CN103313702A - 用于热不稳定及其它的生物活性剂的植入物的制备方法和由该方法制备的植入物 - Google Patents
用于热不稳定及其它的生物活性剂的植入物的制备方法和由该方法制备的植入物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了制备植入物的方法,特别是用于热不稳定性的生物活性剂,但是也可以通常与任何生物活性剂一起使用。所公开的方法避免了在制备过程中加热的应用,并因此避免了热诱导的生物活性剂降解。本发明还公开了通过所公开的方法制备的植入物。
Description
背景技术
植入物通常包含可生物降解的或可生物再吸收的聚合物基质和分散在该聚合物基质整体中或定位于该聚合物基质内的生物活性剂或药物。这些植入物可以是各种尺寸和形状,如圆柱形或球形。植入物的一个功能是可以以可控的方式从其聚合物基质中释放生物活性剂或药物。有许多不同的机制,生物活性剂和药物可以从植入物中释放以提供许多不同的释放特性。一旦施用于受试者,植入物可以提供生物活性剂或药物的延长释放或延迟释放至几天或甚至几个月而用于治疗各种治疗适用症。所述植入物可以被用于全身治疗或局部治疗。
制备植入物的植入物材料和方法是与大多数类型的药物和生物活性剂相适应的。例如,一种制备植入物的常规方法是通过热挤出。然而,一些生物活性剂和药物,是难以通过热挤出配制进入植入物的,由于加热可能反向降解它们或改变它们的物理和化学特性。因此,存在着与温度敏感性的生物活性剂和药物相适应的改善的植入物制备方法和细合物是有需求的。通过本发明可以满足这些需求和其它需求。
简述
本文所公开的是制备植入物的方法,其对于热不稳定的生物活性剂是特别有用的,但也可以一般化地用于任何生物活性剂。所公开的方法在制备过程中避免加热的应用和因此避免生物活性剂加热诱导的降解或其它物理或生物活性的变化。特别的是,所公开的方法是在等于或低于70℃的温度下进行的,以有效避免生物活性剂的热降解或其它特性的改变。
本文还公开了通过本发明的方法所制备的可生物再吸收的植入物。
本文还公开了可生物再吸收的植入物,其包含(a)一种可生物再吸收的聚合物基质;(b)一种分散在基质中的生物活性剂;和(c)在基质中的约0.05%至约5%的塑化剂。
详细描述
在本说明书和随后的权利要求、参考文献中,许多术语应被定义为具有以下含义:
词语“包含/包括(comprise)”或诸如“comprises”或“comprising”的变型将被理解为暗示包含某一指定的组分、整数、步骤,或者组分、整数或步骤的集合,但不排除任何其它的组分、整数、步骤,或者组分、整数或步骤的集合,除非另有说明。
单数形式的“一种(a)”、“一种(an)”和“该(the)”包括复数的指示物,除非上下文清楚的另有规定。因此,例如,述及“一种生物活性剂”包括两种或更多种这样药物的混合物。
组分的重量百分比,除非有与之相反的特别说明,是基于包括该组分的制剂或组合物的总重量计。
“任选的”或“任选地”意味着随后描述的事件或情况可能或不可能发生,并且该描述包括事件或情况发生的实例和其不发生的实例。
本文中的范围可能被表示从“约”的一个特定值,和/或至“约”的另一个特定值。当这样的范围被表示时,另一方案包括从一个特定值和/或至另一个特定值。同样的,当数值被表示为近似值时,通过使用先行词“约”,将被理解该特定值形成另一个方案。它将被进一步理解为每个范围的端点是显著的,无论是与其它端点相关的,还是与其它端点相独立的。
本文所使用的术语“植入物”,是指在植入物的至少一个维度上的长度大于1mm的任何物品。在进一步的方案中,该装置具有一个维度,其是从1mm至50mm,1.2mm至45mm,1.4mm至42mm,1.6mm至40mm,1.8mm至38mm,或2.0mm至36mm,5.0mm至33mm,或10mm至30mm。在进一步的方案中,该装置具有一个维度,其是大于3cm,甚至是高于10cm,20cm或甚至30cm。该植入物可以具有任何适宜的直径,例如,从1mm至50mm。
本文所使用的术语“可生物再吸收的”,是指一种物质,其可以被安全的由受试者如人类排泄,。一种“可生物再吸收的”物质可以,但不必须,是可生物降解的或可生物侵蚀的。
本文所使用的术语“可生物降解的”,是指材料,其将被侵蚀成可溶解物类或在生理条件下将被降解成较小单位或化学物类,它们本身对受试者是无毒的(生物相容的)且能够由受试者代谢或消除。
本文所使用的术语“微粒”在本文中通常被用于包括纳米颗粒,微球,纳米球,微胶囊,纳米胶囊和颗粒。因此,术语微粒是指具有各种内部结构和组织的颗粒,包括如微球(和纳米球)的均相基质或非均相的芯-壳基质(如微胶囊和纳米胶囊),多孔颗粒,多层颗粒,和除此之外的其它颗粒。术语“微粒”通常是指在约10纳米(nm)至约2mm(毫米)范围内的尺寸的颗粒。
本文所使用的术语“生物活性剂”是指具有生物活性的药物。该生物活性剂可以被用于治疗、诊断、治疗、减轻、防止(即,预防)、改善、调节疾病、紊乱、感染等,或对疾病、紊乱、感染等具有其它有益效应。生物活性剂还包括影响受试者的结构或功能那些物质,或在置入预定生理环境后变成有生物活性或生物活性更强的前药。
本文所使用的“挤出”是指任意挤出方法和通常包括压片方法,其在本文被称为“压制挤出”。
为了避免生物活性剂的热降解或如物理和生物特性的其它特性的改变,所公开的方法利用不涉及加热应用的方法。具体而言,所公开的方法优选在不超过约70℃的温度下进行。在一些方案中,该方法优选在65℃、60℃、55℃、50℃、45℃、40℃、30℃或于室温或室温以下进行。在进一步的方案中,该方法在等于或低于27℃,或在等于或低于26℃或25℃时进行。在制备过程中使用的温度范围的低端可以宽范围的波动。例如,在一些方案中,该方法在从0℃至27℃,从10℃至27℃,从15℃至27℃,或从20℃至27℃的温度范围内进行。这样的温度范围一般会避免热不稳定的生物活性剂和其它生物活性剂的热降解或其它变化。
在本发明的方法中,混合可生物再吸收的聚合物和固体生物活性剂以形成混合物。这可以包括干混合可生物再吸收聚合物和固体生物活性剂。这也可以包括形成生物活性剂的溶液和在可生物再吸收的聚合物上喷涂或涂覆该溶液,随后任选地干燥该喷雾或涂覆的聚合物或微粒。
可生物降解的聚合物或微粒可以使用各种方法与生物活性剂混合。商购可得的混合器可以被应用,特别是与工业大生产方法相联系的混合器。在较小规模的方法中,可生物再吸收的聚合物可以使用研钵和研杵与固体粉末状生物活性剂混合。
混合的步骤在不应用加热的情况下进行,如上面所讨论的。在混合步骤期间,该可生物再吸收的聚合物和生物活性剂可以被干燥,即,进行干燥混合步骤。如果应用干燥混合,聚合物和生物活性剂均不包含任何适宜数量的溶剂,例如,0.1%或更少,包括0%。
可选择的,在混合步骤之前,该聚合物可以用塑化剂被塑化,从而可能含有残留的塑化剂,其可以包括各种溶剂、液体、气体和聚合物。此外,塑化剂可以在混合步骤期间,被添加到聚合物和/或生物活性剂中。在另一个方案中,当可生物再吸收聚合物为微粒形式时,该微粒可能包含在微粒基质内的溶剂并在混合步骤期间或在方法中的另一个步骤期间可能释放该溶剂作为塑化剂。在微粒中残留的溶剂在植入物的制备过程中可能起到作为塑化剂的功能。
当生物活性剂作为溶液被喷涂或涂覆在聚合物或微粒上时,所获得的经喷涂或涂覆的聚合物或微粒可以被任选地干燥。干燥步骤中,如果使用的话,然而,将不需要应用加热而进行。例如,该喷涂或涂覆的聚合物或微粒可以在室温或更低温度下被干燥。用于生物活性剂溶液的溶剂也可能用作聚合物的塑化剂,如上面所讨论的。
在所公开的方法中可以使用塑化剂以塑化聚合物并因此改善聚合物/微粒和生物活性剂的混合方法以及改善植入物的粘合强度。例如,塑化剂可以减少在例行处理期间植入物的崩解或破碎的机会。此外,与不使用塑化剂而制备的植入物相比,塑化剂也可以延长生物活性剂从装置中的释放时间。塑化剂也可以增加生物活性剂的释放速率(即,降低释放时间)。
塑化剂可以被添加到聚合物或包含生物活性剂的混合物中。因此,塑化剂可以在方法中的任意点被添加,在制备步骤之前甚至在期间,如挤出或模塑步骤。塑化剂可以作为液体、气体或聚合物而被添加到聚合物或混合物中,例如,通过暴露聚合物或混合物于作为塑化剂而应用的液体、蒸汽或聚合物。
塑化剂可以是各种的低热熔粘结剂或压缩基的粘结剂,包括各种溶剂。优选的,该溶剂是一种用于聚合物或微粒聚合物的溶剂。即,该聚合物是至少部分溶解于塑化剂中。在一些方案中,塑化剂可以是有机溶剂,如二氯甲烷,氯化乙烯,氯仿,乙酸乙酯,丙酮,乙醇,甲醇,异丙醇,丁醇或它们的混合物。作为生物活性剂应用的某些药物也可以是塑化剂。
此外,可以使用各种与可生物再吸收的聚合物相混合或共混的其它聚合物。聚合型塑化剂本身具有较低的Tg以使所获得的混合物具有低于未混合的可生物再吸收聚合物的Tg。作为塑化剂应用的适宜的聚合物包括各种粘性的可生物再吸收的聚合物。实例包括在Markland等人的公开号2009/0124535,题目为“VISCOUS TERPOLYMERS AS DRUG DELIVERY PLATFORM”的美国专利申请内所公开的那些聚合物,其通过参考三元共聚物的教导和制备它们的方法而全文引入本文。适宜用作塑化剂的聚合物的进一步实例包括粘性聚(己基-丙交酯),或从单-或二-己基取代的乙交酯或丙交酯而制备的聚合物。
更进一步的适宜的聚合型塑化剂的实例通常包括粘性的可生物降解和生物相容的聚酯(包括两个或更多个羟基的羧酸单体的无规共聚物),其具有约10,000泊或更低的体积粘度;且优选约4,000泊或更低。更进一步的实例包括但不限于的嵌段共聚物,含有一个或多个嵌段聚酯单体,和/或一个或多个嵌段聚酯和/或亲水性嵌段(如PEG和/或PVP和/或多糖)。
聚合型塑化剂的进一步实例包括但不限于粘性的可生物降解的聚合物,其是线性聚合物,支化聚合物,星形聚合物,梳状聚合物,树枝状聚合物(和共聚物)。允许在较低温度下挤出的添加剂可以包括含有一种或多种如上面描述的可生物降解的聚合物的共混物。另外,添加剂可以包括具有一种或多种额外的添加剂的上述一种或多种可生物降解的聚合物,这些额外的添加剂如塑化剂,溶剂,脂类,油类,溶液,缓冲液,盐类,水溶性试剂等。固体的可生物降解的聚合物包括均聚物和共聚物,其包含丙交酯、乙交酯、己内酯、羟基丁酸酯或通常的任何生物相容性的和可生物降解的羟基酸),包括聚(丙交酯)、PLG、和丙交酯-己内酯共聚物、丙交酯-乙交酯-己内酯共聚物,以及包含一个或多个丙交酯、乙交酯和/或己内酯的共聚物,和包含一个或多个亲水性聚合物嵌段,例如PEG或PVP。
在另一个方案中,塑化剂和溶剂在本发明方法的任意点中均不使用。根据该方案,植入物应被制备成特定硬度以确保植入物在制备之后不会崩解或破碎。该植入物具有硬度的特性。适宜的硬度将取决于植入物的组合物而波动,但是通常是防止在例行处理期间植入物崩解或破碎所需的硬度。例如,对于某些植入物,通过PFIZER硬度仪测定的至少25的硬度可能是适宜的。植入物也可以展现各种其它硬度值。该PFIZER硬度仪以与普通钳子相同的机械原理而工作。当片剂在装置的钳口中被压碎,该力量被记录在刻度盘指示器上。该刻度盘指示器保留在片剂粉碎的位置读数。当复位按键被按下时,它返回到零。该力量是以磅为单位的。
一旦生物活性剂和聚合物被充分混合,或当生物活性剂已经以其它方式被应用于聚合物或微粒中(例如,通过喷涂或涂覆),该混合物、涂覆或喷涂的聚合物被制备成植入物,例如通过挤出、模塑或其它处理,优选在不高于70℃的温度下。在一些方案中,该温度可以不高于55-60℃。在其它方案中,挤出或模塑步骤可以在较低温度下进行,如室温或更低,或25-27℃或更低,如上面所讨论的。
植入物的制备方法可以包括各种工序。例如,制备方法通常可以包括任何类型的挤出或模塑,包括但不限于,熔融压制,注塑或使用压片机的压制挤出。如果使用熔融压制,温度优选保持在或低于55-60℃。在一个方案中,使用压片机的压制挤出制备混合物或喷涂或涂覆的聚合物。根据该方案,混合物、喷涂或涂覆的聚合物被添加到模具中,其根据植入物的特定治疗应用而确定尺寸。任选的,塑化剂可以在压制前被添加到模具中。可选的,该步骤可以在不添加塑化剂下进行。在压力下,该压力被施加到模具上以形成模具形状的植入物。然后该植入物可以从模具中取出。
在一个方案中,制备方法中所使用的聚合物是以充分磨碎的状态购买的或者在形成混合物或涂覆或喷涂生物活性剂至聚合物或微粒之前使用研磨机磨碎。当聚合物或微粒被手工研磨时,聚合物或微粒可以被冷却至-150℃或更低,例如,使用液氮。完成冷却步骤的时间将取决于被冷却的聚合物的量。在将聚合物置入研磨机之前,该研磨机也可以被冷却至-150℃或更低。
商购可得的各种研磨机可以被用于本方法中。一个实例是Retsch Mill ZM100(从Retsch,Dusseldorf,Germany购买)。当使用RetchMill时,冷却的或冷冻的聚合物或微粒可以被连续添加到研磨机中并使用适宜的速度粉碎,例如,约18,000rpm。
在研磨聚合物之后,该聚合物可以任选的通过适宜尺寸的筛过滤,以除去一定尺寸的聚合物微粒。在一个方案中,聚合物或微粒可以通过尺寸范围为从90至300微米之间的筛过筛,,包括,例如,90微米的筛和/或300微米的筛。
在一些方案中,生物活性剂可以是粉末或粉碎的形式,虽然可以使用其它的形式,如液体的生物活性剂或生物活性剂颗粒。许多这样的生物活性剂可以通过商购获得或可以如上面所讨论的使用研磨机而制备。此外,任何的其它药物制备技术可以被用于制备相应的生物活性剂,包括如球磨、喷射研磨、喷雾干燥等技术。
一旦形成植入物,可以进行各种后处理工艺。例如,植入物可以经受流体处理,这将有效的改变植入物的表面形态,并因此改变释放特性。该方法在美国专利申请公开号20060029637,Tice等人的“Methods for manufacturingdelivery devices and devices thereof”中详细描述,其通过参考其中流体处理方法的技术的教导而全文引入本文。该方法的一个优选方案涉及将植入物浸入该聚合物的溶剂中很短一段时间(例如几秒钟)。优选的,该溶剂是含有聚合物的溶剂。因此,植入物浸入到纯溶剂。用于聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)或它们的共聚物、组合物,或混合物的优选溶剂,包括二氯甲烷、氯化乙烯、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、和它们的混合物。在其它方案中,流体处理步骤可以包括含有一种额外聚合物的溶剂(聚合物溶液),以使该额外的聚合物被涂覆于植入物的表面。
在本发明所应用的适宜的可生物再吸收的和/或可生物降解的聚合物包括但不限于聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(原酸酯)、聚(磷腈)、聚(羟基丁酸酯),含有聚(羟基丁酸酯)的共聚物、聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯)、聚碳酸酯、聚酯酰胺、聚酐、聚(二噁烷酮)、聚(亚烷基烷基化物),聚乙二醇和聚原酸酯的共聚物,可生物降解的聚氨酯、聚(氨基酸)、聚酰胺、聚酯酰胺、聚醚酯、聚缩醛、聚氰基丙烯酸酯、聚(氧乙烯)/聚(氧丙烯)共聚物,聚缩醛,聚缩酮(polyketals),聚磷酸酯,聚羟基戊酸酯或包含聚羟基戊酸酯的共聚物,聚亚烷基草酸酯,聚亚烷基琥珀酸酯,聚(马来酸)和共聚物,三元共聚物,和它们的组合。
在一些方案中,可生物再吸收的或可生物降解的聚合物包含一个或多个丙交酯残基。该聚合物可以包括任何丙交酯残基,其包含丙交酯的所有外消旋体和立体选择性形式,包括但不限于,L-丙交酯、D-丙交酯和D,L-丙交酯,或它们的混合物。有用的聚合物包括丙交酯,包括但不限于聚(L-丙交酯)、聚(D-丙交酯)和聚(DL-丙交酯);和聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),其包括聚(L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(D-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)和聚(DL-丙交酯-共-乙交酯);或共聚物,三元共聚物,组合物或它们的共混物。
丙交酯/乙交酯的聚合物可以通过熔融聚合法,经由丙交酯和乙交酯的单体开环而便于制备。此外,外消旋的DL-丙交酯、L-丙交酯和D-丙交酯聚合物可以从商业获得。该L-聚合物比DL-聚合物有更好的晶型和更慢的再吸收。在包含乙交酯和DL-丙交酯或L-乙交酯的共聚物之外,L-丙交酯和DL-丙交酯的共聚物是从商业可获得的。丙交酯或乙交酯的均聚物也是可以从商业获得的。
当使用聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)、聚(丙交酯)或聚(乙交酯)时,聚合物中丙交酯和乙交酯的量可以波动。例如,可生物降解的聚合物可以包含0至100摩尔%,40至100摩尔%,50至100摩尔%,60至100摩尔%,70至100摩尔%,或80至100摩尔%的丙交酯和从0至100摩尔%,0至60摩尔%,10至40摩尔%,20至40摩尔%,或30至40摩尔%的乙交酯,其中丙交酯和乙交酯的量是100摩尔%。在进一步的方案中,可生物降解的聚合物可以是聚(丙交酯),95∶5的聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),85∶15的聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),75∶25的聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),65∶35的聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),或50∶50的聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),其中的比例是摩尔比。
在进一步的方案中,可生物降解的聚合物可以包括聚(己内酯)或聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯)。例如,该聚合物可以是聚(丙交酯-己内酯),其中,在各种方案中,可以是95∶5的聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯),85∶15的聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯),75∶25的聚(丙交酯-如己内酯),65∶35的聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯),或50∶50的聚(丙交酯-共-己内酯),其中的比例是摩尔比。
任何上述聚合物可以被用于形成本发明的微粒,如果需要使用微粒。
生物活性剂可以在植入物中以任何适宜的量存在。例如,该生物活性剂可以以植入物的0.05%至80%重量范围的量存在,例如,0.1%、0.5%、5%、10%、15%、20%、30%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、70%或80%。
可以掺入到本发明组合物的生物活性剂的实例通常包括任何生物活性剂和特别是,热不稳定的生物活性剂。实例包括但不限于小分子,肽类,如激素、酶类、抗体、受体结合蛋白、抗体片段、抗体缀合物的蛋白质,如适配子、iRNA、siRNA、微RNA、DNA、RNA、反义核酸或此类物质,反义核酸类似物或此类物质,VEGF抑制剂,大环内酯类,多巴胺激动剂,多巴胺拮抗剂,低分子量化合物,高分子量化合物,或者缀合的生物活性剂。
其它的生物活性剂可以包括同化剂,抗酸剂,抗哮喘剂,抗胆固醇血剂和抗脂类物质,抗凝血剂,抗惊厥剂,止泻剂,止吐剂,包括抗菌剂和抗微生物剂的抗感染剂,抗炎剂,抗躁狂剂,抗代谢剂,防晕药,抗肿瘤药,抗肥胖药,抗精神病药物,解热剂和镇痛剂,解痉剂,抗血栓形成剂,止咳剂,抗尿酸血症剂,抗心绞痛剂,抗组胺剂,食欲抑制剂,生物制品,脑血管扩张剂,冠状血管扩张剂,支气管扩张剂,细胞毒性剂,解充血药,利尿药,诊断剂,促红细胞生成剂,祛痰剂,胃肠道镇痛药,升血糖剂,安眠药,降血糖药,免疫调节剂,离子交换树脂,轻泻剂,矿物质补充剂,粘液溶解剂,神经肌肉剂,周围血管扩张药,精神药物,镇静剂,兴奋剂,甲状腺和抗甲状腺药物,组织生长剂,子宫松弛剂,维生素,或抗原性物质。
其它的生物活性剂包括雄性激素抑制剂,多糖,生长因子,激素,抗血管生成因子,右美沙芬,氢溴酸右美沙芬,诺斯卡品,枸橼酸喷托维林,盐酸氯苯达诺,马来酸氯苯那敏,酒石酸苯茚胺,马来酸美吡拉敏,琥珀酸多西拉敏,枸橼酸苯托沙敏,盐酸去氧肾上腺素,盐酸苯丙醇胺,盐酸伪麻黄碱,麻黄碱,磷酸可待因,硫酸可待因吗啡,矿物质补充剂,考来烯胺,N-乙酰卡尼,对乙酰氨基酚,阿司匹林,布洛芬,盐酸苯丙醇胺,咖啡因,愈创甘油醚,氢氧化铝,氢氧化镁,肽,多肽,蛋白质,氨基酸,激素,干扰素,细胞因子,和疫苗。
可用作生物活性剂的代表性药物包括但不限于肽类药物,蛋白质药物,治疗性抗体,anticalins,脱敏物质,抗原,抗感染剂如抗生素、抗微生物、抗病毒、抗菌、抗寄生虫、抗真菌的物质和它们的组合,抗变态反应药,雄激素甾体,解充血药,催眠药,甾体抗炎药,抗胆碱能药,拟交感神经药,镇静剂,缩瞳药,精神兴奋药(psychic energizers),镇静剂,疫苗,雌激素,促孕剂,体液剂(humoral agents),前列腺素类,镇痛药,镇痉药,抗疟药,抗组胺药,心脏作用药,消炎药,非甾体抗炎药,抗震颤麻痹药,抗高血压药,β-类肾上腺素阻断剂,营养剂,抗TNF剂和苯菲啶生物碱类。试剂还可以是能起兴奋剂、镇静剂、安眠、镇痛、抗惊厥作用的物质、及类似物。
其它生物活性剂包括但不限于:镇痛剂如对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰水杨酸及类似物;麻醉剂如利多卡因,赛露鹰(xylocaine)及类似物;减食欲药如右甲状腺素,酒石酸苯甲曲秦及类似物;抗关节炎药如甲泼尼龙,布洛芬及类似物;平喘药如硫酸特布他林,茶碱,麻黄碱及类似物;抗生素如磺胺异恶唑,青霉素G,氨苄青霉素,头孢菌素类,阿米卡星,庆大霉素,四环素类,氯霉素,红霉素,克林霉素,异烟肼,利福平及类似物;抗真菌药如两性霉素B,制霉菌素,酮康唑及类似物;抗病毒药如阿昔洛韦,金刚胺及类似物;抗癌剂如环磷酰胺,甲氨蝶呤,阿维A酯及类似物;抗凝剂如肝素,华法林及类似物;抗惊厥药如苯妥英钠,地西泮及类似物;抗抑郁药如异卡波肼,阿莫沙平及类似物;抗组胺如盐酸苯海拉明,马来酸氯苯那敏及类似物;抗精神病药如氯氮平,氟哌啶醇,卡马西平,加巴喷丁,托吡酯,安非他酮,舍曲林,阿普唑仑,丁螺环酮,利培酮,阿立哌唑,奥氮平,喹硫平,齐拉西酮,伊潘立酮及类似物;激素如胰岛素,孕激素,雌激素,肾上腺皮质激素,糖皮质激素,雄激素及类似物;镇静剂如氯丙嗪(thorazine),地西泮,盐酸氯丙嗪,利舍平,盐酸氯氮卓及类似物;镇痉药如颠茄生物碱,盐酸双环胺及类似物;维生素和矿物质如基础氨基酸,钙,铁,钾,锌,维生素B12及类似物;心血管药物如盐酸哌唑嗪,硝酸甘油,盐酸普萘洛尔,盐酸肼屈嗪,胰脂肪酶,琥珀酸脱氢酶及类似物;肽和蛋白质如LHRH,生长抑素,降钙素,生长激素,胰高血糖素样肽,生长激素释放因子(growth releasing factor),血管紧张素,FSH,EGF,成骨蛋白(BMP),红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素,白介素,胶原蛋白,纤维蛋白原,胰岛素,第VIII因子,第IX因子,EnbrelRituxanHerceptinα-葡糖苷酶,Cerazyme/Ceredose加压素,ACTH,人血清白蛋白,γ球蛋白,结构蛋白,血液制品蛋白,复合蛋白,酶,抗体,单克隆抗体及类似物;前列腺素;核苷酸;碳水化合物;脂类;麻醉剂如吗啡,可待因及类似物,心理治疗药(psychotherapeutics);抗疟疾药,左旋多巴,利尿剂如呋塞米,螺内酯及类似物;抗溃疡药如盐酸雷尼替丁(rantidineHCl),盐酸西咪替丁及类似物。
生物活性剂也可以是免疫调节剂,包括,例如,细胞因子,白细胞介素,干扰素,集落刺激因子,肿瘤坏死因子及类似物;变应原如猫毛皮垢屑,桦树花粉,屋尘螨,菁草花粉及类似物;细菌生物抗原如肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneumoniae),流感嗜血菌(Haemophilus influenzae),金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),放线状链球菌(Streptococcus pyrogenes),棒杆菌(Corynebacterium diphteriae),单核细胞增多性李斯特菌(Listeriamonocytogenes),炭疽杆菌(Bacillus anthracis),破伤风梭菌(Clostridiumtetani),肉毒梭菌(Clostridium botulinum),产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridiumperfringens),脑膜炎奈瑟球菌(Neisseria meningitides),淋病奈瑟球菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae),变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans),铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhi),副流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophi lus parainfluenzae),百日咳博德特菌(Bordetellapertussis),土拉热弗朗西丝菌(Francisella tularensis),鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis),霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae),嗜肺军团菌(Legionellapneumophila),结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis),麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae),苍白密螺旋体(Treponema pallidum),肾脏钩端螺旋体(Leptspirosis interrogans),博氏包柔螺旋体(Borrelia burgddorferi),空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)及类似物;诸如病毒的抗原如天花,流行性感冒A和B,呼吸道合胞体,副流感,麻疹,HIV,SARS,水痘带状疱疹,单纯疱疹1和2,巨细胞病毒(cytomeglavirus),埃伯斯坦-巴尔病毒(Epstein-Barr),轮状病毒,鼻病毒,腺病毒,乳头瘤病毒,脊髓灰质炎病毒,腮腺炎,狂犬病,风疹,柯萨奇病毒(coxsackieviruses),马脑炎,日本脑炎,黄热病,裂谷热,淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎,乙型肝炎及类似物;诸如真菌、原生动物和寄生虫生物的抗原如新型隐球菌(Cryptococcuc neoformans),荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum),白色念珠菌(Candida albicans),热带念珠菌(Candida tropicalis),星形诺卡菌(Nocardia asteroids),立氏立克次体(Rickettsia ricketsii),斑疹伤寒立克次体(Rickettsia typhi),肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae),猫衣原体(Chlamyda psittaci),沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis),镰状疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum),锥体虫(Trypanasoma brucei),溶组织内阿米巴(Entamoeba histolytica),鼠弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii),阴道滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis),曼氏血吸虫(Schistosoma mansoni)及类似物。此类抗原可以为灭活的整体生物的形式,肽蛋白、糖蛋白、碳水化合物形式或它们的组合。
在进一步的具体方案中,生物活性剂包括抗生素。抗生素可以是,例如,下列抗生素中的一种或多种:阿米卡星,庆大霉素,卡那霉素,新霉素,奈替米星,链霉素,妥布霉素,巴龙霉素,安莎霉素类,格尔德霉素,除莠霉素,碳头孢烯,氯碳头孢,卡巴配能类,厄他培南,多利培南,亚胺培南/西司他丁,美罗培南,头孢菌素类(第一代),头孢羟氨苄,头孢唑啉,头孢噻吩,头孢氨苄,头孢菌素类(第二代),头孢克洛,头孢孟多,头孢西丁,头孢丙烯,头孢呋辛,头孢菌素类(第三代),头孢克肟,头孢地尼,头孢托仑,头孢哌酮,头孢噻肟,头孢泊肟,头孢他啶,头孢布烯,头孢唑肟,头孢曲松,头孢菌素类(第四代),头孢吡肟,头孢菌素类(第五代),头孢比普,糖肽类,替考拉宁,万古霉素,大环内酯,阿奇霉素,克拉霉素,地红霉素,红霉素,罗红霉素,醋竹桃霉素,泰利霉素,大观霉素,单环β-内酰胺类,氨曲南,青霉素类,阿莫西林,氨苄西林,阿洛西林,羧苄西林,氯唑西林,双氯西林,氟氯西林,美洛西林,甲氧西林,萘夫西林,苯唑西林,青霉素,哌拉西林,替卡西林,多肽,杆菌肽,多粘菌素E,多粘菌素B,喹诺酮类,环丙沙星,依诺沙星,加替沙星,左氧氟沙星,洛美沙星,莫西沙星,诺氟沙星,氧氟沙星,曲伐沙星,磺胺类药,磺胺米隆,偶氮磺胺(早期发现的),磺胺醋酰,磺胺甲二唑,胺苯磺胺(Sulfanilimide)(早期发现的),柳氮磺吡啶,磺胺异恶唑,甲氧苄啶,甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑(复方新诺明)(TMP-SMX),四环素类,包括地美环素,多西环素,米诺环素,土霉素,四环素等等;胂凡纳明,氯霉素,克林霉素,林可霉素,乙胺丁醇,磷霉素,夫西地酸,呋喃唑酮,异烟肼,利奈唑胺,甲硝唑,莫匹罗星,呋喃妥英,Platensimycin,吡嗪酰胺,奎奴普丁/达福普汀,利福平(美国称Rifampin),替硝唑,Ropinerole,伊维菌素,莫昔克汀,阿法诺肽,西仑吉肽,或它们的组合物。另一方面,生物活性剂可以是利福平(美国称Rifampin)和米诺环素的组合。
本文还公开了可生物降解的植入物,其包括:(a)可生物再吸收的聚合物基质或可生物降解的聚合物基质;(b)分散在基质中的生物活性剂;和(c)在基质中约0.05%至约5%的塑化剂。可生物降解的植入物可以通过上面所讨论的方法而制备,并可能因此包含制备过程中残留的塑化剂。
本发明的植入物可以以有效递送生物活性剂至受试者的方式施用于受试者。该受试者可以是脊椎动物,如哺乳动物,鱼,鸟,爬行动物,或两栖动物。本文所公开方法的受试者可以是,例如,人,非人类的灵长类动物,马,猪,兔,狗,羊,山羊,牛,猫,豚鼠或啮齿动物。该术语不表示特定的年龄或性别。因此,无论是雄性或雌性,成年和新生,以及胚胎,均旨在被覆盖之内。剂量和特定的剂型可以由药物领域的技术人员所确定,并且将取决于被治疗的适用症而有很大的不同。
实施例
给出下列实施例是为了给本领域普通技术人员提供如何制备和评价本发明要求保护的化合物、组合物、产品、装置和/或方法的完整公开和说明,纯粹旨在对本发明进行举例说明,而不是意在限定发明人对其发明考虑的范围。已经作出努力以确保相关数值(例如,数量,温度等)的准确性,但还应当说明一下会存在一些错误和偏差。除非另有说明,份是重量份,温度是℃或是在环境温度下,和压力是等于或接近大气压。
磨(铣)步骤
通过使用Retsch Mill ZM 100(Retsch,Dusseldorf,Germany)研磨聚合物,制备所期望尺寸的聚合物颗粒。使用0.5-mm的筛和24-齿的转子。该聚合物是聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),其具有65摩尔%的丙交酯和35摩尔%的乙交酯和具有酯端基(本文以下简称“65∶35 PLG 4E”)(可从Birmingham PolymerInc,Birmingham,AL获得)。该聚合物在研磨之前,首先在液氮中冷却10分钟。Retsch Mill也是使用液氮预冷。冷冻的聚合物然后被连续添加到RetschMill中和使用18,000rpm的研磨速率粉碎。在研磨之后,粉碎的聚合物经90-和300-微米的筛过筛。
压制挤出
使用Stoke’s的单座压片机进行压制挤出。聚合物首先被粉碎和经如上所述的限定粒径的筛过筛。使用玻璃研钵和杵,将牛血清白蛋白,BSA,粉末(从SIGMA chemicals,MO获得)和聚合物充分混合。在混合之后,在一片称量纸上称重约15mg。压片机被设定为2.5mm冲模(punch)和模具。将称量好的药物/聚合物的混合物添加到模具中,加压以生产植入物。该植入物被小心的从模具中取出,通过底部冲模将所压缩的植入物推出模具。使用小镊子从一冲模上取出植入物。
调节压片机冲模的压力直至使用未处理的聚合物(在制备中的任何点没有使用溶剂或塑化剂)所制备的压制植入物,生产具有25磅最小硬度(崩解压力)的植入物,通过下面描述的方法测定硬度。实施例1、2和5的植入物的破碎压力在表1和2中列出。用于制备实施例1、2和5压片机的压力被用于制备测试的植入物(从BSA-聚合物共混物与溶剂相接触而制备的植入物)。测试植入物的植入物硬度的测定不进行,由于这些植入物中残留的溶剂使它们被塑化(软化),所以这些样品中没有可以与实施例1、2和5作出比较的相适宜的测定。
植入物硬度
使用PFIZER硬度测试仪测量植入物的破碎压力。植入物被放置在测试仪的夹爪上,并且操作测试仪直至植入物崩解或破碎。植入物崩解或破碎时的压力被记录为片剂硬度。
样品的溶剂处理
通过分别使用实施例1和2的植入物进行溶剂处理操作,制备实施例3和4。在这个操作中,用镊子捏取植入物,并且在二氯甲烷浴中浸渍3秒钟,然后取出。将该浸渍的植入物在一片特氟龙上干燥一小时。
塑化聚合物的BSA植入物
在用研钵和杵混合BSA与聚合物之后,该混合物被添加到模具中。然后20或50μL的二氯甲烷被添加到模具中以塑化聚合物。30秒之后,如前文所述使用压片机制备植入物。使用50μL添加的二氯甲烷制备实施例6-8,而使用20μL添加的二氯甲烷制备实施例9-11。从压片机中取出之后,所压制的植入物在特氟龙膜上干燥一小时。
压制的植入物中BSA含量的分析
Pierce BCA蛋白测定试剂盒(来自Pierce Biotechnology Inc.;Rockford1L)被用于分析压制的植入物中BSA含量。一式三份样品被制备和分析如下。精确称量各植入物到测试管中,向其中加入2mL 1N NaOH。测试管中的内容物被允许在近18小时内溶解。在随后的时间,加入pH 7.4的2mL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),并且使用磷酸调节pH至pH 7。然后该内容物被移液管转移到10mL容量瓶中,然后用PBS(磷酸盐缓冲液)稀释定容。
然后根据Pierce BCA蛋白分析试剂盒的说明书,进行蛋白分析。使用用于制备植入物的BSA粉末制备标准品。使用包含相同比例的药物和聚合物的加标对照(spiked-control)样品验证提取效率,该加标对照样品被用于分析BSA植入物的相同提取步骤所处理。各个实施例的载样值显示于表1至3中。
压制的植入物中BSA的体外释放
各个植入物被分别称量入20-mL闪烁瓶中,然后通过加入10mL(PBS)接收流体。制备一式三份样品。下一步将小瓶置于37℃的振荡浴中以50rpm的速率振荡。在适宜的时间点,从小瓶中移除2mL的缓冲液。然后在小瓶放回振荡浴之前,向小瓶中加入2mL新鲜的液体。使用上面所提及的BCA蛋白试剂盒,定量所移除样品中的BSA。报道BSA释放的体外释放动力学,累积的百分比。所得的体外释放数据显示于表1至3中。
样品中BSA的释放
从未处理的样品(在表1和2中的实施例1、2和5)BSA的累积体外释放显示,由未处理的聚合物制备的压制植入物在约1至3天内迅速释放(实施例1、2和5)90%或更多。溶剂处理步骤的后处理在减慢相对释放模式(实施例3和4作为实施例1和2的比较)中是有用的;在这样处理之后,在3至4天内累积释放达到90%(或更多)。
通过对比,使用塑化聚合物制备的压制植入物显示释放延长到(和超过)本研究中使用的最终7-天的时间点(使用50微升二氯甲烷制备的实施例6-8,使用20微升二氯甲烷制备的实施例9-11)。
表1.使用未处理的聚合物-药物的共混物制备的植入物
表2.使用塑化聚合物-药物的共混物(50微升二氯甲烷)制备的测试植入物
表3.使用塑化聚合物-药物的共混物(20微升二氯甲烷)制备的测试植入物
可对本文中描述的装置、组合物和方法进行各种改进和变化。在考虑本文中公开的装置、组合物和方法的说明书和实施后,本文中描述的装置、组合物和方法的其它方案将是显而易见的。说明书和实施例被认为是示例性的。
Claims (77)
1.用于制备植入物的方法,包括(a)混合包含可生物再吸收的聚合物和生物活性剂的组合物以形成混合物;和(b)在不高于70℃的温度下将该混合物制备成植入物。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在整个混合步骤(a)中,可生物再吸收的聚合物和生物活性剂是干燥的。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于65℃下实施的。
4.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中在步骤(a)中混合物的形成包括喷涂或涂覆生物活性剂的溶液至可生物再吸收的聚合物上。
5.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于60℃下实施的。
6.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于50℃下实施的。
7.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于室温下实施的。
8.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
9.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
10.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于60℃下实施的。
11.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于50℃下实施的。
12.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于室温下实施的。
13.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
14.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
15.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)包括混合物的挤出或模塑。
16.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是可生物降解的。
17.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中生物活性剂是固体。
18.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中生物活性剂是粉末状的。
19.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中生物活性剂是热不稳性的。
20.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是粉碎的。
21.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是以微粒形式存在的。
22.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中步骤(b)包括熔融压制混合物。
23.权利要求1-21中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)包括注射模塑混合物。
24.权利要求1-21中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)包括使用压片机压制挤出混合物。
25.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中在步骤(b)期间之前,可生物再吸收的聚合物与液态的、气态的或聚合型塑化剂相接触。
26.权利要求25所述的方法中,其中塑化剂包括低热熔粘结剂或压缩基的粘结剂。
27.权利要求25所述的方法中,其中塑化剂包括有机溶剂。
28.权利要求27所述的方法中,其中有机溶剂包括二氯甲烷,氯化乙烯,氯仿,乙酸乙酯,丙酮,乙醇,甲醇,异丙醇,丁醇,或它们的混合物。
29.权利要求1-24中任一项的方法,其中塑化剂和溶剂在制备方法的任意点中均不使用。
30.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物包括聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),或它们的共聚物、组合物,或共混物。
31.上述任意权利要求的方法中,其中生物活性剂包括氨基酸,肽,蛋白质,DNA,RNA,适配子,受体结合蛋白,或抗体。
32.用于制备植入物的方法,包括(a)在等于或低于室温下,混合可生物再吸收的聚合物和生物活性剂以制备混合物;和(b)在等于或低于室温下,压制挤出混合物。
33.权利要求32所述的方法,其中在混合步骤(a)期间,可生物再吸收的聚合物和生物活性剂是干燥的。
34.权利要求32或33所述的方法,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
35.权利要求32-34中任一项的方法,其中步骤(a)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
36.权利要求32-35中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
37.权利要求32-36中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
38.权利要求32-37中任一项的方法中,其中压制挤出混合物包括片压制混合物。
39.权利要求32-38中任一项的方法中,其中在步骤(a)之前或之后,聚合物与液态的、气态的或聚合型塑化剂相接触。
40.权利要求39的方法中,其中塑化剂包括低热熔粘结剂或压缩基的粘结剂。
41.权利要求39所述的方法中,其中塑化剂包括有机溶剂。
42.权利要求41所述的方法中,其中有机溶剂包括二氯甲烷,氯化乙烯,氯仿,乙酸乙酯,丙酮,乙醇,甲醇,异丙醇,丁醇,或它们的混合物。
43.权利要求32-38中任一项的方法,其中塑化剂和溶剂在方法的任意点中均不使用。
44.权利要求32-43中任一项的方法,其中生物活性剂是固体。
45.权利要求32-44中任一项的方法,其中生物活性剂是粉末状的。
46.权利要求32-45中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是粉碎的。
47.权利要求32-46中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是以微粒形式存在的。
48.权利要求32-47中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是可生物降解的。
49.权利要求32-48中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物包括聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),或它们的共聚物、组合物,或共混物。
50.权利要求32-49中任一项的方法,其中生物活性剂包括氨基酸,肽,蛋白质,DNA,RNA,适配子,受体结合蛋白,或抗体。
51.用于制备植入物的方法,包括(a)在等于或低于-150℃下冷却可生物再吸收的聚合物;(b)研磨可生物再吸收的聚合物;(c)在等于或低于室温下,混合经粉碎的可生物再吸收的聚合物和固体粉末状的生物活性剂以制备混合物;和(d)在室温或低于室温下压制挤出混合物以生产植入物。
52.权利要求51所述的方法,其中在整个混合步骤(c)期间,可生物再吸收的聚合物和固体粉末生物活性剂是干燥的。
53.权利要求51或52所述的方法,其中步骤(c)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
54.权利要求51-53中任一项的方法,其中步骤(c)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
55.权利要求51-54中任一项的方法,其中步骤(d)是在等于或低于27℃下实施的。
56.权利要求51-55中任一项的方法,其中步骤(d)是在等于或低于25℃下实施的。
57.权利要求51-56中任一项的方法中,其中研磨是在步骤(b)之前已经在等于或低于-150℃下预冷的研磨机中研磨的。
58.权利要求51-57中任一项的方法中,其中在步骤(e)之前或期间,可再吸收的聚合物与液态的、气态的或聚合型塑化剂相接触。
59.权利要求51-58中任一项的方法中,其中在步骤(b)之后和在步骤(d)之前或期间,可生物再吸收的聚合物与液态的、气态的或聚合型塑化剂相接触。
60.权利要求58或59所述的方法,其中塑化剂包括低热熔粘结剂或压缩基的粘结剂。
61.权利要求58或59所述的方法,其中塑化剂包括有机溶剂。
62.权利要求61所述的方法,其中有机溶剂包括二氯甲烷,氯化乙烯,氯仿,乙酸乙酯,丙酮,乙醇,甲醇,异丙醇,丁醇,或它们的混合物。
63.权利要求51-57中任一项的方法,其中塑化剂和溶剂在方法的任意点中均不使用。
64.权利要求51-63中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是以微粒形式存在的。
65.权利要求51-64中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是可生物降解的。
66.权利要求51-65中任一项的方法,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物包括聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),或它们的共聚物、组合物,或共混物。
67.权利要求51-66中任一项的方法,其中生物活性剂包括氨基酸,肽,蛋白质,DNA,RNA,适配子,受体结合蛋白,或抗体。
68.由前述任意权利要求的方法制备的植入物。
69.植入物,包括(a)可生物再吸收的聚合物基质;(b)分散在基质中的生物活性剂;和(c)在基质中从约0.05%至约5%的塑化剂。
70.权利要求69的植入物,其中塑化剂包括低热熔粘结剂或压缩基的粘结剂。
71.权利要求69的植入物,其中塑化剂是聚合型。
72.权利要求69的植入物,其中塑化剂包括有机溶剂。
73.权利要求72的植入物,其中有机溶剂包括二氯甲烷,氯化乙烯,氯仿,乙酸乙酯,丙酮,乙醇,甲醇,异丙醇,丁醇,或它们的混合物。
74.权利要求69-73中任一项的植入物,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是微粒形式存在的。
75.权利要求69-74中任一项的植入物,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物是可生物降解的。
76.权利要求69-75中任一项的植入物,其中可生物再吸收的聚合物包括聚(丙交酯)、聚(乙交酯)、聚(己内酯)、聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),或它们的共聚物、组合物,或共混物。
77.权利要求69-76中任一项的植入物,其中生物活性剂包括氨基酸,肽,蛋白质,DNA,RNA,适配子,受体结合蛋白,或抗体。
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