CN103010038B - 用于电动车辆的紧凑电增程发动机 - Google Patents

用于电动车辆的紧凑电增程发动机 Download PDF

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CN103010038B
CN103010038B CN201210355090.7A CN201210355090A CN103010038B CN 103010038 B CN103010038 B CN 103010038B CN 201210355090 A CN201210355090 A CN 201210355090A CN 103010038 B CN103010038 B CN 103010038B
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inner ring
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apu
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CN103010038A (zh
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A.T.蒂蒙斯
K.科普鲁巴希
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Abstract

电动车包括变速器、电动机、可充电能量存储系统(RESS)、辅助动力单元(APU)和控制器。APU具有一对环，所述一对环中至少一个相对于另一个旋转。一个环与另一个同轴且径向地位于另一个中。环在绕组中旋转产生电流。齿轮元件与可旋转环驱动连接。APU包括径向地设置在内环中的发动机和联接到齿轮元件的动力输送机构。控制器对APU赋能以让环旋转。方法包括将APU定位在车身车厢中，将绕组的外环固定到车厢壁，和将具有永磁体的可旋转内环径向地定位在外环中且与外环同轴。发动机径向地定位在内环中。动力输送机构连接到内环。

Description

用于电动车辆的紧凑电增程发动机
技术领域
本发明涉及电动车上的辅助发电。
背景技术
电动车辆使用高压电力牵引电动机以输送足以启动和推进车辆的电动机扭矩。电能替换地存储在可充电能量存储系统(RESS)中和从该系统获取。RESS在运行期间通常经由再生制动或其他再生事件被充电。在车辆停车时，RESS可以使用例如墙壁插口或充电站这样的离车电源充电。不似依赖内燃发动机提供用于推进车辆的发动机扭矩的混合动力电动车，电动车的行程范围受到RESS中存储的能量的限制。
发明内容
本文公开一种电动车。电动车具有辅助动力单元(APU)。APU按照需要起动以产生电能，以由此延长车辆的行程。使用本APU(其配置和封装为本文所述的套件)可通过在车载能量存储系统(RESS)的可用能量下降到临界值以下时实现一定水平的电行驶，例如通过允许操作者行驶到电源输出口或充电站，有助于减少行程问题。
具体说，本文公开一种电动车，其包括变速器、牵引电动机、APU、RESS和控制器。牵引电动机具有机械地联接到变速器输入构件的电动机输出轴。变速器仅通过来自牵引电动机的电能提供动力。
APU包括一对环。一个环可以连接或固定连接到车辆的静止表面，例如备胎舱或其他车厢的壁。另一环或可选地两个环可在发动机被供应燃料时旋转。齿轮元件与内环，以及发动机本身驱动连接。
发动机可具有本文设定的各种构造。无论构造如何，发动机具有减小的轴向尺寸，例如薄片样式或扁平设计，且径向地设置在最内环中。发动机的动力输送机构或连接到发动机的动力输送机构，机械地联接到齿轮元件，例如经由驱动传动带、链、离合器或其他直接或间歇的连接装置。控制器与APU和RESS电连通，且在RESS的可用能量水平下降到校准临界以下时选择性地通过RESS对APU赋能。
还公开一种方法，其包括将辅助动力单元(APU)定位在通过电动车车身限定的车厢中。该步骤包括将感应绕组的外环固定到车厢的壁上，将具有永磁体的可旋转内环径向地定位在外环中且与外环同轴，且将内燃发动机径向地定位在可旋转内环中。其后，该方法包括将发动机的动力输送机构连接到可旋转内环。
在下文结合附图进行的对实施本发明的较佳模式做出的详尽描述中能容易地理解上述的本发明的特征和优点以及其他的特征和优点。
附图说明
图1是具有辅助动力单元(APU)的示例性电动车的示意性框图，所述辅助动力单元可选择性地被操作以延长车辆的电行程。
图2是可与图1所示电动车一起使用的示例性APU的示意图。
图3是描述了使用图2所示的APU而选择性地延长图1中车辆电行程的示例性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
参见附图，其中几幅图中相同的附图标记对应相同或类似的部件，图1中示意性地示出了电动车辆10。车辆10包括辅助动力单元(APU)50，其一个例子在图2中示出且将在下文详细描述。另外，车辆10包括牵引电动机12，其具有与变速器14的输入构件140联接的电动机输出轴15。来自牵引电动机12的扭矩最终经由变速器14的输出构件17对一个或多个驱动车轴19的车轮21进行驱动。
电动车10包括车身27，所述车身限定了车厢25。在具体实施例中，APU50可以完全地设置在车厢25中。在非限制性的示例性实施例中，车厢25可以是位于车辆10的后部或行李舱部或其他合适位置的备用轮胎舱。替换地，APU 50可以使用合适的支撑结构(未示出)而被连接在车身27外部的车辆10的下方或上方。
APU 50可以配置为具有有限的轴向空间，例如是装配在相对浅的备胎舱界限中的轴向扁平/薄盘样式的装置。换句话说，APU 50具有低纵横比的安装形式，足以在车辆10上将APU 50安装或定位在可能用于承装备胎或其他货物的位置中，或足以安装在没有被推进部件占用的有限空间位置。
牵引电动机12可以配置为是多相机器，例如大约60VAC到大约300VAC或取决于实施例。在这样的实施例中，牵引电动机12可以经由功率转换模块(PIM)16电连接到可充电能量存储系统(RESS)18，所述功率转换模块最终将通过牵引电动机12产生的或在再生制动过程中产生的AC电能转换成适用于存储在RESS 18中的DC电能。
其他实施例可以将牵引电动机12配置为DC电动机，所述DC电动机不需要PIM 16。在任何实施例中，辅助电力模块(APM)或DC-DC转换器(未示出)可以用于将所需的DC输出电压提供到各种装置，如本领域所理解的。不论如何配置，RESS 18可根据车载控制器30的决定而可选择性地从APU50接收能量(箭头11)。
仍然参见图1，控制器30经由闭环和/或开环控制和反馈信号(箭头31)与APU 50通信。控制器30可以配置为一个或多个数字计算机，其具有中央处理单元(CPU)以及足够的只读存储器(ROM)、随机访问存储器(RAM)、电可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、高速时钟、模拟-数字(A/D)和数字-模拟(D/A)电路，和任何所需的输入/输出(I/O)电路和装置，以及信号调制和缓冲电路。控制器30可以包括适用于执行本方法100(见图3)的指令，和用于例如通过接收表示这种剩余能量的信号(箭头33)确定RESS 18中可用能量水平的指令，无论所述能量水平是被测量、计算出的或以其他方式确定的。
参见图2，示例性APU 50示意性地显示为包括轴向减小的发动机40。发动机40径向地设置在一对同心的环20、22中。环20、22中的至少一个可以被允许相对于另一个旋转，哪一个是实际旋转的环取决于设计。在一个可行实施例中，环22可以被固定到图1的车辆10的静止构件，例如图1所示的车厢25的径向壁52。环22可以通过焊点54或其他合适的方式固定。在该实施例中，环20径向地设置在环22中且与环22同轴对准。因此，为了更清楚，环20将在下文被称为内环20，且环22将在下文被称为外环22。
在所示实施例中，内环20包括多个永磁体58。磁体58朝向外环22取向。外环22包括或形成为一组导电线圈或感应绕组。例如，内环20的旋转在内环20的感应绕组中产生电流或形成整个内环20。在外环22被允许旋转而内环20保持静止的实施例中将发生相反的影响，如本领域可理解的。产生的电流最终被作为电能(箭头11)传递到图1的PIM 16和/或RESS 18，如在同一图中示出的。内环20可以可选地配置为具有空气管道鳍片(未示出)或通道，以允许空气在内环20旋转期间自由地流通，由此冷却发动机40。
图2的发动机40包括动力输送机构(power takeoff mechanism)24，例如可旋转滑轮或齿轮组，其通过发动机扭矩而绕旋转轴线80旋转(箭头TE)。发动机安装部13可以用于支撑发动机40的重量。动力输送机构24机械地联接到齿轮元件26，例如经由示例性的链或驱动传动带60，或间歇地例如经由离合器，从而动力输送机构24的旋转最终通过转子扭矩(箭头TR)让齿轮元件26旋转。齿轮元件26可以通过键槽安装于或以其他方式啮合于内环20，以提供充分的驱动接合。
本发动机40的各种实施例是可行的。包装和重量是重要的设计因素。由此，车厢25可以至少部分地限定发动机40和周围的例如导管、管或其他完全封闭的通路之间的通道28。这种通道28或多个这样的通道28可以配置为有助于排气(箭头45)、空气进入、燃料馈送和/或发动机冷却。
在示例性实施例中，发动机40可以是热力发动机，其包括多个汽缸35。每一个汽缸35可以具有纵向轴线110、210，其与动力输送机构24的旋转轴线80相交。这种发动机40可以包括多汽缸内联的或平坦“V”或“W”样式的活塞汽缸发动机。替换地，可以放弃使用活塞/汽缸方式而代替使用Wankel类型旋转发动机。如本领域所理解的，这样的发动机使用3腰轮转子(3-lobed rotor)设计和偏心轴，以某种程度的内齿轮油泵组件的方式，以便将压力转换成旋转扭矩而不使用活塞。
其他可能的实施例可以包括单汽缸发动机、蒸发驱动的发动机或涡轮驱动的装置。实际上，具有任何数量汽缸的活塞驱动的热力发动机是可行的。例子包括单个、V型或平坦3或4汽缸发动机，后两种情况具有90°动力输送旋转角度变化的齿轮，用于正确耦合到传动装置系统，所述传动装置系统将热力发动机的旋转转换为环的旋转。能量转变装置可以例如使用外部燃烧发动机或涡轮。在涡轮例子中，可以通过经由例如燃烧的内部流体增压、使用外部燃烧的外部流体增压或加压空气的预加压箱为涡轮提供动力。
参见图3，示例性方法100显示为用于选择性地延长图1所示的电动车10或配备有图2所示的APU 50的任何车辆的电运行范围。方法100以步骤S102开始，其中APU 50定位在电动车车身所限定的车厢中，例如备胎舱。步骤S102可以实现将至少一个环20和/或22固定到静止构件，例如将感应绕组的外环22固定到车厢25的壁52，如图2所示。绕组随后连接到RESS18，步骤S102包括将具有其永磁体的内环20径向地定位在外环22内且与外环22同轴。步骤S102也可以包括将发动机40径向地定位在可旋转内环20中，且随后将发动机40的动力输送机构24连接到可旋转内环20。
在步骤S104，图1的控制器30确定RESS 18中的可用能量，例如通过测量或计算该值。控制器30将RESS 18的可用能量与校准的临界值对比，所述校准的临界值可以记录在控制器30的存储器中。如果检测或计算的能量值超过校准的临界值，则控制器30重复步骤S102。否则控制器30前进到步骤S106。
在步骤S106中，控制器30做曲轴动作并起动图1的发动机40，随后开始为发动机40提供燃料。一旦发动机40以充分地稳定的速度运转则控制器30执行步骤S108。
在步骤S108，图1的控制器30开始允许所产生的电能(箭头11)输送到牵引电动机12。取决于实施例，这可以直接地发生，或可以经由RESS 18和/或PIM 16间接地发生。一旦牵引电动机12被以这种方式提供动力，则方法100前进到步骤S110。
在步骤S110，控制器30判断图1的车辆10是否已经停止。如果是，方法100前进到步骤S112。否则方法100重复步骤S108。
在步骤S112，控制器30可以执行任何数量的控制动作，取决于车辆10在其停下来时的状态。例如，如果车辆10停止且熄火、连接到充电口，则控制器30可以自动地关闭发动机40。在这样的实施例中发动机起动/关闭状态可以关联到钥匙起动/关闭位置。如果车辆10仅仅停止在交通灯处，则控制器30可以继续产生电能(箭头11)，将任何多余的能量引导到RESS 18用于存储。
通过阅读以上的公开内容本领域技术人员可容易地理解目前公开的设计的各种优点。一个重要的优点是角动量可以以飞轮的方式存储在旋转质量体中，即环20、22中的一个或两者中。机械能量源和环之间的机械联接可由此用来存储机械能。例如，再生制动事件通常需要电池组尺寸过大，必须吸收高电流再生充电脉冲。如果高电流充电脉冲可用于对当前环(一个或多个)20和/或22赋予能量，则可以以更多低注意成本减少的方式设置电池组尺寸，由此存储来自APU 50的环(一个或多个)上的再生事件的能量，用于更缓慢地返回到RESS 18。
对于机械能可被转换回电能且直接地输送回PIM 16或牵引电动机12的任何其他事件来说也是相同的情况，由此像电能存储装置一样处理APU 50。另一重要的优点是能对环(一个或多个)20、22的形状进行工程设计，以便作为鼠笼类风扇使用，如果这种设计利用外部燃烧发动机或非常效率高的内燃发动机则，所述鼠笼类风扇可用于也许是完全地帮助冷却APU 50。
尽管已经对执行本发明的较佳模式进行了详尽的描述，但是本领域技术人员可得知在所附的权利要求的范围内的用来实施本发明的许多替换设计和实施例。

Claims (9)

1.一种电动车，包括:
变速器，其具有输入构件；
牵引电动机，其具有机械地联接到输入构件的电动机输出轴；
可充电能量存储系统，即RESS，其电连接到牵引电动机；
辅助动力单元，即APU，其具有:
一组感应绕组；
外环；
内环，其与外环同轴且径向地定位在外环中，其中外环和内环中的至少一个可相对于另一个旋转，由此在该组感应绕组中产生电流；
齿轮元件，与旋转的外环或内环驱动连接；
发动机，其径向地设置在内环中，且包括动力输送机构，所述动力输送机构机械地联接到齿轮元件；和
控制器，其与APU和RESS电连通；
其中，控制器可操作为确定RESS中可用能量的水平何时下降到校准的临界值以下，且用于选择性地为APU赋能，以每当RESS中可用的能量下降到校准临界值以下时都通过外环和内环中的至少一个的旋转产生电功率。
2.如权利要求1所述的电动车，其中动力输送机构具有与内环的旋转轴线同轴的旋转轴线。
3.如权利要求1所述的电动车，其中:
外环和内环中的一个被固定；
感应绕组连接到或形成为被固定的环；和
旋转的环包括朝向感应绕组取向的多个永磁体。
4.如权利要求1所述的电动车，进一步包括链或驱动传动带，其直接地将动力输送机构连接到齿轮元件。
5.如权利要求1所述的电动车，其中电动车包括限定出车厢的车身，且其中APU完全地定位在车厢中。
6.如权利要求5所述的电动车，其中所述车厢是至少部分地限定出从发动机到周围环境的通道的备胎舱。
7.如权利要求1所述的电动车，其中所述发动机是具有多个汽缸的活塞驱动的核心发动机。
8.如权利要求7所述的电动车，其中汽缸布置为圆形的构造，从而每一个汽缸的纵向轴线与外环和内环的旋转轴线相交。
9.如权利要求1所述的电动车，其中发动机是Wankel发动机。
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