CN103335825A - Bolt tightening force coefficient measuring method - Google Patents
Bolt tightening force coefficient measuring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN103335825A CN103335825A CN2013101760159A CN201310176015A CN103335825A CN 103335825 A CN103335825 A CN 103335825A CN 2013101760159 A CN2013101760159 A CN 2013101760159A CN 201310176015 A CN201310176015 A CN 201310176015A CN 103335825 A CN103335825 A CN 103335825A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a bolt tightening force coefficient measuring method, and especially is suitable for tightening force coefficient measuring of an iron tower galvanizing bolt. The method comprises the following steps: demarcating a pressure transducer, connecting an iron tower bolt tightening force coefficient simulation testing device, installing the simulation testing device in a tensile testing machine, acquiring pre-tightening force data, and calculating a tightening force coefficient. The method can be realized in a laboratory; the operation is easy; the test result is accurate; and the guiding significance is provided to the iron tower integral structure and stability assessment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of measuring method of Bolt Tightening Force coefficient, particularly be applicable to the measurement of the screwing force coefficient of iron tower galvanized bolt.
Background technology
The structure of bolt and pretightning force are to having a significant impact reliability and the fatigue lifetime of iron tower joint.Under the condition that bolt and iron tower interlayer allow, pretightning force is more big, connects more safe and reliablely, and fatigue lifetime is more long.But excessive pretightning force might cause the destruction of bolt and interlayer, thereby the accurate control of pretightning force just becomes one of raising Joint Reliability and key measure of fatigue lifetime.The important all strict control pretightning forces of joint that are spirally connected, and in assembling process, it is very difficult directly measuring pretightning force, generally is to control screwing force indirectly by the control screw-down torque.Thereby the accurate mensuration of screw-down torque just becomes the prerequisite of accurate control pretightning force.
At present the connection of the iron tower member of electrical network overhead transmission line mainly adopts galvanized bolt to connect, and in order to strengthen the reliability of connection, compactedness prevents behind the stand under load that connected piece occurs loosening or relative slippage takes place, and the screw thread assembling needs pretension when connecting.Bigger pretightning force can increase the reliability of connection and the fatigue strength of web member, but pretightning force is crossed conference web member is broken.So control pretightning force well, neither make the bolt overload, can guarantee necessary strength and reliability again.
Apply screw-down torque by spanner, make bolt obtain certain pretightning force, the relation between screw-down torque Mt and its caused bolt pretightening (axial force) is determined by the screwing force COEFFICIENT K, as formula (4).The data of K are all very important in the designing and calculating of attachment bolt and construction technology, and moral, U.S., Ri Zhu state pay attention to the research of this respect, but also because K value discreteness in actual measurement is bigger, and feel to be difficult for dealing carefully with.Get K=0.18 as Germany in standard in 1956, nineteen eighty-three changes K=0.193 into, and the K value is determined in the standard of the American and Britain two countries torsional moment test that requires again to sample in the bolt that uses afterwards, illustrates that all the influenced factor of K value is more, and it is bigger to survey K value discreteness.
Mt＝K×P
0×d （4）
K---screwing force coefficient
D---screw thread nominal diameter (unit: rice)
P
0---pretightning force (unit: N)
The screwing force COEFFICIENT K mainly with lead angle, screw thread equlvalent coefficient of friction, nut and coupled carrying plane between friction factor relevant, the used bolt of power grid iron tower generally uses 4.8 grades, 6.8 grades and 8.8 grades of common galvanized bolts, web member is Zinc-coated angle steel, therefore screwing force COEFFICIENT K with a collection of bolt should approach, and it is significant for instructing iron tower to install to survey this type of Bolt Tightening Force COEFFICIENT K.
Summary of the invention
But Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method in the simulation actual condition of testing laboratory's operation that technical problem underlying to be solved by this invention provides a kind of easy to operate, result accurately and repeatability is strong.
The present invention adopts following technical scheme:
The present invention includes following step:
Step 1: the nominal pressure sensor, press anchor clamps described pressure transducer to be applied the power P of 0 ~ 180KN by cupping machine
0, and the voltage U of the different power lower pressure sensor of the software records by cupping machine, according to the power of gained and the data of voltage, drafting power-voltage curve, and obtain power-voltage relationship formula (1) according to curve;
U=kF+b (1)
The voltage that U---pressure transducer shows, the V of unit;
The power that F---cupping machine applies, the N of unit;
K---coefficient, the V/N of unit;
B---power is the initial voltage of pressure transducer demonstration in 0 o'clock, the V of unit;
Step 2: connect iron tower Bolt Tightening Force coefficient simulation test device, described simulating test device is made up of last galvanized steel plain sheet, middle galvanized steel plain sheet, following galvanized steel plain sheet, sleeve and pressure transducer; The upper end of the bottom of galvanized steel plain sheet and following galvanized steel plain sheet is provided with the bolt hole of equal diameters respectively on described, is provided with the bolt hole that equates with described diameter of bolt hole respectively in the upper and lower end portion of middle galvanized steel plain sheet; Described sleeve, pressure transducer, last galvanized steel plain sheet are connected with first nut by first bolt successively with middle galvanized steel plain sheet upper end; The galvanized steel plain sheet bottom is connected with second nut by second bolt with following galvanized steel plain sheet in described.
Step 3: the upper end of described upward galvanized steel plain sheet and the lower end of following galvanized steel plain sheet are folded in respectively in the last anchor clamps and lower clamp of cupping machine;
Step 4: make upper and lower galvanized steel plain sheet be in the center of described upper and lower anchor clamps, described upper and lower anchor clamps are in clamped condition; First, second bolt is in loosening state; Use torque spanner to make second bolt locked fully, namely in, galvanized steel plain sheet does not produce slip under state of nature down;
Step 5: first bolt is applied screw-down torque Mt, show voltage U by pressure transducer ', and calculate the pretightning force P of this moment according to formula (2)
0
P
0=（U’+b-b’）×1000/k （2）
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit;
U '---voltage, the V of unit;
B---the initial voltage of step 3 gained, the V of unit;
B '---the initial voltage that step 5 is measured, the V of unit;
K---the coefficient of relationship of step 3 gained, the V/N of unit;
Step 6: calculate the Bolt Tightening Force COEFFICIENT K according to formula (3);
K=Mt/P
0×d （3）
K---screwing force coefficient;
Mt---the screw-down torque that applies, the Nm of unit;
D---screw thread nominal diameter, the m of unit;
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit.
Further, be equipped with first packing ring on first bolt between described middle galvanized steel plain sheet and first nut, second bolt between middle galvanized steel plain sheet and second nut is equipped with second packing ring.
Further, described width last, the following galvanized steel plain sheet of neutralization is 120mm, and thickness is 10mm, and the diameter of described each bolt hole is 21.5mm.
Further, the specification of described each bolt, each nut and each packing ring is M20, and is zinc-plated.
Further, apply screw-down torque by torque spanner in the step 5.
Galvanized steel plain sheet in the measurement mechanism of the present invention, the connection of screw bolt and nut, the connected mode of the iron tower galvanized steel plain sheet under the simulation actual condition.
The main effect of sleeve of the present invention is that bolt pretightening is passed to sensor, and connects upward galvanized bolt and pressure transducer.
Cupping machine of the present invention can be exerted pressure or pulling force to last galvanized steel plain sheet and following galvanized steel plain sheet, is used for the demarcation of sensor.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Method of the present invention simulation power grid iron tower mounting condition makes institute's screwing force COEFFICIENT K of surveying more near on-site actual situations, and pretightning force is applied suitably, and the compactedness of assurance bolt prevents that bolt from transshipping, and the scene of iron tower is equipped with important directive function.
Description of drawings
The structural representation of accompanying drawing 1 embodiment of the invention 1;
Accompanying drawing 2 is the left view of the embodiment of the invention 1;
Moment-pretightning force relation curve that accompanying drawing 4-1 draws for embodiment 1 test for the first time;
Moment-pretightning force relation curve that accompanying drawing 4-2 draws for embodiment 1 test for the second time;
Accompanying drawing 4-3 tests moment-pretightning force relation curve of drawing for the third time for embodiment 1;
Moment-pretightning force relation curve that accompanying drawing 4-4 draws for the 4th test of embodiment 1;
Moment-pretightning force relation curve that accompanying drawing 4-5 draws for the 5th test of embodiment 1;
Moment-pretightning force relation curve that accompanying drawing 4-6 draws for the 6th test of embodiment 1;
Accompanying drawing 5-1 for first time of embodiment 1 the 5th time test repeat to draw time-the pretightning force relation curve;
Accompanying drawing 5-2 for embodiment 1 the 5th time test repeat for the third time to draw time-the pretightning force relation curve;
Accompanying drawing 5-3 for the 5th time of embodiment 1 the 6th time test repeat to draw time-the pretightning force relation curve;
Accompanying drawing 5-4 for the 6th time of embodiment 1 the 6th time test repeat to draw time-the pretightning force relation curve;
In the accompanying drawings, galvanized steel plain sheet in the galvanized steel plain sheet, 2 on 1,3 times galvanized steel plain sheets, 4 first bolts, 5 first nuts, 6 sleeves, 7 pressure transducers, 8 first packing rings, 9 second bolts, 10 second nuts, 11 second packing rings.
Embodiment
Step 1: the nominal pressure sensor, press anchor clamps described pressure transducer to be applied the power P of 0 ~ 180KN by cupping machine
0, and by the exert oneself voltage U of sensor 7 of the different power of the software records of cupping machine, the power of gained and the data of voltage are as shown in table 1, drafting power-voltage curve draws the relational expression of pressure-voltage as shown in Figure 3 according to formula (1).
U=kF+b (1)
The voltage that U---pressure transducer shows, the V of unit;
The power that F---cupping machine applies, the N of unit;
K---coefficient, the V/N of unit;
B---power is the initial voltage of pressure transducer demonstration in 0 o'clock, the V of unit.
The relational expression of the pressure-voltage of present embodiment is: U=0.028 P0+0.0254.
Pressure and sensor voltage that table 1 cupping machine timing signal detects
Step 2: as accompanying drawing 1,2, analogue measurement device of the present invention is made up of last galvanized steel plain sheet 1, middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2, following galvanized steel plain sheet 3, sleeve 6 and pressure transducer 7; The upper end of the bottom of galvanized steel plain sheet 1 and following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 is provided with the bolt hole of equal diameters respectively on described, in the upper and lower end portion of zinc-plated dry plate 2 be provided with the bolt hole that equates with described diameter of bolt hole respectively; Described sleeve 6, pressure transducer 7, last galvanized steel plain sheet 1 are connected with first nut 5 by first bolt 4 successively with middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2 upper ends; Galvanized steel plain sheet 2 bottoms are connected with second nut 10 by second bolt 9 with following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 in described.First bolt 4 in described between galvanized steel plain sheet 2 and first nut 5 is equipped with first packing ring 8; second bolt 9 between middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2 and second nut 5 is equipped with second packing ring 11; first packing ring 8 and second packing ring 11 be for the protection of steel plate, and further simulate actual condition.The width of the last galvanized steel plain sheet 1 of analogue measurement device, middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2 and following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 is 120mm, and thickness is 10mm, and the diameter of described each bolt hole is 21.5mm.The last galvanized steel plain sheet 1 of present embodiment, middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2 and following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 all adopt width 120mm, the galvanized steel plain sheet of thickness 10mm, and opening diameter Ф 21.5mm adopts punching technology, and first perforate is zinc-plated again.The specification of first bolt 4 of present embodiment, first nut 5, first packing ring 8, second bolt 9, second nut 10 and second packing ring 11 is M20, and is zinc-plated, many covers.The sensor 7 of present embodiment is the BSQ-2 sensor, and range is 200kN, uses the CMT5205 cupping machine to demarcate.After present embodiment is demarcated pressure transducer 7, carried out six tests, first bolt 4 is changed in each test, measures identical but the bolt that thread surface is different of specification, the screwing force COEFFICIENT K under the different load times.Employed first bolt 4 of each test is as shown in table 2.
Step 3: the upper end of described upward galvanized steel plain sheet 1 and the lower end of following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 are folded in respectively in the last anchor clamps and lower clamp of cupping machine;
Step 4: make galvanized steel plain sheet 1 and following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 be in described center of going up anchor clamps and lower clamp, described upward anchor clamps and lower clamp are in clamped condition; First, second bolt is in loosening state; Use torque spanner to make second bolt 9 locked fully, namely middle galvanized steel plain sheet 2 and following galvanized steel plain sheet 3 do not produce slip under state of nature;
Step 5: first bolt 4 is applied screw-down torque Mt, stop when reaching the moment of torsion of regulation, show voltage U by pressure transducer 7 ', and calculate the pretightning force P of this moment according to formula (2)
0
P
0=（U’+b-b’）×1000/k （2）
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit;
U '---voltage, the V of unit;
B---the initial voltage of step 3 gained, the V of unit;
B '---the initial voltage that step 5 is measured, the V of unit;
K---the coefficient of relationship of step 3 gained, the V/N of unit.
Test the asynchronism(-nization) that pretightning force loads at every turn, test the pretightning force P of gained at every turn
0Computing formula as shown in table 2.The pretightning force of test calculating gained is big or small as shown in table 3 at every turn.Draw moment-the pretightning force graph of a relation as shown in Figure 4.Draw time-the pretightning force graph of a relation as shown in Figure 5.
Step 6: calculate the Bolt Tightening Force COEFFICIENT K according to formula (3); The K value of different tests calculating gained is as shown in table 3.
K=Mt/P
0×d （3）
K---screwing force coefficient;
Mt---the screw-down torque that applies, the Nm of unit;
D---screw thread nominal diameter, the m of unit;
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit.
The test condition of table 2 different tests and pretightning force computing formula
Annotate: old bolt is that the zinc-plated time is longer, the already oxidised bolt of surperficial zinc layer; New bolt is that the zinc-plated time is not long, the unoxidized bolt of surperficial zinc layer.
The pretightning force of table 3 different tests and screwing force coefficient calculations result
Change test condition in the test, significant change appears in the K value, is analyzed as follows with regard to K value reason of changes:
1) from test findings also as can be seen, old bolt K value scope is 0.410～0.495, and new bolt K value scope is 0.290～0.365, and the old bolt K value of coating butter is 0.115; Old bolt is owing to the zinc coat oxidation, and the surface is comparatively coarse, and new bolt surface smoothness is better, and the old bolt of coating butter is because lubricated, and skin-friction force obviously descends; Other test conditions all change, and illustrate that the K value also reduces thereupon, illustrates that the actual friction factor of screw thread is bigger for the influence of K value along with the reducing of the thread surface friction factor of bolt.
2) the moment of torsion retention time bigger for pretightning force influence, moment of torsion do not keep or the retention time shorter, cause K value comparatively discrete, moment of torsion is after the maintenance long period, the K value of surveying comparatively stable, as shown in Figure 5; And test one, two, the five old bolts that all are to use, but test the five K values of surveying and be starkly lower than test one, two, analyzing reason is under identical moment of torsion, there are certain relation the size of pretightning force and moment of torsion retention time, and after torque spanner reached certain moment of torsion, pretightning force was not to reach corresponding pretightning force immediately, but need a period of time, moment of torsion is constant, pretightning force along with the increase of time also in continuous increase, as shown in Figure 5.At moment of torsion hour, just reach the pretightning force that tends towards stability within a short period of time, but along with the continuous increase of moment of torsion, the time that pretightning force tends towards stability is also in continuous increase.Because one, the two moment of torsion retention times of test are shorter, institute's pretightning force of surveying is less than normal, so K value increase, thus test one, two the K value of surveying greater than testing the five K values of surveying.
3) from testing one, two employed old bolts are threadedly engaged with place's distortion of zinc coat and rubbing as can be seen under twisting force, bolt surface zinc coat takes place to pile up and come off to have increased friction force to a certain extent, friction factor is obviously risen, the K value increases, this also is K value reason bigger than normal, but test five, six owing to the moment of torsion retention time is longer, under bigger torsional interaction, take place between the screw thread to slide relatively, because rigidity of galvanizing layer is lower, after big pretightning force keeps for a long time, wearing and tearing appear in the zinc coat of thread surface, expose metallic luster, cause the thread surface friction factor to reduce, the K value reduces.This also is why when moment of torsion is big, even keep the moment of torsion time to reach 1 hour, still in the reason that slowly rises, shown in Fig. 5-4, moment of torsion is constant for pretightning force, and the K value slowly reduces, so pretightning force constantly increases.
4) the given K value discreteness of actual measurement K value and " mechanical design handbook " is bigger, if under the situation of not surveying the K value, the K value of choosing unlubricated galvanized bolt according to " mechanical design handbook " is 0.22, calculate the Bolt Tightening Force square, the 6.8 grade bolt screw-down torque values of Ф 20mm are 258～362 Nm, 0.5～0.7, the 6.8 grade bolt yield limits that pretightning force reaches the bolt yield limit are 480N/mm2, and the pretightning force that requires to reach for 6.8 grades of Ф 20mm bolts is 58～82kN.And from test findings, under the unlubricated situation, actual measurement K value minimum is 0.290, all greater than 0.22, therefore if apply the screw-down torque that the K value of giving according to " mechanical design handbook " is calculated, resulting pretightning force is less than normal, does not reach 0.5～0.7 of bolt yield limit, and namely bolt is not tightened.
5) there is the K of lubricated galvanized bolt to get 0.18 in " mechanical design handbook ", the old bolt K value of coating butter obviously descends in the test four, be 0.115 only, illustrate and obviously to reduce the screwing force COEFFICIENT K to bolt is lubricated, but with K value that " mechanical design handbook " provides obvious difference is arranged, can not apply moment of torsion according to theoretical calculation mode, otherwise the K value is less than normal, and pretightning force increases, when meeting the requirements of moment of torsion, pretightning force can surpass the bolt yield limit, causes bolt failure.
Can be obtained as drawing a conclusion by present embodiment:
1) because the difference of the zincincation of different bolts, thickness, holding time, zinc layer oxidation situation, cause the friction factor difference of thread surface bigger, the old bolt K=0.410 of actual measurement screwing force coefficient～0.495, new bolt=0.290～0.365, unlubricated galvanized bolt K=0.22 when being higher than theoretical calculating thinks that influence the factor of screwing force COEFFICIENT K more, causes surveying the K value and disperses bigger, the K value that the machinery handbook provides is only for reference, should be as the criterion with actual conditions.The K value that unlubricated galvanized bolt actual measurement K value all provides greater than " mechanical design handbook " in the test, if apply the moment of torsion that calculates according to theory, resulting pretightning force is less than normal, does not reach 0.5～0.7 of bolt yield limit, namely bolt is not tightened.
2) bolt looseness is also relevant with the moment of torsion retention time, the moment of torsion retention time is bigger for the pretightning force influence, the instantaneous moment of torsion that applies can not make bolt reach the pretightning force of regulation, need to keep moment of torsion a period of time, pretightning force could tend towards stability slowly, and moment of torsion is more big, needs the time of maintenance more long, moment of torsion kept 1 hour among the test 6-6, and pretightning force is still increasing.Field condition is difficult to accomplish to keep moment of torsion a period of time, so bolt pretightening also is difficult to reach requirement.
3) the bolt surface is lubricated, can significantly reduces the K value, the old bolt K=0.115 of actual measurement coating butter, the K value that provides less than " mechanical design handbook " if apply theoretical calculating screw-down torque, easily causes overtightenly, causes the initial failure of bolt.
4) basic identical with zincincation, thickness, holding time, the zinc layer oxidation situation of a collection of bolt, adopt method practical measurement screwing force coefficient of the present invention to have practicality, can instruct on-the-spot the installation, avoid bolt not tighten or over-tightened.
Claims (5)
1. a Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method is characterized in that it comprises the steps:
Step 1: the nominal pressure sensor, press anchor clamps described pressure transducer to be applied the power P of 0 ~ 180KN by cupping machine
0, and the voltage U of the different power lower pressure sensor (7) of the software records by cupping machine, according to the power of gained and the data of voltage, drafting power-voltage curve, and obtain power-voltage relationship formula (1) according to curve;
U=
kF+b (1)
The voltage that U---pressure transducer shows, the V of unit;
The power that F---cupping machine applies, the N of unit;
k---coefficient, the V/N of unit;
B---power is the initial voltage of pressure transducer demonstration in 0 o'clock, the V of unit;
Step 2: connect iron tower Bolt Tightening Force coefficient simulation test device, described simulating test device is made up of last galvanized steel plain sheet (1), middle galvanized steel plain sheet (2), following galvanized steel plain sheet (3), sleeve (6) and pressure transducer (7); The upper end of the bottom of galvanized steel plain sheet (1) and following galvanized steel plain sheet (3) is provided with the bolt hole of equal diameters respectively on described, is provided with the bolt hole that equates with described diameter of bolt hole respectively in the upper and lower end portion of middle galvanized steel plain sheet (2); Described sleeve (6), pressure transducer (7), last galvanized steel plain sheet (1) are connected with first nut (5) by first bolt (4) successively with middle galvanized steel plain sheet (2) upper end; Galvanized steel plain sheet (2) bottom is connected with second nut (10) by second bolt (9) with following galvanized steel plain sheet (3) in described;
Step 3: the upper end of described upward galvanized steel plain sheet (1) and the lower end of following galvanized steel plain sheet (3) are folded in respectively in the last anchor clamps and lower clamp of cupping machine;
Step 4: make upper and lower galvanized steel plain sheet (1,3) be in the center of described upper and lower anchor clamps, described upper and lower anchor clamps are in clamped condition; First, second bolt is in loosening state; Use torque spanner to make second bolt (9) locked fully, namely in, galvanized steel plain sheet (2,3) does not produce slip under state of nature down;
Step 5: first bolt (4) is applied screw-down torque Mt, show voltage U by pressure transducer (7) ', and calculate the pretightning force P of this moment according to formula (2)
0
P
0=（U’+b-b’）×1000/
k （2）
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit;
U '---voltage, the V of unit;
B---the initial voltage of step 3 gained, the V of unit;
B '---the initial voltage that step 5 is measured, the V of unit;
K---the coefficient of relationship of step 3 gained, the V/N of unit;
Step 6: calculate the Bolt Tightening Force COEFFICIENT K according to formula (3);
K=Mt/P
0×d （3）
K---screwing force coefficient;
Mt---the screw-down torque that applies, the Nm of unit;
D---screw thread nominal diameter, the m of unit;
P
0---pretightning force, the N of unit.
2. a kind of Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that being equipped with first packing ring (8) on first bolt (4) between described middle galvanized steel plain sheet (2) and first nut (5), second bolt (9) between middle galvanized steel plain sheet (2) and second nut (5) is equipped with second packing ring (11).
3. a kind of Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method according to claim 2 is characterized in that described width last, the following galvanized steel plain sheet (1,2 and 3) of neutralization is 120mm, and thickness is 10mm, and the diameter of described each bolt hole is 21.5mm.
4. a kind of Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method according to claim 3 is characterized in that the specification of described each bolt, each nut and each packing ring is M20, and is zinc-plated.
5. a kind of Bolt Tightening Force coefficient measuring method according to claim 4 is characterized in that applying screw-down torque by torque spanner in the step 5.
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