CN103020422A - Method for calculating maintenance time interval of civil aircraft system - Google Patents
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Abstract
A method for calculating the maintenance time interval of a civil aircraft system belongs to the technical field of aviation. The method selects economy (cost/hour) as an optimization object, wherein as for safety tasks, two methods are used to calculate the time intervals of corresponding maintenance tasks, safety and economy are emphasized particularly, and the economy arithmetic recommended scope, safety threshold and product model regular checking target value are taken into comprehensive consideration to determine the task time interval. The method is economy-centered, is limited by safety and takes reliability as input idea, so as to recommend a reasonable maintenance time interval. A working group comprehensively takes supplier recommended value, engineering recommended value, history maintenance data, similar system part data, industrial experience point, the recommended value of the method and the like into consideration to make a decision, so that an optimum maintenance time interval judgment is made. The method is used for solving the problem that the civil aircraft cannot accurately judge the system part maintenance time interval due to the lack of a large number of service data during a maintenance review board report (MRBR) formulation process.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the aeronautical technology field, particularly relate to a kind of civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method.
Background technology
In traditional " systematic analysis " process of civil aircraft, servicing time, the interval was established a capital too conservatively really, and the selection of each working group is often based on industrial practice.Industrial practice is mostly according to supplier's recommendation, same or similar the generation such as military service data, engineering experience, it is often only for certain system or parts itself, do not have complete and aircraft MSG-3(Maintenance Steering Group-3rd Task Force) the thought fusion, namely consider its rationality from the airplane complete machine angle: which kind of impact is this thrashing can produce to aircraft; Under the various impacts, when maintenance can make cost minimum etc.MSG-3 can produce five class failure effects in system's one layer analysis, i.e. dominant safety (5 class), dominant operation (6 class), dominant economy (7 class), recessive safety (8 class), recessive non-security (9 class).The maintenance task that two layer analysis corresponding with this five kind produce, if its time interval all only determine according to industrial practice, then cause possibly keeping in repair deficiency or superfluous situation.On the other hand, in servicing time of recommending out not to be inconsistent with industrial practice during the interval, aeronautical manufacture merchant, operator and authorities often hold different suggestions from different perspectives, cause a large amount of for a long time debates in working group or ISC meeting, lack corresponding criterion.
Below two examples only illustrated with reference to industrial practice and carried out the defective that system maintenance time interval determines:
1: one non-security class of recessiveness of example (lost efficacy and was not found in the aircraft operational process, this lost efficacy with extra lost efficacy or the combination of event on aircraft safety without impact) maintenance task, the MTBF of its maintenance objects is the 500000FH(pilot time), the MTBF (mean time between failures) that additional system lost efficacy is 250000FH.The time of finishing these task needs is shorter, and because the expense of this generation of losing efficacy is very low, that considers to select higher interval servicing time more reasonable based on economy, such as 20000-30000FH.But should task time the industrial practice at interval be 1000FH, this time interval will certainly cause maintenance superfluous, produces higher maintenance cost.
2: one dominant operation classes of example (lost efficacy and can be found in operational process, and it is influential to the aircraft operation) maintenance task, the MTBF of its maintenance objects is 200000FH, be 15 minutes task time, if can produce serious consequence but occur to lose efficacy, such as the cost of repairs 100000 $ of costliness, flight cancellation etc.That in this case, it is comparatively rational selecting the lower time interval, such as 300-500FH.But should task time the industrial practice at interval be 800-1000FH, this time interval seems that then maintenance is not enough, causes higher maintenance cost or lost revenue to airline.
As seen from the above, concerning new architecture, in the situation of a large amount of shortage military service Data supports, rely on industrial practice fully and determine the system maintenance time interval and unreasonable, security, reliability, economy and MSG-3 are analyzed fully fusion, take reliability as input, security is as constraint, centered by the economy, go out to send from full machine angle and determine that the civil aircraft system maintenance time interval will be the leading trend in this field.
At present domesticly also be in the starting stage at this area research, most companies adopt the method based on reasoning by cases, centered by similarity, under the support that lacks the military service data, use other in technical data or the empirical data of labour aircraft same or similar parts, by calculate the similarity size judge domestic newly develop type use on earth which kind of similar or same parts at labour interval servicing time.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters for above-mentioned existence, only rely on existing industry empirical data or other people mantenance data to determine the present situation in the civil aircraft system maintenance time interval for breaking away from, the invention provides a kind of civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method, it is according to MSG-3 thought, from the complete machine angle, in conjunction with issuable economic impact in the actual operation process of civil aircraft, consider reliability, safety factor, find the solution best interval servicing time.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
Ultimate principle of the present invention
The periodic maintenance task that analyze to produce for MSG-3 can be divided into security classes and non-security class, and the present invention has selected economy (expense/hour) as optimization aim.Wherein for the security classes task, the time interval of calculating corresponding maintenance task with two kinds of methods: stress safely and economic, consider economy algorithm recommended range, safe threshold and product type and surely examine the time interval that desired value sets the tasks.
A kind of civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method of the present invention comprise the steps:
The first step: prepare data
Comprise maintenance significant terms title, component names, maintenance task description, task classification, level of security, mean time between failures, additionally lost efficacy mean time between failures, dissipation factor, task expense and inefficacy expense;
Second step: judge the task classification, adopt the economy algorithm to determine the maintenance intervals time if the task classification is dominant classification the 6th, 7 classes, described economy algorithm is as follows:
Mean failure rate in [0, the T] time of determining
Optimization aim is by asking following formula
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, C
fThe expense that table lost efficacy and produces, C
pFor these parts being carried out the expense of preventative maintenance task, be size number, be form parameter,
To following formula (2) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 get
If=1, then T=that is: there is no need to carry out hard time maintenance, allow parts work always and just do maintenance after the fault; If 1, then there is unique finite optimal solution T, it satisfies
And least cost is C (T);
Order
C (T)=C then
1(t)+C
2(t),
The T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb].
Described second step judges that if the task classification is recessive task the 9th classification, then its economy algorithm is as follows in the task classification:
The fault distribution function of parts under Weibull distribution is
Optimization aim is by asking following formula
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, use C
fThe expense that the expression component failure produces, C
pTo the expense of this parts execution preventative maintenance task, C
rThe expense of parts is replaced or is repaired in expression;
In the following formula
eBe the crash rate under index distributes, be constant; Have under the exponential distribution
To target formula (6) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 can get T, order
C (T)=C then
1(T)+C
2(T), the T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb]
Described second step is judged in the task classification, if the task classification is recessive task the 8th classification, adopt economy arithmetic result as claimed in claim 2 and safe threshold value result of calculation, and the combination product model is surely examined desired value and is determined, choose in the economy algorithm recommended range or near product type is examined the multiple that target person's product type is examined desired value surely, this value≤safe threshold value result of calculation surely.
Described safe threshold value calculating method is as follows:
Event occurrence rate θ meets the following conditions
P
1(t)P
2 （7）
P in the formula
1(t) expression parts probability of malfunction,
P
2The extra crash rate that lost efficacy of expression,
MTBF is the mean time between failures,
Obtain
Wherein: Tcap represents the time interval upper limit that calculates.
Described dimensional parameters is determined in accordance with the following steps:
1) determines Weibull distribution according to mean time between failures MTBF
Probability density
Distribution function
Crash rate
Wherein:
---dimensional parameters, the scope of reflection Weibull distribution,---form parameter, the shape of reflection probability density function and the monotonicity of crash rate;
2) by MTBF and definite
Wherein: the Г function: (s)=
0x
S1e
xDx.
Described task expense comprises:
1) parts is carried out the total expenses C of preventative maintenance task
p
C
p=C
g+C
mc+H
m N
p R
l （13）
C
g---ground handling equipment share the expenses, C
Mc---material and consumptive material expense, H
m---manpower man-hour-staff's quantity, R
l---man-hour rate; Work as C
pDuring less than 75 $, get 75 $;
2) the total expenses C that causes of component failure
f
C
f=C
r+ C
Del+ C
Can+ C
Mc+ C
Adj+ C
Out+ C
Div+ H
mN
pR
l(14) C
r---parts repairing expense, C
Del---flight Demurrage, C
Can---flight cancellation expense, C
Mc---material and consumptive material expense, C
Adj---time interval adjusted value, C
Out---grounding expense, C
Div---turn the expense of flying, H
m---manpower man-hour, N
p---staff's quantity, R
l---man-hour rate.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
Domestic civil aircraft is the report of maintenance examination board formulating MRBR(MRBR) lack the military service data accumulation in the process, also weakened to a certain extent the competitiveness of maintenance cost aspect.Computing method of the present invention are centered by economy, and security is restriction, and reliability is the input theory, and recommends rational servicing time of interval with this.When making a strategic decision in working group like this, just can synthetically consider supplier's recommendation, engineering judgement value, historical mantenance data, similar system parts data, industry empirical value, this method recommendation etc., make one best servicing time the interval judgement, thereby solved domestic civil aircraft can't accurately be judged system unit interval servicing time owing to lack a large amount of military service data in formulating the MRBR process problem.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is FB(flow block) of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the curve of dominant task computation method gained among the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the curve of recessive task computation method gained among the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the economy algorithm chart of recessive task the 8th classification of embodiment 1.
Fig. 5 is the safe threshold value calculation chart of embodiment 1.
Fig. 6 is the economy algorithm chart of recessive task the 8th classification of embodiment 2.
Fig. 7 is the safe threshold value calculation chart of embodiment 2.
Fig. 8 is that event occurrence rate θ of the present invention is with reference to chart.
Fig. 9 is the economy algorithm chart of embodiment 3.
Figure 10 is the economy algorithm chart of embodiment 4.
Embodiment
Specifically describe the present invention below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
Embodiment 1: this example is to carrying out application testing at labour aircraft CRJ700 emergency-lighting system, and concrete steps are as follows:
The first step: prepare data
Comprise maintenance significant terms title, component names, maintenance task description, task classification, level of security, mean time between failures, additionally lost efficacy mean time between failures, dissipation factor,---task expense and inefficacy expense, wherein said task classification is the general knowledge in this area, 5 classes are dominant security classes, 6 classes are dominant operation class, 7 classes are dominant economic class, 8 classes are recessive security classes, and 9 classes are that recessive non-peace specifically can be with reference to MSG-3,2009.1.Master's inefficacy mean time between failures, the extra average event time of losing efficacy, dissipation factor all are that the different unit type of foundation is determined, all are fixed values.
MSI(keeps in repair significant terms): emergency-lighting system;
Alternative pack: emergency light and sign;
Task description: the emergency-lighting system operability checks;
Task classification: 8;
Level of security: injury (Injury);
MTBF：75000FH，
Extra inefficacy MTBF:100000; (being reliability specialty input value)
Dissipation factor β: 1.0, the tabulation of β dissipation factor is determined according to the present invention;
Task expense: comprise
1) parts is carried out the total expenses C of preventative maintenance task
p
Cost of Amortized GSE ground handling equipment share the expenses C in this example
g=0, material and consumptive material expense C
Mc=0, manpower H in man-hour
m=0.3 hour, staff's quantity N
p=1, man-hour rate R
l=60 $/hour (this value is self-defined by the user), then;
C
p=C
g+C
mc+H
m N
p R
l
=0.3×1×60=18$
As Cp during less than 75 $, get 75 $.（13）
2) the total expenses C that causes of component failure
f
In this example: parts repairing expense C
r=450 $, flight Demurrage C
Del=15000 $, flight cancellation expense C
Can=0, material and consumptive material expense C
Mc=0, time interval adjusted value C
Adj=50000, grounding expense C
Out=0, turn and fly expense C
Div=0, manpower H in man-hour
m=0.25 hour, staff's quantity N
p=1, man-hour rate R
l=60 $ (self-defined by the user), then:
C
f=C
r+C
del+C
can+C
mc+C
adj+C
out+C
div+H
m N
p R
l
=450+15000+50000+0.25×1×60=65465$（14）
Concrete steps are as follows:
Second step: judge the task classification, this routine task classification is recessive task the 8th classification, then adopt the described economy arithmetic result of the 9th classification and safe threshold value result of calculation, and the combination product model is surely examined desired value and is determined, choose in the economy algorithm recommended range or near product type is examined the multiple that desired value or product type are examined desired value surely, this value≤safe threshold value result of calculation surely.
At first, determine Weibull distribution by reliability data
1) mean time between failures (MTBF)---reliability input value
Can repair a kind of basic index of product reliability, the mean time between failures refers to that product fault has occured still can work its average operation time between twice adjacent fault by repairing or renewal part.Such as the t that works in the first time
1Break down second this work t after repairing after time
2N task t broke down after time
nAfter break down;
2) determine Weibull distribution according to mean time between failures MTBF
Probability density
Distribution function
Crash rate
Wherein:
---dimensional parameters, the scope of reflection Weibull distribution;---form parameter, the shape of reflection probability density function and the monotonicity of crash rate;
2) by MTBF and definite, in this example
Wherein: the Г function: (s)=
0x
S1e
xDx;
Among the present invention beta response the failure characteristics of parts, comprehensive domestic and international expertise considers that parts use (stand under load situation, utilization rate situation etc.) and expection failure mode etc., have listed altogether 110 kinds of patterns and have supplied user selection, such as table 1.For example:, lost efficacy when being randomness, parts often use (month use or year use) β selection 1 unpredictable when component degradation, such as flame snuffer, electric torch, lamp, oxygen mask, smoke detector etc.; β selects 2 when frequently using when the wearing and tearing of parts moderate, when being subjected to heavy duty or under the rugged surroundings, such as gas outlet, hydraulic piston actuator, leading screw actuator etc.
Then, carry out described economy algorithm, concrete steps are as follows:
The fault distribution function of parts under Weibull distribution is
Optimization aim is by asking following formula (6)
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, use C
fThe expense that the expression component failure produces, C
pTo the expense of this parts execution preventative maintenance task, C
rThe expense of parts is replaced or is repaired in expression;
In the following formula
eBe that crash rate under index distributes is constant, and have under the exponential distribution
Wherein MTBF is the mean time between failures;
To target formula (6) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 can get T, determine by graphical method,
C (T)=C then
1(t)+C
2(t), wherein t is variable, really; As shown in Figure 4, the T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb],
Described safe threshold value calculating method is as follows:
Event occurrence rate θ meets the following conditions
P
1(t)P
2 （7）
P in the formula
1(t) expression parts probability of malfunction, wherein θ is with reference to shown in Figure 8;
P
2Expression produces the crash rate of additional injuries
Obtain
As shown in Figure 5, Tcap represents the time interval upper limit that calculates, and namely final interval servicing time of selecting cannot exceed this value.The combination product model is examined desired value, economy algorithm recommended range and Tcap surely in the time of relatively, for example: surely examine target C inspection and be 6000FH, the scope that the economy algorithm draws is 4000FH to 8000FH, and Tcap is 10000FH, and the so final time interval, we can select 6000FH.
The setting of event occurrence rate θ is content among the Advisory Circulars AC25.1309 with reference to chart 10(table 10 among the present invention).
The result that two kinds of algorithms are obtained compares, and analyzes conclusion:
Time interval recommended range: 2150FH-5500FH;
Security consideration value: 7900FH;
The actual active time of CRJ700 interval 600FH;
The present A inspection of CRJ700 is 600FH, and is theoretical according to this method, can recommend the multiple of 600FH in 2150FH to the 5500FH scope as initial servicing time of interval. interval 600FH servicing time that uses at present makes this emergency-lighting system maintenance superfluous.
Table 1:
Embodiment 2: this example is to apply the present invention to Pang Badi newly to develop aircraft CSeries emergency-lighting system, has used the analysis of CSeries Direct Maintenance Cost, the maintenanceability analysis, and the data such as fail-safe analysis are as input.Its computing method are identical with embodiment 1, and difference is that design parameter arranges difference.
●GSE:0;
● manpower man-hour: 0.15 hour
● material/consumptive material: 0
● execution number: 1
● the cost of repairs: 460
● man-hour: 0.3 hour
● airliner delay: be that 15000 $ cause damage;
● flight cancellation: no;
● turn and fly: be no;
● time interval adjusted value: 50000
● material/consumptive material: 0;
● grounding fate: 0.
● Cp=75, Cf=65478. this routine result of calculation such as Fig. 6, shown in Figure 7.
Analyze conclusion
● time interval recommended range: 2200FH-5500FH;
● security consideration value: 10500FH;
● because emergency system is not conventional use project, so use the calendar year as the unit of inspection is comparatively suitable surely.
● supplier's recommendation: C﹠amp; D Zodiac recommends to check in 2 years battery unit, and Goodrich recommends 8500FH to check emergency light.
● C series is by other calculating and judge the final 2 years time intervals as this task of selecting.
According to the hypothesis in the calculating of CSeries Direct Maintenance Cost, an annual is approximately 2500FH, and 2 years is 5000FH, and this value is in the time interval scope that the present invention recommends.
Can find out that by embodiment 1,2 comparative analyses often there is un-reasonable phenomenon in system maintenance interval task time that draws based on industry experience or engineering judgement fully.For example the CRJ of early stage development compares with the CSeries of newly development, in the situation that the each side such as economic impact that aircraft produced in parts MTBF, repair cost, manpower man-hour, after losing efficacy are more or less the same, interval servicing time of same task just seems too conservative, causes maintenance superfluous.
Embodiment 3: the difference of this example and embodiment 1 is: the task classification be dominant classification the 6th class for example:
●GSE:0；
● manpower man-hour: 4 hours
● material/consumptive material: 0
● execution number: 1
The inefficacy expense
● the cost of repairs: 500 $
● man-hour: 3 hours
● airliner delay: no;
● flight cancellation: be loss 30000 $;
● turn and fly: be no;
● time interval adjusted value: 5000
● material/consumptive material: 0;
● grounding fate: 0.
● the total expenses that sets the tasks C
p=240 $: inefficacy total expenses C
f=35680 $
Adopt the economy algorithm to determine the maintenance intervals time, described economy algorithm is as follows:
Mean failure rate in [0, the T] time of determining
Optimization aim is by asking following formula
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, C
fThe expense that the expression component failure produces, C
pFor these parts being carried out the expense of preventative maintenance task, be dimensional parameters, be form parameter,
To following formula (2) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 get
If=1, then T=that is: there is no need to carry out hard time maintenance, allow parts work always and just do maintenance after the fault; If 1, then there is unique finite optimal solution T, it satisfies
And least cost is C (T);
By graphical method, order
C (T)=C then
1(t)+C
2(t), the T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb], as shown in Figure 9.
Time interval scope by calculated recommendation is: 2300FH-4800FH, and the time interval of this task of CRJ aircraft is 4000FH in actual the military service, this value drops in the time interval scope of the present invention's recommendation.
Embodiment 4: this example is with the difference of embodiment 1: the task classification is dominant classification the 9th class, does not need to utilize safe threshold that it is retrained.
●GSE:0；
● manpower man-hour: 2 hours
● material/consumptive material: 0
● execution number: 1
The inefficacy expense
● the cost of repairs: 500 $
● man-hour: 1 hour
● airliner delay: be; Lose 15000 $
● flight cancellation: no;
● turn and fly: be no;
● time interval adjusted value: 5000
● material/consumptive material: 0;
● grounding fate: 0.
● the total expenses that sets the tasks C
p=120 $: inefficacy total expenses C
f=20560 $
As shown in figure 10, the time interval scope by calculated recommendation is: 7000FH-13000FH, interval servicing time of this task of C series aircraft determines finally that at 8500FH this value drops in the time interval scope of the present invention's recommendation.
Claims (6)
1. a civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method is characterized in that: comprise the steps:
The first step: prepare data
Comprise maintenance significant terms title, component names, maintenance task description, task classification, level of security, mean time between failures, additionally lost efficacy mean time between failures, dissipation factor, task expense and inefficacy expense;
Second step: judge the task classification, adopt the economy algorithm to determine the maintenance intervals time if the task classification is dominant classification the 6th, 7 classes, described economy algorithm is as follows:
Mean failure rate in [0, the T] time of determining
Optimization aim is by asking following formula
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, C
fThe expense that the expression component failure produces, C
pFor these parts being carried out the expense of preventative maintenance task, be dimensional parameters, be form parameter,
To following formula (2) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 get
If=1, then T=that is: there is no need to carry out hard time maintenance, allow parts work always and just do maintenance after the fault; If 1, then there is unique finite optimal solution T, it satisfies
And least cost is C (T);
Order
C (T)=C then
1(t)+C
2(t),
The T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb].
2. civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described second step judges that if the task classification is recessive task the 9th classification, then its economy algorithm is as follows in the task classification:
The fault distribution function of parts under Weibull distribution is
Optimization aim is by asking following formula
Minimal value determine the optimal maintenance time interval T; Wherein: C(T) expression expense summation, use C
fThe expense that the expression component failure produces, C
pTo the expense of this parts execution preventative maintenance task, C
rThe expense of parts is replaced or is repaired in expression;
In the following formula
eBe the crash rate under index distributes, be constant; Have under the exponential distribution
MTBF is the mean time between failures;
To target formula (6) differentiate, and make dC (T)/dT=0 can get T, order
C (T)=C then
1(T)+C
2(T), the T value at 110% place of least cost is distributed in the both sides of the T value T* at least cost place, is defined as Ta and Tb, and selection interval servicing time is [Ta, Tb].
3. civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described second step is judged in the task classification, if the task classification is recessive task the 8th classification, adopt economy arithmetic result as claimed in claim 2 and safe threshold value result of calculation, and the combination product model is surely examined desired value and is determined, choose in the economy algorithm recommended range or near product type is examined the multiple that desired value or product type are examined desired value surely, this value≤safe threshold value result of calculation surely.
4. civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: described safe threshold value calculating method is as follows:
Event occurrence rate θ meets the following conditions
P
1(t)P
2 （7）
P in the formula
1(t) expression parts probability of malfunction,
P
2The extra crash rate that lost efficacy of expression,
MTBF is the mean time between failures,
Obtain
Wherein: Tcap represents the time interval upper limit that calculates.
5. each described civil aircraft system maintenance time interval Square is characterized in that according to claim 1-4: described dimensional parameters is determined in accordance with the following steps:
1) determines Weibull distribution according to mean time between failures MTBF
Probability density
Distribution function
Crash rate
Wherein:
---dimensional parameters, the scope of reflection Weibull distribution,---form parameter, the shape of reflection probability density function and the monotonicity of crash rate;
2) by MTBF and definite
Wherein: the Г function: (s)=
0x
S1e
xDx.
6. civil aircraft system maintenance time interval computing method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described task expense comprises:
1) parts is carried out the total expenses C of preventative maintenance task
p
C
p=C
g+C
mc+H
m N
p R
l （13）
C
g---ground handling equipment share the expenses, C
Mc---material and consumptive material expense, H
m---manpower man-hour, N
p---staff's quantity, R
l---man-hour rate; Work as C
pDuring less than 75 $, get 75 $;
2) the total expenses C that causes of component failure
f
C
f=C
r+C
del+C
can+C
mc+C
adj+C
out+C
div+H
m N
p R
l （14）
C
r---parts repairing expense, C
Del---flight Demurrage, C
Can---flight cancellation expense, C
Mc---material and consumptive material expense, C
Adj---time interval adjusted value, C
Out---grounding expense, C
Div---turn the expense of flying, H
m---manpower man-hour, N
p---staff's quantity, R
l---man-hour rate.
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