CN103336978B - A kind of RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System - Google Patents
A kind of RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System.System includes: the RFID label tag electromagnetic induction signal that nearly coupling obtains；Band filter BPF to signal filtering；The subcarrier lower sideband signal of band filter output or upper side band signal；Signal is carried out quadrature frequency conversion and forms I road and the multiplier M of Q road signal；I road and Q road signal are carried out the wave filter LPF of low-pass filtering；The signal that exported by low pass filter LPF,；The complex signal being compounded to form by signal and signal；With the changer that complex signal is carried out frequency deviation and the extraction of shock response radio-frequency fingerprint.The method related to includes: to complex signalr(t) Fourier transform；To conversion signal modulus and logarithm operation, obtain signal；Signal is carried out ripple filter, it is thus achieved that the radio-frequency fingerprint RFF of label.Advantage is, docking collection of letters starting point accuracy of detection is insensitive and possesses time-shifting invariance and robustness, can strengthen the information security intensity of rfid system.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to radio-frequency fingerprint authentication techniques field, particularly relate to a kind of RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System and
Its radio-frequency fingerprint alternative approach.
Background technology
Rfid system is typically made up of with background management system read write line, label.In rfid system read write line and label it
Between by have opening air medium carry out radio communication, it is thus possible to face clone, distort, eavesdrop, palm off, refuse take
Business, desynchronization are attacked with re-transmission etc., thus bring system information safety and privacy of user protection problem, and this has become restriction
One of key issue of RFID development.Power free nearly coupled RFID tag is in electronic ID card, E-Passport, supply chain
System is widely applied.The resource of nearly coupled RFID tag is the most extremely limited, traditional based on password and agreement
Security mechanism is difficult to be applied directly in rfid system.To this end, large quantities of lightweights running on application layer are close with extra lightweight
Code is suggested successively with security protocol.But, research shows, the digital information in RFID label tag is easily replicated；Further, based on number
The most easily there are security breaches in the application layer authentication agreement of word information.
The certification of communicating pair is that the basis of information security and secret protection is with crucial.In recent years, physical layer is run on
Non-cipher authentication technique is proposed for information security and the secret protection of wireless device.Based on radio-frequency fingerprint (Radio
Frequency Fingerprint, is called for short RFF) radio transition equipment identification and checking be one of non-cipher authentication technique.
RFF is the conversion of the reception radio signal carrying radio transition equipment hardware information, and this conversion embodies radio and launches
The hardware character of equipment also has comparability.
There are some researches show, label is applied various excitations, further according to the radiofrequency signal extraction Tag Radio Frequency of label response
Fingerprint, and then carry out tag recognition, obtain the average misclassification rate of 2.43%.Research to Tag Radio Frequency fingerprint at present also includes:
Minimum power under the different frequency of nearly coupled RFID tag is responded as fingerprint, with the highest accuracy, clone's label can be carried out
Detection；Nearly coupled RFID tag signal is carried out wavelet transformation, and then available smart-tag authentication based on small echo fingerprint.Although this
A little researchs mostly achieve preferable experimental result, but also exist: need to increase extras, take extra spectrum, sample rate
Height is simultaneously to defects such as signal starting point accuracy of detection sensitivities.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to propose a kind of RFID label tag radio frequency for strengthening the information security intensity of rfid system refer to
Stricture of vagina alternative approach.Above-mentioned purpose is realized by following technical proposals.
Described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System, including:
Electromagnetic induction signal x (t) of read write line is fed back to by the RFID label tag gathered under described nearly couple state；
Described signal x (t) is carried out the band filter BPF of bandpass filtering；
The subcarrier lower sideband signal exported by band filter BPF or upper side band signal x1(t)；
To described signal x1T () carries out quadrature frequency conversion and forms I road and the multiplier M of Q road signal；
Described I road and Q road signal are carried out the low pass filter LPF of low-pass filtering；
The signal x exported by low pass filter LPFI(t)、xQ(t)；
By described signal xI(t) and signal xQT complex signal r (t) that () is compounded to form；
With the radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T that described complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response feature extraction.
The design further of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is, the signal that described read write line is launched is ISO14443A
RFID signal.
The design further of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is, described digital carrier o (t) is:
O (t)=cos [2 π (fT-fs)t]；
Wherein: fTThe carrier frequency specified for standard；fsFor negative carrier frequency.
The design further of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is, described signal x1T the behavioral scaling of () is described as:
x1(t)=m (t) * htx(t)·cos[2π(fT-fs+Δf)t]+n(t)；
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband information signal that RFID label tag sends；htxT () is the EU Equivalent Unit punching of label transtation mission circuit
Hit response；fT-fsThe lower sideband frequencies specified for standard；Δ f is rfid system actual resonance frequency and fT-fsBetween frequency
Difference；N (t) is additive white Gaussian noise.Due to x1(t) be label with read write line closely under coupled signal, thus signal to noise ratio
High；Therefore the effect of n (t) signal can be ignored here.
The design further of described radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System is, described complex signal r (t) is by described signal xI(t)、
xQT () is compounded to form as follows,
R (t)=xI(t)-j·xQ(t)。
The method that radio-frequency fingerprint is converted by above-mentioned radio-frequency fingerprint transformation system, including:
Complex signal r (t) is carried out Fourier transform, it is thus achieved that to induction signal R (f) be:
R (f)=M (f) Htx(f-Δf)；
Above-mentioned signal R (f) is carried out modulus and logarithm operation, it is thus achieved that signal log [| R (f) |] is:
Log [| R (f) |]=log [| M (f) |]+log [| Htx(f-Δf)|]；
Above-mentioned signal log [| R (f) |] is carried out low-pass filtering, filters fast variation amount, obtain that there is frequency deviation and shock response
The radio-frequency fingerprint RFF of the label of feature is:
LPF{log [| R (f) |] }=LPF{log [| Htx(f-Δf)|]}；
Wherein, M (f) and HtxF () is respectively m (t) and htxThe Fourier transform of (t).
The fusion recognition that present system is RFID label tag provides a kind of frequency deviation with label physical features to ring with impact
Answer radio-frequency fingerprint alternative approach, label hardware physical features Δ f and h determinedtxT () has uniqueness and stability, thus
Enhance the information security intensity of rfid system.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of present system.
Fig. 2 is the frequency spectrum of ISO14443A radiofrequency signal.
Fig. 3 is ISO14443A radiofrequency signal sample.
Fig. 4 is that a kind of radiofrequency signal closely couples hardware system schematic diagram.
Fig. 5 is the local signal of radiofrequency signal conversion experiment
Fig. 6 is the characteristic vector distribution of four labels and differentiates interface schematic diagram.
Detailed description of the invention
With embodiment, the present invention is elaborated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Comparison Fig. 1, the RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System of the present invention is RFIDRFF certification based on software radio
System, it includes: electromagnetic induction signal x (t), band filter BPF, lower sideband signal or upper side band signal x1(t), multiplier
M, low pass filter LPF, low-pass signal xI(t)、xQ(t), complex signal r (t) and radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T；Electromagnetic induction is believed
Number x (t) is the signal that the RFID label tag obtained under nearly couple state feeds back to read write line, and band filter BPF is to described letter
Number x (t) carries out bandpass filtering, the subcarrier lower sideband signal of output or upper side band signal x1(t), signal x1T () is through multiplier M
Digital carrier o (t) quadrature frequency conversion, form the I road of phase contrast 90 ° and Q road signal, this two-way is believed by low pass filter LPF
Number carrying out low-pass filtering respectively, low pass filter LPF correspondence output low-pass signal is xI(t)、xQT (), enters this two low-pass signal
Row is compound, constitutes complex signal r (t), by radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T, this complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response
Feature extraction, thus obtain corresponding radio-frequency fingerprint RFF.
In the invention described above system, the signal that read write line is launched can use ISO14443A electronic tag (RFID) signal, work
When making, read write line sends electromagnetic field, and label obtains power supply by electromagnetic induction；Between read write line and label by load modulate into
Row bidirectional information transmits, and the additional load resistance of label switches on and off with certain clock frequency, thus sends at read write line
Frequency both sides form two subcarrier spectral lines；Label base band data transmission is by carrying out amplitude-shift keying, frequency shift keying to subcarrier
Or phase-shift keying (PSK) modulated.ISO14443A is a kind of standard of nearly coupled RF ID system, its spectrum diagram such as Fig. 2 institute
Show.fT=13.56MHz is read write line carrier frequency, fs=847.5KHz is subcarrier frequency, and actual information is included in two pairs
In the upper and lower sideband of carrier wave.One actual radio frequency signal of ISO14443A system and Delay Demodulation result thereof are as shown in Figure 3.Wherein
Figure (a) is the once complete session radiofrequency signal gathered at ISO14443A reading and writing device antenna, is first that read write line sends inquiry
Signal, is followed by the frame delay stage, is finally tag response signal；Figure (b) is the Delay Demodulation result of upper figure；Figure (c) is figure
The partial enlarged drawing of (b).
The RFID label tag gathered under nearly couple state feeds back to electromagnetic signal x (t) of rfid interrogator, this signal x (t)
The subcarrier lower sideband formed after band filter BPF filters or upper side band signal x1T (), produces former according to label signal
Reason and its frequency spectrum, signal x1T () can be described as by behavioral scaling:
x1(t)=m (t) * htx(t)·cos[2π(fT-fs+ Δ f) t]+n (t) (1)
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband digital signal that RFID label tag sends；htxT () is the EU Equivalent Unit punching of label transtation mission circuit
Hit response；fTWith fsThe carrier wave that the standard of being respectively specifies and negative carrier frequency, fT-fsThe lower sideband frequencies specified for standard；Δf
For rfid system actual resonance frequency and fT-fsBetween difference on the frequency；* convolution algorithm is represented；N (t) is additive white Gaussian noise.
Due to x1(t) be label with read write line closely under coupled signal, thus signal to noise ratio is high；Therefore n (t) signal can be ignored here
Effect.
Above-mentioned signal x1T (), through quadrature frequency conversion based on multiplier M Yu digital carrier o (t), forms I road and Q road two-way
Signal.Digital carrier o (t) used is:
O (t)=cos [2 π (fT-fs) t] (2)
Certainly signal x1T () also can carry out quadrature frequency conversion, such as o ＇ (t)=sin π [2f by other digital carriersT-
(fst.I road and Q road two paths of signals after low pass filter LPF filters, corresponding low-pass signal x of formationI(t)、xQ(t), this low pass
Signal xI(t)、xQT () essence is baseband signal, these two-way orthogonal signalling can use following manner to be combined, and constitutes complex signal r
(t) be:
R (t)=xI(t)-j·xQ(t) (3)
Certainly signal xI(t)、xQT () two paths of signals also can combine by other means, form complex signal r (t).
Complex signal r (t) carries out radio-frequency fingerprint conversion through radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T, and its conversion includes:
First, complex signal r (t) is carried out Fourier transform, it is thus achieved that to induction signal R (f) be:
R (f)=M (f) Htx(f-Δ f) (4)
Wherein, M (f) and HtxF () is respectively m (t) and htxThe Fourier transform of (t).
Then, above-mentioned signal R (f) is carried out modulus and logarithm operation, it is thus achieved that signal log [| R (f) |] is:
Log [| R (f) |]=log [| M (f) |]+log [| Htx(f-Δ f) |] (5)
Owing to baseband digital signal m (t) of label transmission is equivalently represented it isAnd in this formula
B (k) is that { ± 1}, δ (t) are unit pulse signal to binary sequence, TbFor bit interval, so log [| M (f) |] can in (5)
It is considered as fast variation amount；It addition, according to Circuit theory, log [| Htx(f-Δ f) |] is slow component.
Finally, above-mentioned signal log [| R (f) |] is carried out low-pass filtering, filtered the fast variation amount in formula (5), then obtained
Radio-frequency fingerprint RFF be:
LPF{log [| R (f) |] }=LPF{log [| Htx(f-Δ f) |] } (6)
From above formula, radio-frequency fingerprint RFF is mainly by RFID label tag equivalent system shock response htxT () and frequency deviation Δ f are only
One determines.Therefore, LPF{log [| R (f) |] } can be as a kind of RFF for the certification of nearly coupled RFID tag.
Present inventor's radio-frequency fingerprint produced to present invention RFF impact of performance carries out testing certification.
Experiment 1
This experiment is closely to couple standard by ISO14443A RFID to carry out, and hardware system such as Fig. 4, including RFID read-write
Device, label, oscillograph, computer and antenna etc.；Radio software system is Verification System as shown in Figure 1.Computer pair
ISO14443A rfid interrogator is controlled；Radio frequency oscillograph is the power section 432 of bandwidth 2GHz, and sample rate is 250MSps, outward
Connecing 13.56M aerial coil, the signal of radio frequency oscillograph collection is delivered to computer by cable network and is processed.
According to proposing nearly coupled RFID tag frequency deviation with shock response RFF alternative approach to gathering Tag Radio Frequency induced signal
Test.Wherein lower sideband bandwidth is taken as 954KHz, and down coversion carrier frequency is 12.7125MHz.One secondary label frequency deviation and punching
Hit the local signal of response RFF conversion experiment intermediate object program as shown in Figure 5.(a) therein figure is the lower sideband signal x of x (t)1
(t)；B () figure processes, with (c) figure respectively RFID RFF Verification System, the I road signal x obtainedI(t) and Q road signal xQ(t)；(d)
Figure is logarithm operation result log [| R (f) |] of the amplitude-frequency spectrum of structure complex signal r (t), and from figure (d), it comprises abundant
Fast variation amount；Scheme signal after the low-pass filtering that (e) is log [| R (f) |], intercept its true amplitude part, the nearly coupling i.e. proposed
RFID label tag frequency deviation and shock response RFF.
Experiment 2
Randomly select same producer with a series of 4 ISO1444A labels, be designated as PICC-1, PICC-2, PICC-3 with
PICC-4, carries out nearly coupled RFID tag frequency deviation and shock response RFF conversion experiment.Each label gathers 50 radiofrequency signals,
And it is transformed to frequency deviation and shock response RFFLPF{log [| R (f) |] respectively }.To each LPF{log [| R (f) |] } carry out based on
The feature extraction of similar factors, it is thus achieved that characteristic vector be designated as [Cr1,Cr2].200 [C of 4 labelsr1,Cr2] be distributed and differentiate
Interface is as shown in Figure 6.
From theoretical derivation, frequency deviation and shock response RFF are mainly determined by the hardware physical attribute of label, with base band number
Word signal is unrelated, and docking collection of letters starting point accuracy of detection is insensitive, possesses robustness.Above-mentioned experimental verification theory analysis with
Numerical Simulation Results.
Claims (1)
1. a RFID label tag radio-frequency fingerprint Verification System, it is characterised in that including:
Electromagnetic induction signal x (t) of read write line is fed back to by the RFID label tag gathered under nearly couple state；
Described signal x (t) is carried out the band filter BPF of bandpass filtering；
The subcarrier lower sideband signal exported by band filter BPF or upper side band signal x1(t)；
To described signal x1T () carries out quadrature frequency conversion and forms I road and the multiplier M of Q road signal；
Described I road and Q road signal are carried out the low pass filter LPF of low-pass filtering；
The signal x exported by low pass filter LPFI(t)、xQ(t)；
By described signal xI(t) and signal xQT complex signal r (t) that () is compounded to form；
With the radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T that described complex signal r (t) is carried out frequency deviation and shock response extraction；
The signal that described read write line is launched is ISO 14443ARFID signal；
Described quadrature frequency conversion is quadrature frequency conversion based on digital carrier o (t), and described digital carrier o (t) is:
O (t)=cos [2 π (fT-fs)t]；
Wherein: fTThe carrier frequency specified for standard；fsFor negative carrier frequency,
Described signal x1T the behavioral scaling of () is described as:
x1(t)=m (t) * htx(t)·cos[2π(fT-fs+△f)t]+n(t)；
Wherein, m (t) is the baseband information signal that RFID label tag sends；htxT () is that the EU Equivalent Unit impact of label transtation mission circuit rings
Should；fT-fsThe lower sideband frequencies specified for standard；△ f is rfid system actual resonance frequency and fT-fsBetween difference on the frequency；n
T () is additive white Gaussian noise；
Described complex signal r (t) is by described signal xI(t)、xQT () is compounded to form as follows,
R (t)=xI(t)-j·xQ(t)；
Described radio-frequency fingerprint changer RFF-T carries out radio-frequency fingerprint conversion to complex signal r (t), including:
To complex signal r (t) Fourier transform, it is thus achieved that to induction signal R (f) be:
R (f)=M (f) Htx(f-△f)；
Above-mentioned signal R (f) is carried out modulus and logarithm operation, it is thus achieved that signal log [| R (f) |] is:
Log [| R (f) |]=log [| M (f) |]+log [| Htx(f-△f)|]；
Above-mentioned signal log [| R (f) |] is carried out low-pass filtering, filters fast variation amount, obtain that there is frequency deviation and shock response feature
The radio-frequency fingerprint RFF of label be:
LPF{log [| R (f) |] }=LPF{log [| Htx(f-△f)|]}；
Wherein, M (f) and HtxF () is respectively m (t) and htxThe Fourier transform of (t).
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| CN102693411A (en) * | 2011-03-25 | 2012-09-26 | 南通大学 | Identification method of wireless transmitter based on RF fingerprints (RFF) |
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| 可分离性增强的帧同步码射频指纹变换方法;袁红林等;《计算机工程》;20111031;第32卷(第12期);7－9 * |
| 射频指纹识别系统的数学模型研究;袁红林;《通信技术》;20091231;第42卷(第6期);113－115 * |
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