CN102998663B - Calibration method for microwave radiometer - Google Patents

Calibration method for microwave radiometer Download PDF

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CN102998663B
CN102998663B CN201210583040.4A CN201210583040A CN102998663B CN 102998663 B CN102998663 B CN 102998663B CN 201210583040 A CN201210583040 A CN 201210583040A CN 102998663 B CN102998663 B CN 102998663B
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microwave radiometer
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CN102998663A (en
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赵振维
李江漫
舒婷婷
韩恒敏
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QINGDAO BRANCH, NO.22 INSTITUTE, MINISTRY OF INFORMATION INDUSTRY
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China Research Institute of Radio Wave Propagation CRIRP
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Abstract

The invention discloses a calibration method for a microwave radiometer. The calibration method includes calculating sky brightness temperature that a plurality of zenith angles correspond to according to the brightness temperature transfer function, calculating atmosphere total pad value that the plurality of zenith angles correspond to, conducting linear regression treatment on the secant value of the plurality of zenith angles and the atmosphere total pad value that the plurality fo zenith angles correspond to, utilizing slope of a straight line obtained by the linear regression treatment as the atmosphere total pad value at the time when the zenith angle is 0 degree, calculating the sky brightness temperature when the zenith angle is 0 degree, substitute the sky brightness temperature at the time when the zenith angle is 0 degree into the brightness transfer function to calculate the value of the corresponding calibration coefficient a, updating the value of the calibration coefficient a, repeating the above step to obtain a new a and circulating in this way to enable the restrained a as the calibration value. The calibration method only requires one microwave radiometer and a black body, is low in cost, convenient to operate and high in accuracy, and provides forceful support for detection of atmosphere temperature profile, atmosphere humidity profile and the like.

Description

A kind of calibrating method for microwave radiometer
Technical field
The present invention relates to microwave radiometer technical field, particularly relate to a kind of calibrating method for microwave radiometer.
Background technology
Microwave radiometer is a kind of passive type ground microwave remote sensing equipment, the calibrating method of microwave radiometer is divided into two kinds substantially: one is substep scaling method, carry out respectively for the calibration of receiver and the calibration of antenna, need the intermediate parameters of measurement more, therefore the source of error of substep scaling method is many, and calibration precision is low; Another kind is overall scaling method, once completes for the calibration that is scaled to final output from antenna, and without intermediate link, therefore substep scaling method is high for calibration precision.In overall scaling method, conventionally need to use two noise sources stable, different temperatures, in reality often using black matrix as high temperature noise source, using liquid nitrogen as low temperature noise source, wherein, although use liquid nitrogen to complete calibration accurately, shortcoming is liquid nitrogen price, and transport and place all inconveniences, cause calibrating cost higher.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the high problem of calibration cost of microwave radiometer in prior art, the invention provides a kind of calibrating method for microwave radiometer.
Calibrating method for microwave radiometer of the present invention comprises: step 1, according to bright temperature transport function, based on bright temperature and the corresponding voltage thereof of reference blackbody, and the initial value of calibration coefficient a, calculate sky temperature corresponding to multiple zenith angles, the initial value of wherein said calibration coefficient a is predefined; Step 2, based on the sky temperature under described multiple zenith angles, calculates the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle; Step 3, for secant value and the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle of described multiple zenith angles, carries out linear regression processing, and atmosphere overall attenuation value during taking the slope of linear regression processing gained straight line as zenith angle as 0 °; Step 4, the atmosphere overall attenuation value while being 0 ° based on described zenith angle, sky temperature when calculating zenith angle is 0 °; Step 5, bright temperature transport function described in sky temperature substitution when described zenith angle is 0 °, solves the value of corresponding calibration coefficient a; Step 6, the described initial value using the value of the calibration coefficient a of described correspondence in step 1, repeating step one to five, obtains the value of new a; So circulation, constantly to upgrade the value of a, the scaled values using the value of a after convergence as a, calibration completes.
Further, described bright temperature transport function is T sky=T ref+ G (V sky-V ref) f w, wherein, T refthe bright temperature of reference blackbody, V refthe corresponding catoptron voltage while pointing to reference blackbody; T skysky temperature, V skythe voltage of corresponding catoptron while pointing into the sky, f wbe the constant relevant with the emissivity of material that covers microwave radiometer minute surface, G is calibration gain,
Wherein, G = T nd V ref + nd - V ref , a = T ref - T nd · f w · V ref V ref + nd - V ref ; Wherein, V ref+ndthat microwave radiometer catoptron points to reference blackbody the voltage while adding noise diode, T ndbe noise temperature, noise temperature is with environmental change change; To a, calibration is equivalent to T nacalibration.
Further, described bright temperature transport function is T sky=f (a, V, σ), wherein, V represents parameter relevant with voltage in microwave radiometer, σ represents other parameter in microwave radiometer.
Further, in step 2, according to sky temperature, the bright temperature of average radiation and atmosphere overall attenuation three's funtcional relationship, calculate the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle.
Further, in step 4, the funtcional relationship of the bright gentle sky temperature three of average radiation when the atmosphere overall attenuation value while being 0 ° according to described zenith angle, zenith angle are 0 °, the sky temperature when calculating described zenith angle and being 0 °.
Wherein, any two in described multiple zenith angles at least differ 15 °, and arbitrary zenith angle is no more than 70 °.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is as follows:
The present invention is using black matrix as high temperature source, according to bright temperature transport function, the bright temperature of zenith while utilizing the sky temperature of microwave radiometer under different zenith angles to calculate zenith angle to be 0 °, substitute the effect as the liquid nitrogen of cold temperature source, save input cost, and then obtain the value of calibration coefficient by cycle calculations, be applied to the temperature that the temperature coefficient timing signal of microwave radiometer noise diode be can be good at calibrating noise diode.The present invention only needs a microwave radiometer and a black matrix, and cost is low, easy and simple to handle, and precision is high, and can all weather operations.Bright temperature transport function is wherein out of shape, this calibrating method can be extended to linear between the output voltage of receiver and input noise temperature or be in the Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer of nonlinear relationship, for the profiles such as atmospheric envelope temperature, humidity in real time, efficient, low cost is surveyed that strong support is provided.The present invention can be applicable to the inverting of atmospheric envelope temperature profile, target detection and confirmation, supervision and drawing etc.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the calibrating method process flow diagram of the present invention for microwave radiometer.
Fig. 2 is the result schematic diagram circulating for the first time in embodiment of the present invention calibration process.
Fig. 3 is the result schematic diagram of convergence after Fig. 2 embodiment repeatedly circulates.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein, only in order to explain the present invention, does not limit the present invention.
Fig. 1 is the calibrating method process flow diagram of the present invention for microwave radiometer, and the method comprises the following steps:
Step 1, according to bright temperature transport function, based on bright temperature and the corresponding voltage thereof of reference blackbody, and the initial value of calibration coefficient a, calculating sky temperature corresponding to multiple zenith angles, the initial value of wherein said calibration coefficient a is predefined;
Step 2, based on the sky temperature under described multiple zenith angles, calculates the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle;
Step 3, for secant value and the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle of described multiple zenith angles, carries out linear regression processing, and atmosphere overall attenuation value during taking the slope of linear regression processing gained straight line as zenith angle as 0 °;
Step 4, the atmosphere overall attenuation value while being 0 ° based on described zenith angle, sky temperature when calculating zenith angle is 0 °;
Step 5, bright temperature transport function described in sky temperature substitution when described zenith angle is 0 °, solves the value of corresponding calibration coefficient a;
Step 6, the described initial value using the value of the calibration coefficient a of described correspondence in step 1, repeating step one to five, obtains the value of new a; So circulation, constantly to upgrade the value of a, the scaled values using the value of a after convergence as a, calibration completes.
The method is using black matrix as high temperature source, according to bright temperature transport function, the bright temperature of zenith while utilizing the sky temperature of microwave radiometer under different zenith angles to calculate zenith angle to be 0 °, and then calculate corresponding calibration coefficient, obtains the value of final calibration coefficient through cycle calculations repeatedly.
Specifically, 1. above-mentioned calibrating method is applied in Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer linear between receiver output voltage and input noise temperature, 2. situation in the Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer that is nonlinear relationship is slightly different from being applied to, and below describes respectively both of these case.
1. for Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer linear between receiver output voltage and input noise temperature, described bright temperature transport function is:
T sky＝T ref+G(V sky-V ref)f w＝T ref-Gf wV ref+Gf wV sky＝a+bV sky
In formula, T refthe bright temperature of reference blackbody, V refthe catoptron that is microwave radiometer points to voltage when reference blackbody; T skysky temperature, V skythe voltage of catoptron while pointing into the sky, f wbe the constant relevant with the emissivity of material that covers microwave radiometer minute surface, G is calibration gain; Further, a=T ref-Gf wv ref, b=Gf w, be also under the prerequisite of voltage corresponding to the bright gentleness of known reference black matrix, the relation of a and b: a=T ref-bV ref, b=(T ref-a)/V ref, a or b are regarded to calibration coefficient, a, b can change mutually, and the present embodiment is taking a as calibration coefficient.
According to bright temperature transport function, the initial value of a given a, sky temperature value corresponding to different zenith angle θ:
T sky ( θ ) = a + bV sky ( θ ) = a + ( T ref - a ) V ref V sky ( θ )
When the zenith angle θ=0 °, the corresponding bright temperature T of zenith sky(0 °)=a+bV sky(0 °), T ref=a+bV ref, can be by the bright temperature T of zenith sky(0 °) solves a new a value:
This value back substitution is circulated in bright temperature transport function next time, constantly upgrade a until its convergence, using the value of a obtaining as calibration coefficient accurately, calibration completes.
Again further, so that the temperature of microwave radiometer noise diode is calibrated as example, technical scheme of the present invention is described below.
Under the prerequisite of the bright gentle corresponding voltage of known reference black matrix, ARM (Atmosphere Radiation Measure, atmosphere radiation is measured) the bright temperature computing formula that microwave radiometer provides, bright temperature transport function is:
T sky＝T ref+G(V sky-V ref)f w (1)
In formula
G＝T nd/(V ref+nd-V ref) (2)
In formula, V ref+ndthat radiometer catoptron points to reference blackbody the voltage while adding noise diode, T ndthe temperature of noise diode, although T ndrelatively stable, but it can be along with the variation of environment produces very little variation, therefore T ndto need definite calibration coefficient.Here, relate to the calibration coefficient a of an embodiment, have to a calibrate be equivalent to the present embodiment to T ndcalibrate.
So, adopt calibrating method of the present invention, in known first noise source---the bright temperature T of reference blackbody ref---prerequisite under, need calculate again second noise source---the bright temperature T of zenith sky(0 °), just can solve calibration coefficient T accurately nd, concrete computation process is as follows.
Give calibration coefficient T ndan initial value is set, and substitution (1) formula is obtained the bright temperature under different zenith angles (can choose several bright temperature and differ larger zenith angle):
T sky ( θ ) = T ref + T nd ( V ref + nd - V ref ) ( V sky ( θ ) - V ref ) f w - - - ( 3 )
By the bright temperature of bright gentle average radiation under each zenith angle obtaining (the bright temperature of average radiation can obtain by itself and the temperature on ground and the statistical relationship of relative humidity) substitution following formula, can obtain the atmosphere overall attenuation under each zenith angle:
τ ( 0 , ∞ ) ( θ ) = ln [ T m ( θ ) - 2.73 T m ( θ ) - T sky ( θ ) ] - - - ( 4 )
Herein, formula (4) is zenith angle θ and atmosphere overall attenuation, the bright temperature three's of the bright gentle average radiation of zenith functional relation, the bright temperature T of average radiation mcan obtain by the statistical relationship of the temperature to ground and relative humidity.
Below briefly introduce the derivation of formula (4): this area, the fundamental formular of atmosphere overall attenuation and sky temperature is:
T sky = 2.73 e - τ ( 0 , ∞ ) + ∫ 0 ∞ k e ( r ) T ( r ) e - τ ( 0 , r ) dr - - - ( 5 )
In formula, r is the distance apart from ground, be the atmosphere overall attenuation (or claiming atmosphere optical thickness, the Np of unit) between 0～r, k ebody extinction coefficient, the Npm of unit -1.
The bright temperature T of average radiation of atmosphere mbe defined as wherein denominator is variable is changed to:
∫ 0 ∞ k e ( r ) e - τ ( 0 , r ) dr = ∫ 0 τ ( 0 , ∞ ) e - τ ( 0 , r ) dτ ( 0 , r ) = 1 - e - τ ( 0 , ∞ )
The bright temperature of zenith can be expressed as the function of atmosphere overall attenuation and average radiation brightness, for:
T sky = 2.73 e - τ ( 0 , ∞ ) + T m ∫ 0 ∞ k e ( r ) e - τ ( 0 , r ) dr = 2.73 e - τ ( 0 , ∞ ) + T m [ 1 - e - τ ( 0 , ∞ ) ]
So atmosphere overall attenuation can be expressed as the function of the bright temperature of the bright gentle average radiation of zenith, i.e. formula (4):
τ ( 0 , ∞ ) = ln ( T m - 2.73 T m - T sky ) .
Bright temperature while being 0 ° in order to obtain zenith angle, calculate as follows:
According to the relation of zenith angle and atmosphere overall attenuation, vertical height is z, and atmosphere overall attenuation when zenith angle is 0 ° is and for the uniform atmosphere of level, vertical height is z, wrong path electrical path length is r, and atmosphere overall attenuation when zenith angle is θ is:
Above formula r gets just infinite, obtains:
τ (0,∞)(θ)＝τ (0,∞)(0°)sec(θ) (6)
Can be found out by formula (6), atmosphere overall attenuation τ (θ) and the secant value sec (θ) of zenith angle are linear relationships, the straight line being obtained by linear regression processing is crossed initial point, and the atmosphere overall attenuation τ of the slope of this straight line when equaling zenith side door θ and being 0 ° (0, ∞)(0 °) value.
In reality, the secant value of atmosphere overall attenuation and zenith angle is carried out to linear regression, if related coefficient is greater than 0.998, think that linear regression is effective, make the atmosphere overall attenuation τ of zenith direction (0, ∞)(0 °) equals its slope, otherwise weather condition now of explanation is poor or be affected by other factors and be not suitable for self calibration.
By the atmosphere overall attenuation τ of zenith direction (0, ∞)in (0 °) and the bright temperature substitution of zenith direction average radiation formula (5), calculate the bright temperature of zenith:
By bright the zenith obtaining temperature T sky(0 °) substitution formula (1), solves a new T ndvalue:
Then, with this new T ndvalue is to calibration coefficient T ndupgrade, repeat said process, constantly upgrade T nd, through repeatedly circulating until it is restrained, the T finally obtaining ndas calibration coefficient accurately, calibration completes.
Above, having described the present invention be applied to 1. the situation in Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer linear between receiver output voltage and input noise temperature by embodiment, is below the process being applied in the Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer that is 2. nonlinear relationship.
2. for the Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer that is nonlinear relationship between receiver output voltage and input noise temperature, described bright temperature transport function is:
T sky＝f(a，V，σ) (8)
Wherein, V represents parameter relevant with voltage in microwave radiometer, may be multiple, and σ represents other parameter in microwave radiometer, may be also multiple, and the bright temperature value of different zenith angles is:
T sky(θ)＝f(a，V(θ)，σ）
At calibrating method according to the present invention, while calculating new calibration coefficient by the bright temperature of zenith, with T skyfor independent variable, a is dependent variable, and its inverse function is:
a＝f -1(T sky(θ)，V，σ)
Bright zenith temperature substitution above formula can be obtained to new calibration coefficient a=f -1(T sky(0 °) V (0 °), σ).The follow-up value of upgrading calibration coefficient with new a, repeats said process, constantly upgrades a, is the calibration coefficient value needing after convergence.
In addition, calibrating method of the present invention is applied in the dual-frequency microwave radiometer of certain independent development, this radiometer belongs to real-time calibration microwave radiometer, the output equation of radiometer is written as to the form of T=a+bV, that is:
T = T 1 ′ - T 1 ′ - T 2 ′ V 1 - V 2 V 1 + T 1 ′ - T 2 ′ V 1 - V 2 V = a + bV
In formula t and V are respectively the bright gentle corresponding voltage that this antenna for radiometer receives, and it can utilize calibrating method of the present invention to calibrate calibration to calibration coefficient a or b.
Below by experiment the bright temperature data of emulation of the bright temperature data of actual measurement and sounding are contrasted, verified the validity of this calibrating method.
Certain dual-frequency microwave radiometer is placed in to tall building roof surrounding field, the zenith angle that when calibration, (just north) is chosen at 0 ° of position angle is 0 °, 45 °, 60 °, for compensation apparatus lateral error, two equal zenith angles are increased at 180 ° of position angles again, 45 °, 60 °; The frequency of the present embodiment is 23.8GHz.Aspect the selection of zenith angle, consider that the side lobe effect at the low elevation angle is larger on the impact of bright temperature measurement, should ensure that in selected zenith angle, any two at least differ 15 °, maximum zenith angle is no more than 70 °.
Fig. 2 is the result circulating for the first time in calibration process, and horizontal ordinate is the secant value of zenith angle, and circle represents the atmosphere overall attenuation value being calculated by initial five bright temperature of zenith angle, and straight line is the figure line after linear regression, only initial point of figure line in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the result of convergence afterwards that repeatedly circulates, and figure line approaches initial point, and calibration finishes.The related coefficient of final regression curve is 0.9983, meets the requirement (related coefficient is greater than 0.998) of effective self calibration.
Table 1 is the comparing data of surveying the bright temperature of emulation of bright temperature and Qingdao sounding before and after this dual-frequency microwave radiometer calibration on Dec 10th, 2011.Relatively calibrate the difference of front and back bright temperature that radiometer is surveyed, can find out the validity of calibrating method of the present invention.
Table 1 is surveyed the comparison of bright temperature and the bright temperature of emulation
In sum, calibrating method provided by the invention only needs a microwave radiometer and a black matrix, be applicable to the calibration of general Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer, cost is low, easy and simple to handle, precision is high, and can all weather operations, can be applicable to the fields such as the inverting of atmospheric envelope temperature profile, target detection and confirmation, supervision, drawing.
Although be example object, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are disclosed, it is also possible those skilled in the art will recognize various improvement, increase and replacement, therefore, scope of the present invention should be not limited to above-described embodiment.

Claims (8)

1. for a calibrating method for microwave radiometer, it is characterized in that, comprising:
Step 1, according to bright temperature transport function, based on bright temperature and the corresponding voltage thereof of reference blackbody, and the initial value of calibration coefficient a, calculating sky temperature corresponding to multiple zenith angles, the initial value of wherein said calibration coefficient a is predefined;
Step 2, based on the sky temperature under described multiple zenith angles, calculates the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle;
Step 3, for secant value and the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle of described multiple zenith angles, carries out linear regression processing, and atmosphere overall attenuation value during taking the slope of linear regression processing gained straight line as zenith angle as 0 °;
Step 4, the atmosphere overall attenuation value while being 0 ° based on described zenith angle, sky temperature when calculating zenith angle is 0 °;
Step 5, bright temperature transport function described in sky temperature substitution when described zenith angle is 0 °, solves the value of corresponding calibration coefficient a;
Step 6, the described initial value using the value of the calibration coefficient a of described correspondence in step 1, repeating step one to five, obtains the value of new a; So circulation, constantly to upgrade the value of a, the scaled values using the value of a after convergence as a, calibration completes.
2. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described bright temperature transport function is T sky=T ref+ G (V sky-V ref) f w, wherein, T refthe bright temperature of reference blackbody, V refthe catoptron that is microwave radiometer points to voltage when reference blackbody; T skysky temperature, V skythe voltage of catoptron while pointing into the sky, f wbe the constant relevant with the emissivity of material that covers microwave radiometer minute surface, G is calibration gain, G = T ref - a f w V ref .
3. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that, wherein, G = T nd V ref + nd - V ref , a = T ref - T nd · f w · V ref V ref + nd - V ref ; Wherein, V ref+ndthat microwave radiometer catoptron points to reference blackbody the voltage while adding noise diode, T ndthe temperature of noise diode, the temperature T of noise diode ndwith environmental change change, a is calibrated and is equivalent to T ndcalibrate.
4. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described bright temperature transport function is T sky=f (a, V, σ), wherein, V represents parameter relevant with voltage in microwave radiometer, σ represents other parameter in microwave radiometer.
5. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step 2, according to the funtcional relationship of zenith angle, sky temperature, the bright temperature of average radiation and atmosphere overall attenuation, calculate the each self-corresponding atmosphere overall attenuation value of described multiple zenith angle.
6. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step 4, the funtcional relationship of the bright temperature of average radiation when atmosphere overall attenuation value, the zenith angle while being 0 ° according to sky temperature and described zenith angle is 0 °, the sky temperature when calculating described zenith angle and being 0 °.
7. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, any two in described multiple zenith angles at least differ 15 °.
8. the calibrating method for microwave radiometer as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described multiple zenith angles, any is no more than 70 °.
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