CN103106347A - Agricultural non-point source phosphorus pollution estimation method based on soil property space distribution - Google Patents
Agricultural non-point source phosphorus pollution estimation method based on soil property space distribution Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
An agricultural non-point source phosphorus pollution estimation method based on soil property space distribution comprises the three steps: (1) building a response relation between the soil property space distribution and non-point source pollution load, wherein the step (1) comprises model small study region selection, soil property space distribution, typical area non-point source pollution soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model simulation and relation building between soil property and the non-point source pollution load space distribution; (2) collecting and detecting a to-be-estimated region soil sample; and (3) estimating agricultural non-point source pollution load. According to the agricultural non-point source phosphorus pollution estimation method based on the soil property space distribution, the agricultural non-point source load of a research area can be rapidly and effectively forecast and estimated only the regional soil property space distribution needs to be obtained on the basis that the response relation between the soil property space distribution and the model simulated non-point source pollution load is built. The agricultural non-point source phosphorus pollution estimation method based on the soil property space distribution has a good application prospect in the technical field of non-point source pollution management.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to pollution of area source administrative skill field, relate to a kind of evaluation method of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area of simple and fast, relate in particular to a kind of agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution and pollute evaluation method.
Background technology
Widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area refers in the Agricultural Activities such as farming operation, chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, soil losses and agricultural wastes etc. are in precipitation (irrigation) process, along with hydrologic processes such as rainwash and underground leakages, carry polluter and flow into water body, and then pollute.The space and time difference of our water resource and the degree that high-intensity agricultural production has aggravated widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area, the contribution rate in source is to 40%-65%, in the urgent need to widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area is effectively estimated and managed below industrial point source and domestic pollution source are controlled effectively.
In the pollution of area source research of present stage, open-air monitoring on the spot and modeling are main management assessment means.Along with people to pollution of area source understanding progressively deeply, find that the face source has the characteristics such as randomness, popularity, hysteresis quality, uncertainty.Carrying out open-air monitoring on the spot often needs long time scale and the intensive monitoring of space scale on a large scale, and labour intensity increase, Efficiency Decreasing, cycle stretch-out, cost consumption are large, make the acquisition of basic data comparatively difficult.Therefore, it is only in most cases as a kind of supplementary means that the field is monitored on the spot in pollution of area source research, is mainly used in the checking of all kinds of source models and the correction of model parameter.Modeling in the quantitative research of carrying out pollution of area source and impact evaluation and pollution control, is more direct and effective research method.The advantage of model is can be in the situation that do not need open-air pollution of area source Monitoring Data on the spot, by ready-made data such as weather, landform, soil utilization, farmland managements, pollution of area source is carried out simulation on time and spatial sequence, can intuitively estimate load and the space distribution of pollution of area source.Modeling is monitored on the spot compared to the field, the advantages such as workload is little, basic data is easily obtained, visual result is credible are arranged, but also there is the defective of self in modeling: at first, modeling each time still needs detailed meteorology, soil utilization, hydrographic data to do support, in the pollution of area source simulation of Cross Some Region Without Data, data are bottlenecks of restriction modeling; 2. model is the approximate simulation to reality, due to the impact on the modeling precision of the design of model itself and mechanism defective and various uncertain factor, and can not the accomplishing reality simulation very of modeling.
In view of these two kinds of pollution of area source evaluation methods have its limitation separately, therefore, in order to estimate more effectively and quickly the widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area load, be necessary to monitor on the spot in the open air with modeling outside, set up a kind of effective evaluation method easily: on the full and accurate representative region analog basis of data, set up the response relation of model phosphorus POLLUTION SIMULATION result and soil attribute space distribution, push away by soil attribute space distribution situation existing or monitoring on the spot is anti-the load that agricultural area source phosphorus pollutes at similar area.
Summary of the invention
1, purpose: the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution and pollute evaluation method, according to the present invention, on the basis of the pollution of area source load responding relation of setting up soil attribute space distribution and modeling, only regional soil attribute space distribution situation need be obtained, the load of this study area widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area of estimation can be fast and effeciently predicted.
2, technical scheme: the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution of the present invention pollutes evaluation method, and the method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: the foundation of soil attribute space distribution and pollution of area source load responding relation
(1) typical little survey region is selected
The selection of the little survey region of typical case is the first step of embodiment of the present invention, is also a crucial step.Typical little study area should possess following several essential characteristics: 1. zone typical case comparatively, and possess institute and study the essential characteristics such as greatly regional landform, weather, the hydrology, contain all soil types in large zone, the soil utilizes kind; 2. zone meteorology, topography and geomorphology, hydrographic data are complete, and the modeling precision is high; 3. the complete or traffic convenience pedotheque of existing Soil attribute data easily obtains.The zonule that has simultaneously above three kinds of features can be chosen as the cross-section study district that sets up soil attribute and pollution of area source load space distribution response.
(2) soil attribute space distribution
After little study area is selected, need to do detailed analysis to the space distribution of soil attribute in study area.The collection work of data is the core procedures in this step.Generally, the agricultural sector in the locality preserves a large amount of soil primary attribute data, and these data are enough done the spatial distribution analysis of soil attribute.If available data is incomplete, need the soil in study area to be carried out sample analysis on the spot.The acquisition method of soil sample adopts grid to layout, and selectedly in grid disturbs less typical field, records its longitude and latitude, plants landforms, last year crop species and the gradient etc. on every side, and adopt the S route to carry out the collection of topsoil.The soil attribute indexs of correlation such as the nutrients such as the basic physical and chemical of soil and the soil organism, nitrogen phosphorus and heavy metal element are carried out measuring.After the soil data recorded, in employing GIS, spatial interpolation methods carried out space interpolation to soil attribute, obtains space distribution information.Space interpolation is to estimate the mathematical method of unknown spatial data value according to known spatial data, and the interpolation method that has been applied to spatial variation of soil nutrient content research is mainly Kriging interpolation and BP neural network.This research recommends to select the Kriging method to carry out space interpolation to attributes such as the organic matter of regional soil and nitrogen, phosphorus, obtains having the Soil attribute data layer of space continuous data.
(3) Typical Areas pollution of area source SWAT modeling
By to the investigation about local department and peasant household, replenish and arrange relevant capital goods in the agricultural sector, comprise the regional agriculture production status, fill with row's mode, fertilization mode and social and economic condition etc.; The data of agricultural weather aspect, collection research district is for data analysis provides the background meteorological data; The operation environment remote sensing technology, decipher Landsat TM data acquisition study area land-use map, the spatial distribution characteristic that in analyzed area, various soils utilize is set up the Land Use Database that model needs; The 1:100 ten thousand soil types distribution plans that provided take Chinese Academy of Sciences's Nanjing soil, are set up model and are needed Soil Database in conjunction with the on-site soil specimen test as the basis.
After model database is set up, use hydrological distribution model SWAT as face source simulation tool, with soil attribute, soil utilization and the data input model such as meteorological system, after carrying out suitable parameter calibration and adjusting, the face source phosphorus pollutional load of study area is carried out the spatial and temporal distributions simulation.
(4) soil attribute and pollution of area source load space distribution response relation are set up
Because the main source of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area is paddy field and dry land, each soil attribute in subflow territory that these two kinds of land use patterns is accounted for main advantage is corresponding with the pollution of area source result of modeling, utilize the method for principal component analysis (PCA) to find out and to provide several attributes of maximum quantity of information for the source phosphorus pollution of estimation face, set up on this basis the response relation between soil attribute space distribution and pollution of area source.
Step 2: treat estimation area collecting soil sample and detection
Similar with (2) in step 1, by history data collection and field experiment, draw the space distribution situation of the soil attribute that filters out in step 1 (4).
Step 3: widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area load estimate
The face source phosphorus pollutional load that estimates survey region according to space distribution and the response relation of the soil attribute that filters out.Several soil attribute that provide the pollution of area source quantity of information maximum have been provided in (4) of step 1, by the soil attribute regularity of distribution that records in step 2, can have estimated the situation of this zone pollution of area source.
3, advantage and effect: a kind of agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution of the present invention pollutes evaluation method, and its advantage is: one, and this method only need be set up response relation, it can be generalized in the pollution of area source estimation of similar area, and is simple and convenient; Its two, this method only needs collection in worksite and detects the load that soil attribute can be estimated pollution of area source fast; Its three, this evaluation method has the more Analysis on Mechanism of deep layer not exclusively based on simple digital simulation, result is comparatively accurate.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the FB(flow block) based on the widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area evaluation method of soil attribute space distribution
Fig. 2 is that subflow territory, paddy field face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil attribute concern schematic diagram
Fig. 3 is that dry land subflow territory face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil attribute concern schematic diagram
Fig. 4 is face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil 0-20cm total phosphorus correlativity schematic diagram
Fig. 5 is face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil 0-20cm zinc correlativity schematic diagram
Fig. 6 is face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil 20-40cm chromium correlativity schematic diagram
Fig. 7 is face source phosphorus pollutional load and soil 20-40cm copper correlativity schematic diagram
Embodiment
The pollution of area source evaluation method that the present invention proposes is a kind of from the current soil attribute, by the response relation in conjunction with the pollutional load result of soil attribute and modeling, estimates fast the method that pollution of area source is loaded.
See Fig. 1, a kind of agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution of the present invention pollutes evaluation method, and the method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1:
Present case selects typical commodity food production base, the Northeast 859 farm Nei Abu Jiaohe small watersheds to analyze as an example.The main historical summary from farm soil that obtains of soil attribute arranges and the on-site soil sample collection in this example.On-the-spot sample collection is layouted with the grid of 1.5km in the scope of farm, gathered altogether each two-layer (0-20cm of 30 points, pedotheque 20-40cm), analyzing and testing available phosphorus (Available phosphorus, AP), total phosphorus (Total phosphorus, TP), eight physical attributes such as total nitrogen (Total nitrogen, TN), total potassium (Total K, TK).By in conjunction with the historical soil data in farm, soil attribute is carried out space interpolation, obtain the spatial distribution characteristic of soil attribute.
Pass through respectively remote Sensing Interpretation, Data acquisition, and peasant household's investigation, set up the required soil of SWAT modeling, soil utilization, meteorology, farmland management database, performance model carries out the spatial and temporal distributions simulation to this regional face source phosphorus pollutional load on the basis of parameter calibration and checking, export respectively the analog result of mineral matter phosphorus (Sediment P), organophosphorus (Organic P), total phosphorus (TP), obtain the space distribution situation of these three kinds of Forms of Phosphorus pollutional loads.
More complicated in view of the statistic processes of 8 kinds of minute two-layer soil attribute, need to therefrom filter out can influence surface the factor polluted of source phosphorus; The main source of pollution of area source is paddy field and dry land in addition again.Finally with the subflow territory of the model partition minimum unit as research, the modeling result and the soil attribute spatial distribution data that these two kinds of land use patterns are accounted for each subflow territory of main advantage are carried out the major component analysis, based on this, excavate the MAIN SOILS attribute that affects the phosphorus pollution.Analysis result shows: the first two major component has been contributed 86.3%, 87.2% quantity of information altogether on the top layer of paddy field and dry land, has contributed respectively 64.5% and 73.4% quantity of information (seeing Fig. 2, Fig. 3) at inferior top layer (20-40cm).In the paddy field part, the AP on top layer, TP, SOC, Zn attribute can in order to estimate face source phosphorus pollution, can be used as the reliable estimation factor at inferior top layer Cu, Cr, SOC; In the dry land part, TP, Zn can be used as the estimation factor on top layer, and Cu, Cr, AP are the main contributions factors on time top layer.All in all, the TP on top layer and Zn, the Cu on inferior top layer and Cr can be used as this area surface of quick estimation source contaminated soil attribute.
Can verify the result of principal component analysis (PCA) by the correlationship of 4 kinds of attributes screening and face source phosphorus being polluted two kinds of forms, these 4 kinds of attributes all pollute with face source phosphorus higher correlativity (sees Fig. 4-Fig. 7), that is to say in this zone and similar area only need to obtain TP and the Zn on top layer, the Cu on inferior top layer and the data of Cr just can generally estimate this regional face source phosphorus pollutional load.
Step 2: treat estimation area collecting soil sample and detection
Similar with (2) in step 1, by history data collection and field experiment, draw the space distribution situation of the soil attribute that filters out in step 1 (4).
Step 3: widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area load estimate
The face source phosphorus pollutional load that estimates survey region according to space distribution and the response relation of the soil attribute that filters out.Several soil attribute that provide the pollution of area source quantity of information maximum have been provided in (4) of step 1, by the soil attribute regularity of distribution that records in step 2, can have estimated the situation of this zone pollution of area source.Here, only need obtain TP and Zn as the top layer of certain study area of obtaining in step 1, the Cu on inferior top layer and the distributed data of Cr can obtain the space distribution situation of this zone pollution of area source phosphorus load.
Claims (1)
1. the agricultural area source phosphorus based on the soil attribute space distribution pollutes evaluation method, and it is characterized in that: the method concrete steps are as follows:
Step 1: the foundation of soil attribute space distribution and pollution of area source load responding relation
(1) typical little survey region is selected
The selection of the little survey region of typical case is a step of embodiment key; Typical little study area should possess following several essential characteristics: 1. zone typical case comparatively, and possess institute and study greatly regional landform, weather and hydrology essential characteristic, contain all soil types in large zone, the soil utilizes kind; 2. zone meteorology, topography and geomorphology, hydrographic data are complete, and the modeling precision is high; 3. the complete or traffic convenience pedotheque of existing Soil attribute data easily obtains; The zonule that has simultaneously above three kinds of features can be chosen as the cross-section study district that sets up soil attribute and pollution of area source load space distribution response;
(2) soil attribute space distribution
After little study area is selected, need to do detailed analysis to the space distribution of soil attribute in study area; The collection work of data is the core procedures in this step, and generally, the agricultural sector in the locality preserves a large amount of soil primary attribute data, and these data are enough done the spatial distribution analysis of soil attribute; If available data is incomplete, need the soil in study area to be carried out sample analysis on the spot, the acquisition method of soil sample adopts grid to layout, the less typical field of selected interference in grid, record its longitude and latitude, plant landforms, last year crop species and the gradient on every side, and adopt the S route to carry out the collection of topsoil; The basic physical and chemical of soil and the soil attribute index of correlation of the soil organism, nitrogen phosphorus nutrition element and heavy metal element are carried out measuring; After the soil data recorded, in employing GIS, spatial interpolation methods carried out space interpolation to soil attribute, obtains space distribution information; Space interpolation is to estimate the mathematical method of unknown spatial data value according to known spatial data, and the interpolation method that has been applied to spatial variation of soil nutrient content research is mainly Kriging interpolation and BP neural network; Recommendation selects the Kriging method to carry out space interpolation to attributes such as the organic matter of regional soil and nitrogen, phosphorus, obtains having the Soil attribute data layer of space continuous data;
(3) Typical Areas pollution of area source SWAT modeling
By to the investigation about local department and peasant household, replenish and arrange relevant capital goods in the agricultural sector, comprise the regional agriculture production status, fill with row's mode, fertilization mode and social and economic condition; The data of agricultural weather aspect, collection research district is for data analysis provides the background meteorological data; The operation environment remote sensing technology, decipher Landsat TM data acquisition study area land-use map, the spatial distribution characteristic that in analyzed area, various soils utilize is set up the Land Use Database that model needs; The 1:100 ten thousand soil types distribution plans that provided take Chinese Academy of Sciences's Nanjing soil, are set up model and are needed Soil Database in conjunction with the on-site soil specimen test as the basis; After model database is set up, use hydrological distribution model SWAT as face source simulation tool, with soil attribute, soil utilization and weather data input model system, after carrying out parameter calibration and adjusting, the face source phosphorus pollutional load of study area is carried out the spatial and temporal distributions simulation;
(4) soil attribute and pollution of area source load space distribution response relation are set up
Because the main source of widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area is paddy field and dry land, each soil attribute in subflow territory that these two kinds of land use patterns is accounted for main advantage is corresponding with the pollution of area source result of modeling, utilize the method for principal component analysis (PCA) to find out and to provide several attributes of maximum quantity of information for the source phosphorus pollution of estimation face, set up on this basis the response relation between soil attribute space distribution and pollution of area source;
Step 2: treat estimation area collecting soil sample and detection
Similar with (2) in step 1, by history data collection and field experiment, draw the space distribution situation of the soil attribute that filters out in step 1 (4);
Step 3: widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area load estimate
The face source phosphorus pollutional load that estimates survey region according to space distribution and the response relation of the soil attribute that filters out; Several soil attribute that provide the pollution of area source quantity of information maximum have been provided in (4) of step 1, by the soil attribute regularity of distribution that records in step 2, have estimated the situation of this zone pollution of area source.
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