CN103227460A - Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method - Google Patents
Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103227460A CN103227460A CN2013101520051A CN201310152005A CN103227460A CN 103227460 A CN103227460 A CN 103227460A CN 2013101520051 A CN2013101520051 A CN 2013101520051A CN 201310152005 A CN201310152005 A CN 201310152005A CN 103227460 A CN103227460 A CN 103227460A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- power distribution
- distribution
- power supply
- supply station
- control unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Landscapes
- Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an intelligent power distribution monitoring system which is applicable to a power distribution looped network, wherein the power distribution looped network comprises a power supply station and a plurality of power distribution substations; the power distribution substations are connected with the power supply station; each power distribution substation is provided with a fault diagnosis and control unit; the power supply station is used for sending starting signal protection instructions to the fault diagnosis and control units in real time; the fault diagnosis and control units are used for receiving the starting signal protection instructions, synchronously collecting status information of the power distribution substations to which the fault diagnosis and control units belong, and the other power distribution substations to which the fault diagnosis and control units do not belong after the starting signal protection instructions are received, and processing the status information; if the status information is fault-free, the power distribution substations are instructed to reclose; if the status information is faulted, faults are detected, and removed to form a processing result; and then the processing result is fed back to the power supply station. The invention further discloses an intelligent power distribution monitoring method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to distributor track automation failure diagnosis and fault recovery technology field, particularly a kind of intelligent power distribution supervisory control system and method for supervising thereof.
Background technology
" Distribution Automation Technology guide rule " and " power distribution automation construction transformation principle " relevant state that the realization technology of intelligence feeder automation has been listed State Grid Corporation of China's promulgation at present in nets among the company standard and standard of company and Southern Power Grid Company, as a kind of main implementation pattern of feeder automation realization.
The basic principle of intelligence feeder automation is: in hand-in-hand feeder line cyclic system, if after breaking down on the feeder line, collect all fault messages in the feeder automation loop by feeder automation controller and feeder automation collector, determine the section that breaks down after the analysis, the on-load switch at these section two ends of tripping is finished the Fault Isolation action, then, the waypoint switch that closes closes circuit breaker, and the result is reported main website, finishes the feeder automation process.
Feeder automation be mainly used in 10Kv feeder line looped network fault location, Fault Isolation, restore electricity.The technology of feeder automation and Related product carry out Industry Promotion and engineering construction, have realized not relying on the intelligent feed line automatization system of distribution main website and substation.To improving urban power distribution network power supply reliability level, promoting the power distribution network operation and management level has extremely important meaning.
Currently deeply advancing the intelligent grid construction comprehensively, during power distribution station comprehensive automation that the feeder automation device is used in a large number that Fiber to the home is built, the implementation of feeder automation is commonly used centralized intelligence formula and distribution feeder automation pattern, and these two kinds of patterns have following pluses and minuses:
Centralized intelligence formula feeder automation pattern is to unify to control all on-load switches with a table apparatus as little main website to realize feeder automation, promptly all devices send relevant information toward little master station device, and the logic determines that depends on main website realizes the feeder automation function.This little main website mode advantage is by a table apparatus acquisition controlling, and deciliter on-load switch speed is fast.Advantage is a uniformity and ageing good, and shortcoming is exactly a poor reliability, the little master station device that promptly places one's entire reliance upon, and in a single day this device has any problem, and that feeder automation just can't be carried out or can't correct execution.
Distributed feeder automation pattern adopts distributed communication, and its operation principle is that the relevant information of gathering adjacent two devices realizes the feeder automation logic.When line failure, the on-load switch of all unified disconnection of feeder automation control device whole piece circuits in the loop begins to judge one by one in the middle of circuit from power end then and closes a floodgate.The advantage of this mode is the independence height, and shortcoming is: the one, and non-fault line also can have a power failure earlier and restore electricity, and is many to the number of operations that meets switch; The 2nd, restore electricity one by one, the time that circuit recovers is long.
Therefore, need a kind of intelligent power distribution supervisory control system and method for supervising thereof especially, to solve the above-mentioned existing problem that exists.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of intelligent power distribution supervisory control system and method for supervising thereof, at the deficiencies in the prior art, be used to realize the whole logic function of feeder automation distribution feeder automated system, effectively reliable, timeliness, independence, the uniformity of feeder automation action logic are closed, effectively solve above-mentioned little master station mode and distributed mode problem.
Technical problem solved by the invention can realize by the following technical solutions:
A kind of intelligent power distribution supervisory control system; be applied to the distribution looped network; described distribution looped network comprises power supply station and a plurality of distribution substation; described distribution substation all is connected with described power supply station; each described distribution substation is provided with the failure diagnosis control unit; described power supply station is used for sending the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time; each described failure diagnosis control unit is used to receive described protection enabling signal instruction; in receive described protection enabling signal instruction back synchronous acquisition under it described distribution substation and the state information of other the described distribution substations except that under it; and handle described state information; state information is a fault-free as described; then instruct described distribution substation reclosing; state information is for there being fault as described; detection failure then; and get rid of fault formation result, then described result is fed back to described power supply station.
In one embodiment of the invention, described failure diagnosis control unit and the split of described distribution substation are provided with.
In one embodiment of the invention, described failure diagnosis control unit and described distribution substation are wholely set.
In one embodiment of the invention, described detection failure comprises the detection failure origination point, detects the device want isolated fault, detects the waypoint device or starts any one or its combination in the power supply station of protecting.
The present invention also provides a kind of intelligent power distribution method for supervising, described method is applied to the distribution looped network, described distribution looped network comprises power supply station and a plurality of distribution substation, described distribution substation all is connected with described power supply station, and each described distribution substation is provided with the described method of failure diagnosis control unit and comprises the steps:
Step 1: described power supply station sends the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time;
Step 2: each described failure diagnosis control unit receives described protection enabling signal instruction, wait for reclosure time then, if the reclosing success, then feeder automation does not start, if reclosing is unsuccessful, then described failure diagnosis control unit detection failure;
Step 3: fix a breakdown;
Step 4: involution: behind all feeder automation device EO, signal is carried out in unified involution feeder automation in the circuit, begins to detect protection next time enabling signal.
In one embodiment of the invention, described detection failure comprises the detection failure origination point, the device, waypoint device of isolated fault and starts any one or its combination in the transformer station of protection.
In one embodiment of the invention, if detection failure described in the step 2 is for detecting the device of wanting isolated fault, then fixing a breakdown described in the step 3 is isolated fault.
In one embodiment of the invention,, determine after the Fault Isolation, close waypoint if detection failure is then fixed a breakdown described in the step 3 to closing circuit breaker for detecting the waypoint device described in the step 2.
In one embodiment of the invention,, then fix a breakdown described in the step 3, close circuit breaker to after definite Fault Isolation if detection failure described in the step 2 is to detect the power supply station that starts protection.
Intelligent power distribution supervisory control system of the present invention and method for supervising thereof are compared with prior art, realize the whole logic function of feeder automation distribution feeder automated system, effectively reliable, timeliness, independence and the uniformity of feeder automation action logic are closed, effectively solve above-mentioned little master station mode and distributed mode problem, has active operation significance to promoting the intelligent matrix FEEDER AUTOMATION, similar power distribution station from now on also had promote and reference, realize purpose of the present invention.
Characteristics of the present invention can be consulted the detailed description of the graphic and following better execution mode of this case and be obtained to be well understood to.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is an intelligent power distribution supervisory control system structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the actual circuit situation schematic diagram that breaks down;
Fig. 3 is the circuit situation schematic diagram of feeder automation after finishing;
Fig. 4 is an implementation method schematic diagram of the present invention.
Embodiment
For technological means, creation characteristic that the present invention is realized, reach purpose and effect is easy to understand, below in conjunction with concrete diagram, further set forth the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1; intelligent power distribution supervisory control system provided by the invention; be applied to the distribution looped network; described distribution looped network comprises power supply station and a plurality of distribution substation; described distribution substation all is connected with described power supply station; each described distribution substation is provided with the failure diagnosis control unit; described power supply station is used for sending the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time; each described failure diagnosis control unit is used to receive described protection enabling signal instruction; in receive described protection enabling signal instruction back synchronous acquisition under it described distribution substation and the state information of other the described distribution substations except that under it; and handle described state information; state information is a fault-free as described; then instruct described distribution substation reclosing; state information is for there being fault as described; then detection failure, and eliminating fault forms result, then described result is fed back to described power supply station.
In a kind of specific embodiment, in intelligent matrix feed line automatization system structure, set up IP-based matrix form Networks of Fiber Communications between transformer station, K type station, P type station, the W type station, the port (RJ45 mouth) that provides by the Industrial Ethernet optical transceiver, insert the first failure diagnosis control unit 100 and the second failure diagnosis collecting unit 200, satisfy the requirement of communicating by letter between intelligent feeder automation control unit matrix form communication and power distribution automation main website and the intelligent feeder automation control unit.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first failure diagnosis control unit 100 and conventional distribution terminal DTU300 adopt serial communication, adopt stipulations such as using IEC101 promulgated by the ministries or commissions of the Central Government or IEC104.As shown in Figure 2, situation about breaking down in the expression negative 2 negative 3, actual action should for
1, the first switch close-＞minute;
2, bear 2 switches to close-＞minute, bear 3 switches to close-＞minute;
3, first switch branch-＞close, negative 5 switch branches-＞close.
Line status after feeder automation finishes as shown in Figure 3.
As shown in Figure 4, intelligent power distribution method for supervising of the present invention, it comprises the steps:
Step 1: described power supply station sends the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time;
Step 2: each described failure diagnosis control unit receives described protection enabling signal instruction, wait for reclosure time then, if the reclosing success, then feeder automation does not start, if reclosing is unsuccessful, then described failure diagnosis control unit detection failure;
Step 3: fix a breakdown;
Step 4: involution: behind all feeder automation device EO, signal is carried out in unified involution feeder automation in the circuit, begins to detect protection next time enabling signal.
In the present invention, described detection failure comprises the detection failure origination point, detects the device want isolated fault, detects the waypoint device or starts any one or its combination in the power supply station of protecting.
In one embodiment of the invention, if detection failure described in the step 2 is for detecting the device of wanting isolated fault, then fixing a breakdown described in the step 3 is isolated fault.
In one embodiment of the invention,, determine after the Fault Isolation, close waypoint if detection failure is then fixed a breakdown described in the step 3 to closing circuit breaker for detecting the waypoint device described in the step 2.
In one embodiment of the invention,, then fix a breakdown described in the step 3, close circuit breaker to after definite Fault Isolation if detection failure described in the step 2 is to detect the power supply station that starts protection.
From the above, the feeder automation of realization matrix formula intelligent mode needs following condition:
The network communication of matrix form: the network communication of matrix form makes a controller initiatively issue fault message or inquire about other controller informations becomes possibility.
Each feeder automation control unit has the ability of comprehensive and process information: must be able to gather and deal with data information, and with all device communications that participate in feeder automation, and can the control switch action.
Judge fast, fix a breakdown; restore electricity: each feeder automation control unit can be according to the state of the fault message that collects and each device switch; judge fast, fix a breakdown; restore electricity; this just needs a kind of logical algorithm of practicality; and can judge fault fast and accurately, every control unit that participates in feeder automation is according to fault messages all on the circuit, in conjunction with the protection starting state of oneself.
Feeder automation must match with the fast tripping protection time limit that goes out wiretap.
As shown in Figure 1; the second failure diagnosis collecting unit 200 and RTU function are one; be based on the face protection philosophy; adopt the communication mechanism of class GOOSE formula; arbitrary controller in the communication loop all gathered the information in other all controllers; after receiving power supply station " accident resultant signal "; every controller all starts the feeder automation function of this machine; the unified beginning to the fault point; the isolated fault device; information such as waypoint device detect, and judge voluntarily and isolate, to reach the purpose that restores electricity fast.
The second failure diagnosis collecting unit 200 is an one because of collection RTU function, so can directly judge the circuit overcurrent.Because of adopting the communication mechanism of class GOOSE examination, any unit produces overcurrent again, and all unit all can be known, so can judge the fault point fast at which, do not need to detect voltage and just can carry out the feeder automation operation.
In addition, system is not provided with fixing branch breakpoint, but detection of dynamic is divided breakpoint.
In sum, the matrix form network communication mode of class GOOSE of the present invention has following advantage:
The independence height: real matrix form network service and real matrix form feeder automation, all fault judgement, abnormal obliteration, Fault Isolation, non-faulty section restore electricity and are finished by this machine.Adopt the communication mechanism of class GOOSE formula;
Service restoration speed is fast: after the circuit breaker failure tripping, only needed for two steps, separately two isolation on-load switches close circuit breaker and the on-load switch that divides breakpoint.
The on-load switch number of operations is few: feeder automation operation needs the on-load switch of action only need move once.
Need subsidiary conditions few: only need install CT additional, gather current signal, judge the circuit fault that whether is short-circuited.Need not to install additional PT, in the logic without the decompression signal.
More than show and described basic principle of the present invention and principal character and advantage of the present invention.The technical staff of the industry should understand; the present invention is not restricted to the described embodiments; that describes in the foregoing description and the specification just illustrates principle of the present invention; without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; the present invention also has various changes and modifications; these changes and improvements all fall in the claimed scope of the invention, and the claimed scope of the present invention is defined by appending claims and equivalent thereof
Claims (9)
1. intelligent power distribution supervisory control system; be applied to the distribution looped network; described distribution looped network comprises power supply station and a plurality of distribution substation; described distribution substation all is connected with described power supply station; it is characterized in that; each described distribution substation is provided with the failure diagnosis control unit; described power supply station is used for sending the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time; each described failure diagnosis control unit is used to receive described protection enabling signal instruction; in receive described protection enabling signal instruction back synchronous acquisition under it described distribution substation and the state information of other the described distribution substations except that under it; and handle described state information; state information is a fault-free as described; then instruct described distribution substation reclosing; state information is for there being fault as described; then detection failure, and eliminating fault forms result, then described result is fed back to described power supply station.
2. intelligent power distribution supervisory control system according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described failure diagnosis control unit and the split of described distribution substation are provided with.
3. intelligent power distribution supervisory control system according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described failure diagnosis control unit and described distribution substation are wholely set.
4. according to each described intelligent power distribution supervisory control system of claim 1 to 3; it is characterized in that described detection failure comprises the detection failure origination point, detect the device want isolated fault, detect the waypoint device or start any one or its combination in the power supply station of protecting.
5. intelligent power distribution method for supervising, it is characterized in that, described method is applied to the distribution looped network, described distribution looped network comprises power supply station and a plurality of distribution substation, described distribution substation all is connected with described power supply station, and each described distribution substation is provided with the described method of failure diagnosis control unit and comprises the steps:
Step 1: described power supply station sends the instruction of protection enabling signal to each described failure diagnosis control unit in real time;
Step 2: each described failure diagnosis control unit receives described protection enabling signal instruction, wait for reclosure time then, if the reclosing success, then feeder automation does not start, if reclosing is unsuccessful, then described failure diagnosis control unit detection failure;
Step 3: fix a breakdown;
Step 4: involution: behind all feeder automation device EO, signal is carried out in unified involution feeder automation in the circuit, begins to detect protection next time enabling signal.
6. intelligent power distribution method for supervising as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that described detection failure comprises the detection failure origination point, the device, waypoint device of isolated fault and starts any one or its combination in the transformer station of protection.
7. intelligent power distribution method for supervising as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, if detection failure described in the step 2 is for detecting the device of wanting isolated fault, then fixing a breakdown described in the step 3 is isolated fault.
8. intelligent power distribution method for supervising as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, if detection failure is then fixed a breakdown described in the step 3 to closing circuit breaker for detecting the waypoint device described in the step 2, determines after the Fault Isolation, closes waypoint.
9. intelligent power distribution method for supervising as claimed in claim 6 is characterized in that, if detection failure described in the step 2 is to detect the power supply station that starts protection, then fixes a breakdown described in the step 3 to after definite Fault Isolation, closes circuit breaker.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013101520051A CN103227460A (en) | 2013-04-27 | 2013-04-27 | Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013101520051A CN103227460A (en) | 2013-04-27 | 2013-04-27 | Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN103227460A true CN103227460A (en) | 2013-07-31 |
Family
ID=48837786
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2013101520051A Pending CN103227460A (en) | 2013-04-27 | 2013-04-27 | Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN103227460A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103475097A (en) * | 2013-09-05 | 2013-12-25 | 山西省电力公司大同供电分公司 | Distribution feeder automatic system |
| CN103855810A (en) * | 2014-03-31 | 2014-06-11 | 国网上海市电力公司 | Self-healing security and stability system for 110KV substation |
| CN104917163A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-09-16 | 国网上海市电力公司 | Warehouse-connected cable ring network over-current fault position determining equipment |
| CN105553102A (en) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-05-04 | 安徽明瑞智能科技股份有限公司 | Low-voltage power distribution automation system |
| CN110350489A (en) * | 2019-07-16 | 2019-10-18 | 南京白云瑞来科技有限公司 | A kind of power distribution network relay protection and TT&C system |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2194656A1 (en) * | 2008-12-03 | 2010-06-09 | Abb Research Ltd. | Electrical power network management system |
| CN102710022A (en) * | 2012-06-13 | 2012-10-03 | 南京软核科技有限公司 | Power distribution network feeder protection and reconfiguration scheme based on intelligent feeder terminal unit |
| US20120265360A1 (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2012-10-18 | Andre Smit | Method and system for programming and implementing automated fault isolation and restoration using sequential logic |
| CN202503368U (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2012-10-24 | 上海致达智利达系统控制有限责任公司 | Intelligent distributed power distribution monitoring device |
| CN202550668U (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-11-21 | 上海资和通信科技有限公司 | Distributed power distribution network management terminal |
-
2013
- 2013-04-27 CN CN2013101520051A patent/CN103227460A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2194656A1 (en) * | 2008-12-03 | 2010-06-09 | Abb Research Ltd. | Electrical power network management system |
| US20120265360A1 (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2012-10-18 | Andre Smit | Method and system for programming and implementing automated fault isolation and restoration using sequential logic |
| CN202503368U (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2012-10-24 | 上海致达智利达系统控制有限责任公司 | Intelligent distributed power distribution monitoring device |
| CN202550668U (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-11-21 | 上海资和通信科技有限公司 | Distributed power distribution network management terminal |
| CN102710022A (en) * | 2012-06-13 | 2012-10-03 | 南京软核科技有限公司 | Power distribution network feeder protection and reconfiguration scheme based on intelligent feeder terminal unit |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 杨旭东等: "配网故障定位、隔离与恢复的研究", 《大众科技》 * |
| 杨浩赟等: "配电网超高速故障隔离与供电恢复技术方案的研究与实施", 《电网技术》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103475097A (en) * | 2013-09-05 | 2013-12-25 | 山西省电力公司大同供电分公司 | Distribution feeder automatic system |
| CN103855810A (en) * | 2014-03-31 | 2014-06-11 | 国网上海市电力公司 | Self-healing security and stability system for 110KV substation |
| CN104917163A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-09-16 | 国网上海市电力公司 | Warehouse-connected cable ring network over-current fault position determining equipment |
| CN105553102A (en) * | 2016-01-07 | 2016-05-04 | 安徽明瑞智能科技股份有限公司 | Low-voltage power distribution automation system |
| CN110350489A (en) * | 2019-07-16 | 2019-10-18 | 南京白云瑞来科技有限公司 | A kind of power distribution network relay protection and TT&C system |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102270836B (en) | Wide-area over-current protection method and system for power distribution network | |
| CN102710022B (en) | Power distribution network feeder protection and reconfiguration scheme based on intelligent feeder terminal unit | |
| CN103354353B (en) | Intelligent power-distribution-network whole-line quick-reacting main protection and determination system and method | |
| CN103022994B (en) | Method for achieving fault isolation and recovery of power distribution network with permeability distribution type power supply | |
| CN110048507B (en) | Automatic inspection method and system for power distribution automation system | |
| CN102299563B (en) | Digital-analog (DA) protection method for intelligent distribution network | |
| CN105375635A (en) | Method and system of intelligent management of power distribution network cascading switching stations | |
| CN103606910A (en) | Wide area information based fault self-healing method for dead zone of feeder outlet of distribution network | |
| CN103227460A (en) | Intelligent power distribution monitoring system and intelligent power distribution monitoring method | |
| CN104113141A (en) | Intelligent lengthways interconnected feeder line automatic control method | |
| CN103490392A (en) | Fault handling method of power distribution network comprising distributed power supplies and microgrids | |
| CN203691057U (en) | Arc online monitoring and protecting system | |
| CN204156517U (en) | A kind of intelligent substation low-voltage bus bar protection system | |
| CN102447305A (en) | Topological anti-misoperation system for power grid | |
| CN103944153A (en) | Self-adaption intelligent protection method for power distribution network applied to high-permeability distributed power supply | |
| CN204068430U (en) | A kind of intelligence longitudinally interconnected feeder automation control system | |
| CN104124672A (en) | Power restoration method for voltage type fault section front end | |
| CN104319743B (en) | The method and apparatus of the main transformer high-pressure side Fast Operating Backup Protection based on station domain information | |
| CN113131448A (en) | Intelligent distributed feeder line method and device based on 5G communication | |
| CN202550668U (en) | Distributed power distribution network management terminal | |
| CN110749802B (en) | Fault positioning method and system for low-voltage distribution network | |
| CN104135079A (en) | Failure processing method for intelligent power distribution network comprising distributed power supply | |
| CN112968431A (en) | Automatic processing system and method for CAN bus optical fiber internet +10KV feeder line fault | |
| CN104701823A (en) | Networking intelligent switch protection system for feeders of power distribution networks | |
| CN202435021U (en) | Automatic fault isolation system for distribution network feed line |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C02 | Deemed withdrawal of patent application after publication (patent law 2001) | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20130731 |