学性能、良好的稳定性和原料的价廉易得等优点,而成为聚合物研究的热点[27]。虽然制备PANI的方法有很多,但因制备工艺和合成条件的差异,造成PANI导电性,形态,性能等方面都具有较大的差异。与化学法相比,电化学方法合成的PANI具有反应条件温和,易于控制;产品纯度高,污染小;电化学聚合与电化学掺杂可以一步完成等优势。电聚合制备的PANI绿色膜层稳定、完整、致密,导电性好,与基体的结合度高,大大增加了电极的比表面积,利用该性质可以制备具高灵敏度的MIPs膜。
分子自组装(Molecular self-assembly,MSA)是当今最活跃的纳米科学领域之一,也是近年来倍受重视的国际前沿课题[4,5]。因其具有具有可原位自发形成,热力学稳定,覆盖度高缺陷少,分子有序排列,可人为设计载体表面结构,简单易得等主要特征,利用MSA制备电化学元件已成为了当今研究的热点。而随着人们对粒子在磁场下取向行为的认识逐步走向成熟,磁场已经成为一种新型的自组装动力。利用磁场诱导粒子自组装形成结构高度有序的新型材料已经成为研究的新方向。众所周知,磁场能改变磁性粒子的各向异性,在磁场磁化力作用下,使得磁性颗粒的易磁化轴沿着磁场方向一致排列,形成一维有序的磁性纳米结构。将磁场诱导自组装(Magnetic field induced self-assembly,MFISA)技术引入MIPs的制备为形成结构有序,厚度可控的聚合物膜创造了有利条件[6]。将磁场诱导自组装技术用于肌酸酐分子印记电化学传感器的制备还未见报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种操作简便、价格低廉、响应灵敏、抗干扰能力强、稳定性和重现性良好,可实现血浆,尿液中肌酸酐的高效、灵敏和快速检测的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器的制备方法。该方法结合纳米技术、磁场诱导自组装技术、分子印记技术和电化学传感技术,电聚合形成导电塑料聚苯胺制备新型肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器。通过本发明制备方法制备得到的分子印记膜电化学传感器对临床肾脏疾病的监测有重要意义。
本发明的目的是通过以下方式实现的:
一种磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法包括以下步骤:
a)电极预处理:磁性玻碳电极经A12O3悬浊液抛光后清洗;
b)Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子与印记层氢键复合物共同预组装:将含苯胺的硫酸溶液、肌酸酐和Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的混合水溶液,充氮密封后,室温避光环境中放置2~8h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液;其中肌酸酐与苯胺及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的质量浓度比为1:8~16:0.5~1.2;Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子在预组装液中的浓度为0.2~0.7mg mL-1;
c)经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极:氮吹含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液后,插入步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极,吸附5~20min;
d)电聚合形成印记聚合物:以恒电位法在0.3~0.8V下电聚合,电聚合后,取出,用去离子水反复淋洗电极,氮气吹干;
e)洗脱模板分子:以恒电位法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的肌酸酐。
步骤“a)”中磁性玻碳电极经A12O3悬浊液抛光后依次用无水乙醇、去离子水超声清洗。
步骤“b)”中所述的含苯胺的硫酸溶液中苯胺和硫酸的摩尔比为1:5~1:20。
步骤“c)”中氮吹时间为10~30min。步骤“c)”中插入磁性电极吸附时间为5~20min此吸附过程为磁场诱导自组装的过程。
步骤“d)”中恒电位为0.3~0.8V,恒电位聚合时间为300~800s。
步骤“e)”中恒电位条件为-0.4V,电化学洗脱的时间为2~8min。步骤“e)”中H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1。
本发明采用的Fe3O4纳米粒的制备方法:称取6g六水合氯化铁和5g四水合氯化亚铁于250mL三颈瓶中,加入双蒸水200mL,快速搅拌均匀,同时升温至60℃,搅拌约半小时后,加入50mL浓度为2mol L-1的NaOH水溶液,保持pH10,同时升温至90℃,剧烈搅拌反应1-2h。将制备得到的液体室温下晶化半小时后常规磁力分离方法进行磁力分离,弃掉上层清液,用双蒸水反复洗涤至中性。在50℃下真空干燥,得Fe3O4纳米粒。
Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的制备方法:在250mL的烧杯中加入Fe3O4纳米粒(上一步中制备得到的Fe3O4纳米粒总量),并加入50mL浓度为2mol L-1的盐酸,搅拌15-30min后,加入6mL苯胺,搅拌分散半小时后,超声条件下滴加(每半分钟一滴)10mL浓度为0.2mol L-1的过硫酸铵水溶液,并控制温度在0-8℃下反应2-3h,得墨绿色液体。常规磁力分离方法磁力分离,弃掉上层液体,分别用2mol L-1的盐酸,乙醇,双蒸水洗涤三到四次,真空干燥12~24h,得Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子。
通过以下方法对本发明电化学传感器进行检测:
电化学检测方法和条件:
循环伏安法(CV)法:检测电位范围为-0.1~0.8V,扫描速率为80mV·s-1。
差示脉冲法(DPV)法:检测电位范围为-0.3~0.7V,电位增量为0.004V,振幅为
0.06V,脉冲宽度为0.2s,采样宽度为0.04s,静止时间为4s。
探针溶液:含1mmol L-1铁氰化钾的0.1mol·L-1KCl溶液。
测试前电极在0.45mol L-1H2SO4溶液中电洗脱至背景电流恢复。为使吸附完全,实验中可选择肌酸酐酸富集时间为20min。
3.采用磁场诱导的肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器(按照实施例方法制备得到)对已知浓度溶液的静态吸附测试:制备好的MIES在取浓度范围分别为2.0×10-8-1.0×10-6mol·L-1的肌酸酐溶液进行测试,所测得浓度分别在2.0×10-8-1.0×10-6mol·L-1成较好的线性,计算可知检测限为0.35nmol·L-1(S/N=3)。
4.测样过程:取医院获得空白血浆以及健康受试者尿样,预处理后将其配制pH6.5的PBS溶液,采用DPV法测定样品中肌酸酐的浓度。
5.稳定性和重现性:平行制备5根按照实施例1方法制备得到的电化学传感器(MIES),测定0.5μmol L-1肌酸酐PBS溶液吸附后的Ip,RSD为3.8%;同一根MIES重复测定10次,响应电流RSD为1.9%。表明MIES制备方法重现性好,且测定重复性优良;另将MIES干燥后4°C冰箱保存15天,其电流响应降为初始时的92%,30天后电流响应下降低于10%,表明所制备的MIES稳定性较好。
本发明首次采用自组装技术的研究前沿磁场诱导自组装技术,以磁场诱导聚苯胺包覆的Fe3O4纳米粒自组装修饰电极。在磁场的作用下,Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子沿着外磁场方向组装成结构有序的网络结构。调节Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的浓度可实现在分子水平上控制薄膜的厚度、组成及结构,其修饰后不仅大大增强了电极的灵敏度,也为MIPs膜有序结构的形成创造了有利条件。在此修饰电极表面以肌酸酐为模板分子,苯胺为功能单体和交联剂,恒电位聚合制备出对肌酸酐具有高效识别性的高灵敏分子印记电化学传感器,并实现了血浆及尿液样品中肌酸酐的灵敏检测。该方法快捷简便,具有良好回收率和重现性,为临床血/尿肌酸酐的监测提供了一种新方法。
与现有技术比较本发明的有益效果:
1.将分子印记与电化学传感器结合,提高了电化学传感器的选择性,实现了血浆及尿液样品中肌酸酐的灵敏检测。
2.采用磁场诱导自组装技术,可以通过调节Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的浓度在分子水平上灵活控制聚合物膜的厚度。磁力自组装时间缩短,且制备方便、操作简单、价格低廉,同时也为MIPs膜有序结构的形成创造了有利条件。
3.Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子增大了电极比表面积,其修饰后大大增强了电极的灵敏度。
4.采用电聚合制备的聚苯胺绿色膜层稳定、完整、致密,导电性好,与基体的结合情况较好,利用该性质可以制备具高灵敏度的分子印记聚合物膜。
附图说明
图1为将裸电极磁场诱导自组装制备的电极CV图叠加比较。
a裸电极,b分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤洗脱模板分子肌酸酐前),c分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤洗脱模板分子肌酸酐后),d分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤吸附模板分子肌酸酐后)。由于聚苯胺为天然导电性材料,因此电聚合形成MIPs膜之后,充电电流明显增大。除铁氰化钾0.14V与0.22V处的氧化还原峰之外,在0.39V与0.48V出现了一对氧化还原峰,推测为PANI的氧化还原峰。模板分子洗脱后,探针分子可通过印迹孔穴与电极接触而氧化还原,充电电流继续放大,0.39V与0.48V处的峰明显增强。模板分子洗脱后,探针分子可通过印记孔穴与电极接触而氧化还原,充电电流继续放大。MIES吸附模板分子Cr后,孔穴被堵塞,探针分子不能到达电极表面,因此铁氰化钾氧化还原峰电流响应明显降低,基本恢复到洗脱之前的水平,而PANI的氧化还原峰几乎无变化。
图2为实施例1的MIES制备各阶段在铁氰化钾探针溶液中的交流阻抗响应。
a裸电极,b分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤洗脱模板分子肌酸酐前),c分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤洗脱模板分子肌酸酐后),d分子印记传感器(按照实施例1的制备步骤吸附模板分子肌酸酐后)。电极经过磁场诱导Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子修饰并电聚合后,电极阻抗大大降低,说明形成的聚苯胺导电性膜导电性良好。经过模板分子洗脱后,电极阻抗再次降低,证明模板分子被洗脱而形成相应印记孔穴。而经过模板分子吸附过程之后,电极阻抗大大增加,证实模板分子进入了印记空穴阻碍铁氰化钾探针分子到达电极表面氧化还原。
图3为选择性吸附实验结果示意图。
本实验中选择另外5种人体内常见干扰物(抗坏血酸,胆红素,肌氨酸,肌酸,尿酸)考察了按照实施例1方法制备得到的MIES和非分子印记电化学传感器(NIES)的选择性能:以DPV法测定电极在0.5μmol L-1肌酸酐溶液中吸附后的电流响应,记录峰电流值Ip;同法分别测定电极在含0.5μmol L-1肌酸酐与50μmol L-1干扰物的混合溶液中吸附后峰电流值Ip,结果(图3)表明100倍浓度干扰物对MIES测定肌酸酐的电流响应影响很小。计算MIES在各种情况下Ip值有差异而NIES则几乎一致,表明Ip的变化是由于聚合物中的印记孔穴造成的。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例对本发明做进一步解释说明:
药品与试剂:Al2O3(0.05μm,上海辰华仪器有限公司),肌酸酐(深圳市美凯特科技有限公司),无水肌酸、肌氨酸、胆红素(阿拉丁试剂公司),维生素C、尿酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),氯化钾(KCl)、铁氰化钾(K3Fe(CN)6)(分析纯,上海新宝精细化工厂),无水乙醇(分析纯,国家集团化学试剂有限公司),六水合氯化铁(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),四水合氯化亚铁(温州市化学用料厂),过硫酸铵(上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司),氢氧化钠(NaOH,南京化学试剂有限公司),盐酸(HCl,溧阳东方化学试剂有限公司),醋酸钠(NaAc,分析纯,上海试四赫维化工有限公司),醋酸(HAc)(分析纯,国家集团化学试剂有限公司),苯胺(ani,分析纯,上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司),硫酸(H2SO4,上海化学试剂有限公司),实验用水为二次蒸馏水。磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4,分析纯,南京化学试剂有限公司),磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4)(分析纯,上海凌峰化学有限公司)。检测样品为从医院获得空白血浆以及健康受试者尿样。
实施例1
a)电极预处理:磁性圆盘玻碳电极(天津英科联合科技有限公司生产)(Φ=5mm)经0.05μm的A12O3悬浊液抛光后,依次用无水乙醇清洗2min、去离子水超声清洗2min;
b)Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子与印记层氢键复合物共同预组装:配制含30mmol·L-1苯胺(溶于0.45mol·L-1H2SO4水溶液中),2mmol·L-1肌酸酐和1.25mg Fe3O4PANI纳米粒的混合水溶液5mL,充氮后密封,室温避光环境中放置3h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液,完成功能单体,模板分子与Fe3O4PANI的预组装;
c)经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极:取含有功能单体苯胺,肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI的预组装液,氮吹10min后,插入经步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极吸附5min;
d)电聚合形成印记聚合物:接步骤c,再以恒电位方法在0.3V下电聚合300s,电极取出后,去离子水反复淋洗,氮气吹干。
e)洗脱模板分子:以恒电位方法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱5min,恒电位条件为-0.4V,H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的模板分子肌酸酐。
实施例2
a)电极预处理:磁性圆盘玻碳电极(Φ=5mm)经0.05μm的A12O3悬浊液抛光后,依次用无水乙醇清洗2min、去离子水超声清洗2min。
b)Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子与印记层氢键复合物共同预组装:配制含36mmol·L-1苯胺(溶于0.45mol·L-1H2SO4),2mmol·L-1肌酸酐和1.25mg Fe3O4PANI纳米粒的混合水溶液5mL,充氮后密封,室温避光环境中放置5h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液,完成功能单体,模板分子与Fe3O4PANI的预组装。
c)经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极:取含有功能单体苯胺,肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI的预组装液,氮吹15min后,插入经步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极吸附15min;
d)电聚合形成印记聚合物:接步骤c,再以恒电位方法在0.8V下电聚合800s,取出后,去离子水反复淋洗,氮气吹干。
e)洗脱模板分子:将电聚合后电极以恒电位方法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱5min,恒电位条件为-0.4V,H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的模板分子肌酸酐。
实施例3
a)电极预处理:磁性圆盘玻碳电极(Φ=5mm)经0.05μm的A12O3悬浊液抛光后,依次用无水乙醇清洗2min、去离子水超声清洗2min。
b)Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子与印记层氢键复合物共同预组装:配制含45mmol·L-1苯胺(溶于0.45mol·L-1H2SO4),2.5mmol·L-1肌酸酐和1.25mg Fe3O4PANI纳米粒的混合水溶液5mL,充氮后密封,室温避光环境中放置6h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液,完成功能单体,模板分子与Fe3O4PANI的预组装。。
c)经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极:取含有功能单体苯胺,肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI的预组装液,氮吹15min后,插入经步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极吸附15min。
d)电聚合形成印记聚合物:接步骤c,再以恒电位方法在0.8V下电聚合500s,取出后,去离子水反复淋洗,氮气吹干。
e)洗脱模板分子:以恒电位方法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱3min,恒电位条件为-0.4V,H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的模板分子肌酸酐。
实施例4
a)电极预处理:磁性圆盘玻碳电极(Φ=5mm)经0.05μm的A12O3悬浊液抛光后,依次用无水乙醇清洗2min、去离子水超声清洗2min。
b)Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子与印记层氢键复合物共同预组装:配制含45mmol·L-1苯胺(溶于0.45mol·L-1H2SO4),2.5mmol·L-1肌酸酐和1.5mg Fe3O4PANI纳米粒的混合水溶液5mL,充氮后密封,室温避光环境中放置7h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液,完成功能单体,模板分子与Fe3O4PANI的预组装。
c)经磁场诱导自组装修饰电极:取含有功能单体苯胺,肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI的预组装液,氮吹20min后,插入经步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极吸附15min。
d)电聚合形成印记聚合物:接步骤c,再以恒电位方法在0.6V下电聚合600s,取出后,去离子水反复淋洗,氮气吹干。
e)洗脱模板分子:以恒电位方法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱5min,恒电位条件为-0.4V,H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的模板分子肌酸酐。
实施例2-4与实施例1有相同或类似的效果。
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Claims (8)
1.一种磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤:
a) 磁性玻碳电极经A12O3 悬浊液抛光后清洗;
b) 将含苯胺的硫酸溶液、肌酸酐和Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的混合水溶液,充氮密封后,室温避光环境中放置2~8 h得到含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液;其中肌酸酐与苯胺及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的质量浓度比为1:8~16:0.5~1.2;Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子在预组装液中的浓度为0.2~0.7mg mL-1;
c) 氮吹含有苯胺、肌酸酐以及Fe3O4PANI复合纳米粒子的预组装液后,插入经步骤“a)”处理后的磁性电极,吸附5 ~20min;
d) 以恒电位法在0.3~0.8 V下电聚合,电聚合后,取出,去离子水反复淋洗电极,氮气吹干;
e) 以恒电位法在H2SO4溶液中电化学洗脱,继而用大量双蒸水反复冲洗,去除电极上的肌酸酐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“a)”中磁性玻碳电极经A12O3 悬浊液抛光后依次用无水乙醇、去离子水超声清洗。
3.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“b)”中所述的含苯胺的硫酸溶液中苯胺和硫酸的摩尔比为1:5~1:20。
4.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“c)”中氮吹时间为10~30 min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“d)” 中恒电位聚合时间为300~800 s。
6.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“e)”中电化学洗脱的时间为2~8 min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“e)”中恒电位条件为-0.4V。
8.根据权利要求1所述的磁场诱导自组装肌酸酐分子印记膜电化学传感器制备方法,其特征在于步骤“e)”中H2SO4溶液的浓度为0.45mol L-1。
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