CN103336978A - RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) label radio frequency fingerprint identification system - Google Patents
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) label radio frequency fingerprint identification system Download PDFInfo
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- CN103336978A CN103336978A CN201310276353XA CN201310276353A CN103336978A CN 103336978 A CN103336978 A CN 103336978A CN 201310276353X A CN201310276353X A CN 201310276353XA CN 201310276353 A CN201310276353 A CN 201310276353A CN 103336978 A CN103336978 A CN 103336978A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) label radio frequency fingerprint identification system. The system comprises an RFID lable electromagnetic sensing signal obtained via close coupling, a band-pass filter (BPF) for filtering the signal, a subcarrier lower sideband signal or upper sideband signal output by the BPF, a multiplying unit M for performing quadrature down-conversion of the signal to form an I-path signal and a Q-path signal, a low-pass filter (LPF) for performing low-pass filtering of the I-path signal and the Q-path signal, a signal output by the LPF, a complex signal formed by compounding signals, and a converter for abstracting frequency departure and impact response radio frequency fingerprints. A relevant method comprises the steps as follows: performing Fourier transform of the complex signal r(t); performing module and logarithm operation of the transferred signal to obtain the signals; filtering the signals and obtaining radio frequency fingerprint (RFF). The invention has the advantages that the system is not sensitive to the precision of detection of the starting point of received signals and has time translation immutability and robustness, and the information safety intensity of the RFID system can be enhanced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to radio-frequency fingerprint authentication techniques field, relate in particular to a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System and radio-frequency fingerprint transform method thereof.
Background technology
Rfid system generally is made of read write line, label and background management system.Carry out radio communication by having open air medium between read write line and the label in the rfid system; therefore may face the clone, distort, eavesdrop, attacks such as personation, denial of service, desynchronization and re-transmission; thereby bring system information safety and privacy of user protection problem, this has become one of key issue of restriction RFID development.Power free nearly Coupled RF ID label has obtained widespread use in electronic ID card, E-Passport, supply chain system.The resource of nearly Coupled RF ID label is generally extremely limited, and traditional security mechanism based on password and agreement is difficult to be applied directly in the rfid system.For this reason, large quantities of lightweights that run on application layer and extra lightweight password and security protocol are suggested successively.Yet, studies show that the numerical information in the RFID label easily is replicated; And, also have security breaches easily based on the application layer authentication agreement of numerical information.
The authentication of communicating pair is the basis and key of information security and secret protection.In recent years, the non-cipher authentication technique that runs on Physical layer is proposed for information security and the secret protection of wireless device.Radio transition equipment identification based on radio-frequency fingerprint (Radio Frequency Fingerprint is called for short RFF) is one of non-cipher authentication technique with checking.RFF is the conversion that receives radio signals of carrying the radio transition equipment hardware information, and this conversion embodies the hardware character of radio transition equipment and has comparability.
There are some researches show, label is applied various excitations, the radiofrequency signal according to the label response extracts the label radio-frequency fingerprint again, and then carries out tag recognition, has obtained 2.43% average misclassification rate.Research to the label radio-frequency fingerprint at present also comprises: as fingerprint, can detect minimum power response under the different frequency of nearly Coupled RF ID label to clone's label with very high accuracy; Nearly Coupled RF ID label signal is carried out wavelet transformation, and then can obtain the smart-tag authentication based on the small echo fingerprint.Although these researchs have mostly obtained experimental result preferably, exist: need to increase extras, occupying volume external spectrum, sampling rate height simultaneously to defectives such as signal starting point accuracy of detection sensitivities.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to propose a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint transform method for the information security intensity that strengthens rfid system.Above-mentioned purpose realizes by following technical proposals.
Described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System comprises:
Given the electromagnetic induction signal x (t) of read write line by the RFID tag feedback of gathering under the described nearly couple state;
Described signal x (t) is carried out the bandpass filter BPF of bandpass filtering;
Subcarrier lower sideband signal or upper side band signal x by bandpass filter BPF output
1(t);
To described signal x
1(t) carry out the multiplier M that quadrature frequency conversion forms I road and Q road signal;
Described I road and Q road signal are carried out the low-pass filter LPF of low-pass filtering;
Signal x by low-pass filter LPF output
I(t), x
Q(t);
By described signal x
I(t) and signal x
Q(t) the complex signal r that is compounded to form (t);
With the radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T that described complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response feature extraction.
The further design of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is that the signal of described read write line emission is ISO14443A RFID signal.
The further design of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is that described digital carrier o (t) is:
o(t)＝cos[2π(f
T-f
s)t]；
Wherein: f
TCarrier frequency for standard code; f
sBe the negative carrier frequency.
The further design of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is, described signal x
1(t) behavioral scaling is described as:
x
1(t)＝m(t)*h
tx(t)·cos[2π(f
T-f
s+Δf)t]+n(t)；
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband information signal of RFID label transmission; h
Tx(t) be the EU Equivalent Unit shock response of label transtation mission circuit; f
T-f
sLower sideband frequency for standard code; Δ f is rfid system actual resonance frequency and f
T-f
sBetween difference on the frequency; N (t) is additive white Gaussian noise.Because x
1(t) be label and the read write line coupled signal under closely, thereby the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) height; So can ignore the effect of n (t) signal here.
The further design of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is that described complex signal r (t) is by described signal x
I(t), x
Q(t) carry out following being compounded to form,
r(t)＝x
I(t)-j·x
Q(t)。
Above-mentioned radio-frequency fingerprint transformation system comprises the method that radio-frequency fingerprint carries out conversion:
Complex signal r (t) is carried out Fourier transform, and acquisition respective signal R (f) is:
R(f)＝M(f)·H
tx(f-Δf)；
Above-mentioned signal R (f) is asked mould and logarithm operation, picked up signal log[|R (f) |] be:
log[|R(f)|]＝log[|M(f)|]+log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|]；
To above-mentioned signal log[|R (f) |] carry out low-pass filtering, the fast variation amount of filtering, the radio-frequency fingerprint RFF that obtains having the label of frequency deviation and shock response feature is:
LPF{log[|R(f)|]}＝LPF{log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|]}；
Wherein, M (f) and H
Tx(f) be respectively m (t) and h
Tx(t) Fourier transform.
System of the present invention provides a kind of frequency deviation and shock response radio-frequency fingerprint transform method with label physical features for the fusion recognition of RFID label, by Δ f and the h of label hardware physical features decision
Tx(t) have uniqueness and stability, thereby strengthened the information security intensity of rfid system.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the frequency spectrum of ISO14443A radiofrequency signal.
Fig. 3 is ISO14443A radiofrequency signal sample.
Fig. 4 is a kind of radiofrequency signal hardware system synoptic diagram that closely is coupled.
Fig. 5 is the local signal of radiofrequency signal conversion experiment
Fig. 6 is that the eigenvector of four labels distributes and differentiation interface synoptic diagram.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is elaborated.
Contrast Fig. 1, RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System of the present invention is based on the RFIDRFF Verification System of software radio, and it comprises: electromagnetic induction signal x (t), bandpass filter BPF, lower sideband signal or upper side band signal x
1(t), multiplier M, low-pass filter LPF, low-pass signal x
I(t), x
Q(t), complex signal r (t) and radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T; Electromagnetic induction signal x (t) is the signal that the RFID tag feedback that obtains under nearly couple state is given read write line, and bandpass filter BPF carries out bandpass filtering to described signal x (t), the subcarrier lower sideband signal of output or upper side band signal x
1(t), signal x
1(t) through the digital carrier o of multiplier M (t) quadrature frequency conversion, form I road and the Q road signal of 90 ° of phase differential, low-pass filter LPF carries out low-pass filtering respectively to this two paths of signals, and the corresponding output of low-pass filter LPF low-pass signal is x
I(t), x
Q(t), this two low-pass signal is carried out compound, constitute complex signal r (t), by radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T this complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response feature extraction, thereby obtain corresponding radio-frequency fingerprint RFF.
In the invention described above system, the signal of read write line emission can adopt ISO14443A electronic tag (RFID) signal, and during work, read write line sends electromagnetic field, and label obtains power supply by electromagnetic induction; Carry out the bidirectional information transmission by load-modulate between read write line and the label, the additional load resistance of label switches on and off with certain clock frequency, thereby forms two subcarrier spectral lines in read write line transmission frequency both sides; The label base band data transmission modulates to finish by subcarrier is carried out amplitude-shift keying, frequency shift keying or phase-shift keying (PSK).ISO14443A is a kind of standard of rfid system of closely being coupled, and its spectrum diagram as shown in Figure 2.f
T=13.56MHz is the read write line carrier frequency, f
s=847.5KHz is subcarrier frequency, and actual information is included in two upper and lower sidebands of subcarrier.Actual radio frequency signal of ISO14443A system and postpone demodulation result as shown in Figure 3.Wherein figure (a) is the once complete session radiofrequency signal of gathering at ISO14443A reading and writing device antenna place, at first is that read write line sends interrogating signal, then is the frame delay stage, is tag response signal at last; Figure (b) is the delay demodulation result of last figure; Figure (c) is the partial enlarged drawing of figure (b).
The RFID tag feedback of gathering under nearly couple state is given the electromagnetic signal x (t) of rfid interrogator, the subcarrier lower sideband or the upper side band signal x that form after this signal x (t) process bandpass filter BPF filtering
1(t), produce principle and its frequency spectrum, signal x according to label signal
1(t) but behavioral scaling be described as:
x
1(t)＝m(t)*h
tx(t)·cos[2π(f
T-f
s+Δf)t]+n(t) （1）
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband digital signal of RFID label transmission; h
Tx(t) be the EU Equivalent Unit shock response of label transtation mission circuit; f
TWith f
sBe respectively carrier wave and the negative carrier frequency of standard code, f
T-f
sLower sideband frequency for standard code; Δ f is rfid system actual resonance frequency and f
T-f
sBetween difference on the frequency; * represent convolution algorithm; N (t) is additive white Gaussian noise.Because x
1(t) be label and the read write line coupled signal under closely, thereby the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) height; So can ignore the effect of n (t) signal here.
Above-mentioned signal x
1(t) through the quadrature frequency conversion based on multiplier M and digital carrier o (t), form I road and Q road two paths of signals.Used digital carrier o (t) is:
o(t)＝cos[2π(f
T-f
s)t] （2）
Certain signal x
1(t) also can carry out quadrature frequency conversion by other digital carriers, for example o ＇ (t)=sin π [2f
T-(f
sT.I road and Q road two paths of signals after low pass filter LPF filtering, the corresponding low-pass signal x of formation
I(t), x
Q(t), this low-pass signal x
I(t), x
Q(t) essence is baseband signal, and these two-way orthogonal signal can adopt following manner to make up, and constitutes complex signal r (t) to be:
r(t)＝x
I(t)-j·x
Q(t) （3）
Certain signal x
I(t), x
Q(t) two paths of signals also can make up by other means, forms complex signal r (t).
Complex signal r (t) carries out the radio-frequency fingerprint conversion through radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T, and its conversion comprises:
At first, complex signal r (t) is carried out Fourier transform, acquisition respective signal R (f) is:
R(f)＝M(f)·H
tx(f-Δf) （4）
Wherein, M (f) and H
Tx(f) be respectively m (t) and h
Tx(t) Fourier transform.
Then, above-mentioned signal R (f) is asked mould and logarithm operation, picked up signal log[|R (f) |] be:
log[|R(f)|]＝log[|M(f)|]+log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|] （5）
Because the baseband digital signal m (t) that label sends is equivalently represented be
And b (k) is that { ± 1}, δ (t) are unit-pulse signal to binary sequence, T in this formula
bBe bit interval, so log[|M (f) in (5) |] can be considered fast variation amount; In addition, according to Circuit theory, log[|H
Tx(f-Δ f) |] be slow component.
At last, to above-mentioned signal log[|R (f) |] carry out low-pass filtering, filtering the fast variation amount in the formula (5), then the radio-frequency fingerprint RFF of Huo Deing is:
LPF{log[|R(f)|]}＝LPF{log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|]} （6）
By following formula as can be known, radio-frequency fingerprint RFF is mainly by RFID label equivalent system shock response h
Tx(t) determine with frequency deviation Δ f is unique.Therefore, LPF{log[|R (f) |] } can be used as a kind of RFF for the authentication of nearly Coupled RF ID label.
The present application people produces the authentication that experimentizes of the radio-frequency fingerprint RFF impact of performance to the present invention.
Experiment 1
This experiment is to be undertaken by closely coupling standard of ISO14443A RFID, and hardware system such as Fig. 4 comprise rfid interrogator, label, oscillograph, computing machine and antenna etc.; Radio software system is Verification System as shown in Figure 1.Computing machine is controlled the ISO14443A rfid interrogator; The radio frequency oscillograph is the power section 432 of bandwidth 2GHz, and sampling rate is 250MSps, external 13.56M aerial coil, and the signal of radio frequency oscillograph collection is delivered to computing machine by cable network and is handled.
Experimentize to gathering label radio frequency induction signal according to proposing nearly Coupled RF ID label frequency deviation and shock response RFF transform method.Wherein the lower sideband bandwidth is taken as 954KHz, and the down coversion carrier frequency is 12.7125MHz.The local signal of one secondary label frequency deviation and shock response RFF conversion experiment intermediate result as shown in Figure 5.(a) figure wherein is the lower sideband signal x of x (t)
1(t); (b) figure is respectively RFID RFF Verification System with (c) figure and handles the I road signal x that obtains
I(t) with Q road signal x
Q(t); (d) figure is the logarithm operation log[|R (f) as a result of the amplitude-frequency spectrum of structure complex signal r (t) |], by figure (d) as can be known, it comprises abundant fast variation amount; Figure (e) be log[|R (f) |] low-pass filtering after signal, intercept its true amplitude part, i.e. nearly Coupled RF ID label frequency deviation and shock response RFF of Ti Chuing.
The same producer of picked at random is designated as PICC-1, PICC-2, PICC-3 and PICC-4 with 4 a series of ISO1444A labels, carries out nearly Coupled RF ID label frequency deviation and shock response RFF conversion experiment.Each label is gathered 50 radiofrequency signals, and is transformed to frequency deviation and shock response RFFLPF{log[|R (f) respectively |] }.To each LPF{log[|R (f) |] } carry out the feature extraction based on similar factors, the eigenvector of acquisition is designated as [C
R1, C
R2].200 [C of 4 labels
R1, C
R2] distribute and differentiate the interface as shown in Figure 6.
Derived as can be known by theory, frequency deviation and shock response RFF are determined by the hardware physical attribute of label that mainly irrelevant with baseband digital signal, the starting point accuracy of detection is insensitive to received signal, possesses robustness.Above-mentioned experimental verification theoretical analysis and numerical simulation result.
Claims (6)
1. RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is characterized in that comprising:
Given the electromagnetic induction signal x (t) of read write line by the RFID tag feedback of gathering under the described nearly couple state;
Described signal x (t) is carried out the bandpass filter BPF of bandpass filtering;
Subcarrier lower sideband signal or upper side band signal x by bandpass filter BPF output
1(t);
To described signal x
1(t) carry out the multiplier M that quadrature frequency conversion forms I road and Q road signal;
Described I road and Q road signal are carried out the low-pass filter LPF of low-pass filtering;
Signal x by low-pass filter LPF output
I(t), x
Q(t);
By described signal x
I(t) and signal x
Q(t) the complex signal r that is compounded to form (t);
With the radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T that described complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response extraction.
2. a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint transform method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the signal of described read write line emission is ISO14443A RFID signal.
3. a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint transform method according to claim 2 is characterized in that described quadrature frequency conversion is based on the quadrature frequency conversion of digital carrier o (t), and described digital carrier o (t) is:
o(t)＝cos[2π(f
T-f
s)t]；
Wherein: f
TCarrier frequency for standard code; f
sBe the negative carrier frequency.
4. a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint transform method according to claim 2 is characterized in that described signal x
1(t) behavioral scaling is described as:
x
1(t)＝m(t)*h
tx(t)·cos[2π(f
T-f
s+Δf)t]+n(t)；
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband information signal of RFID label transmission; h
Tx(t) be the EU Equivalent Unit shock response of label transtation mission circuit; f
T-f
sLower sideband frequency for standard code; Δ f is rfid system actual resonance frequency and f
T-f
sBetween difference on the frequency; N (t) is additive white Gaussian noise.Because x
1(t) be label and the read write line coupled signal under closely, thereby the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) height; So can ignore the effect of n (t) signal here.
5. according to claim 3 or 4 described a kind of RFID label radio-frequency fingerprint transform methods, it is characterized in that described complex signal r (t) is by described signal x
I(t), x
Q(t) carry out following being compounded to form,
r(t)＝x
I(t)-j·x
Q(t)。
6. as the radio-frequency fingerprint transform method of system as described in the claim 5, it is characterized in that the described complex signal r of radio-frequency fingerprint transducer RFF-T (t) carries out the radio-frequency fingerprint conversion, comprising:
To complex signal r (t) Fourier transform, acquisition respective signal R (f) is:
R(f)＝M(f)·H
tx(f-Δf)；
Above-mentioned signal R (f) is asked mould and logarithm operation, picked up signal log[|R (f) |] be:
log[|R(f)|]＝log[|M(f)|]+log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|]；
To above-mentioned signal log[|R (f) |] carry out low-pass filtering, the fast variation amount of filtering, the radio-frequency fingerprint RFF that obtains having the label of frequency deviation and shock response feature is:
LPF{log[|R(f)|]}＝LPF{log[|H
tx(f-Δf)|]}；
Wherein, M (f) and H
Tx(f) be respectively m (t) and h
Tx(t) Fourier transform.
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| CN107111755A (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2017-08-29 | 摩福公司 | The video personation detection method and system evaluated based on liveness |
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| CN102693411A (en) * | 2011-03-25 | 2012-09-26 | 南通大学 | Identification method of wireless transmitter based on RF fingerprints (RFF) |
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| CN102693411A (en) * | 2011-03-25 | 2012-09-26 | 南通大学 | Identification method of wireless transmitter based on RF fingerprints (RFF) |
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| 袁红林: "射频指纹识别系统的数学模型研究", 《通信技术》 * |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107111755A (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2017-08-29 | 摩福公司 | The video personation detection method and system evaluated based on liveness |
| CN107111755B (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2020-07-03 | 摩福公司 | Video counterfeit detection method and system based on liveness evaluation |
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