CN102981180A - Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector - Google Patents
Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102981180A CN102981180A CN2012105326342A CN201210532634A CN102981180A CN 102981180 A CN102981180 A CN 102981180A CN 2012105326342 A CN2012105326342 A CN 2012105326342A CN 201210532634 A CN201210532634 A CN 201210532634A CN 102981180 A CN102981180 A CN 102981180A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- water
- detector
- light
- high energy
- cherenkov light
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Abstract
The invention relates to a water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector which comprises a Cerenkov light generation device, a light collection device, a photoelectric conversion device and a data acquisition device. The light collection device and the photoelectric conversion device are mounted in the water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector. When velocities of charged particles entering the detector are greater than a phase velocity of light in water, Cerenkov light can be generated. The generated water Cerenkov light is collected by the light collection device in the detector, and passes through the photoelectric conversion device; and light signals can be converted into electrical signals. The output electrical signals after undergoing analog-digital conversion are stored and recorded by the data acquisition device finally. The water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector is mainly used for detecting the particle quantity and the energy of relativistic particles, and applicable to the research of high-energy gamma astronomy and high-energy cosmic rays.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Particel Detection Methods, especially for the detector of high energy gamma astronomy with the cosmic ray physical detecting.
Background technology
The tradition Detector for High Energy Particles for time of arrival of measuring charged particle and the number of charged particle, adopts scintillator detector usually.When charged particle passed through scintillator, the atom in the scintillator and molecule can send fluorescence in the de excitation process, and its light quantity is directly proportional with the number of charged particle.Utilize this principle, just can measure the number of the charged particle that enters detector.But scintillator detector expensive (about every square metre of 20,000 Renminbi) is so can't satisfy the large-area manufacturing demand.In large-scale detector field, the water Cerenkov detector of succeeding in developing in recent years, owing to have the advantages such as low price, p/ γ distinguishing ability is strong, sensitivity is high, the beginning substitutes scintillator detector.Its detection principle is speed when relativistic charged particle passes pure water or water purification during greater than the phase velocity of light in water, can send the water Cherenkov light, and load onto bigbore photomultiplier this moment in pure water or water purification, collect the water Cherenkov light.The particle that energy is lower enters very fast its energy of consumption in the detector, has stopped getting off, and this moment, its energy was directly proportional with its length of stroke in detector.And the higher particle of energy enters long stroke is not only arranged in the detector, but also the secondary shower can occur, produce more new particle, the number of new particle is directly proportional with the energy of incident particle, just can measure incident particle number and gross energy thereof by measuring the water Cherenkov light that produces in the detector this moment.Generally speaking, the water Cherenkov light of generation is directly proportional with the number of incident particle and the total kilometres of all particles.
Such as water Cerenkov detector described above, although replaced expensive scintillator with cheap water, so that cost decreases, on the other hand, the performance of present large-scale water Cherenkov photo-detector also still has a lot of unsatisfactory places, as:
1, charged particle in water by the time every centimetre only send photon about 300 (in the scintillator, every centimetre of stroke of particle can send 10000 photons), therefore, in water, collect the diameter (increase daylighting area) that light needs larger photomultiplier, yet heavy caliber photomultiplier (diameter 50cm) price is more than ten times of small-bore photomultiplier (diameter 5cm).And the volume of heavy caliber photomultiplier itself is excessive, can't use aspect minimonitor at all.
2, high speed charged particle produces the water Cherenkov light in water, and the direct of travel of light becomes 40 degree angles with the direct of travel of particle.High speed charged particle whenever passes through 1 centimetre pure water or water purification, send the photon about 300, therefore, part at the direct of travel center has the water Cherenkov light of higher density, then density is less or do not have the water Cherenkov light to exist away from the place at direct of travel center, and therefore the number of the water Cherenkov light that different positions is detected in detector has larger difference.
The water Cherenkov photo-detector that uses at present mainly contains the Large Underground water Cherenkov light muon detector of Japanese's exploitation and the day water Cherenkov light particle calorimeter of American's exploitation, reaches in the ice or detectoscope.
The Large Underground water Cherenkov light muon detector of Japanese exploitation, its structure be as shown in Figure 1:
Underground muon detector is the concrete basin of a 7.2m * 7.2m * 1.5m, its surface coverage has 2.5 meters thick soil layers, the pond inside surface is coated with the reflection horizon of adularescent, and the crown center in pond has the photomultiplier (PMT) of two 20 inches (diameter 50cm).When charged particle when the medium velocity of medium surpasses the phase velocity of light in this medium, will produce Cherenkov light.This detector is exactly that the Cherenkov light that utilizes PMT collection charged particle to produce in water is surveyed the charged particle number that enters detector.This probe designs becomes to be positioned at underground 2.5m dark.2.5m thick soil layer can filter out among the overwhelming majority, low-energy charged particle (electronics etc.), only has than high energy μ and can pass soil layer, so have the function of surveying μ.But the soil layer that 2.5m is thick has also filtered out μ of low energy simultaneously, can not measure low energy μ so muon detector can only be measured than high energy μ.And this detector only has single layer structure, so can't record the physical image that particle enters the detector different depth stage, can't differentiate the kind (such as gamma, electronics, μ, hadron etc.) of the particle that enters detector.
The high height above sea level water Cerenkov detector (HAWC) of American's exploitation, its structure as shown in Figure 2.
High height above sea level water Cherenkov photo-detector is a diameter 7.3m, and water pot of high 4.3m is wherein filled with water.In the bottom of water tank, 4 PMT that make progress (about diameter 20cm) are arranged, be respectively middle one 10 inches PMT and peripheral three 8 inches PMT.Its design concept is to measure the energy of incident particle by thicker water, because PMT only has 4, if particle direct of travel center just is on the position of 4 PMT, then can record larger light quantity, otherwise then record less light quantity or do not detect light quantity.Therefore, the incoming position of particle on detector is different, just causes very large measuring error, i.e. the common position interdependence of alleged detector.Usually can increase in the inside of water tank reflection layer, light is carried out repeatedly diffuse reflection, eliminate population or the energy measurement error that the detector position interdependence causes so that the water Cherenkov light evenly distributes in water.But because detector must be surveyed another important physical quantity simultaneously, and particle arrives the time of detector, diameter 7.3m, water pot of high 4.3m begins to calculate from the water surface that particle arrives water pot, its stroke that arrives PMT is different, difference can reach the magnitude of rice, and 1 meter difference will produce the time measurement difference of 5 nanoseconds, if increase reflecting material at inwall this moment, directly difference time of arrival of incident and diffuse reflection photon arrival PMT will reach ten more than nanosecond, and this is that particle detector institute is intolerable.The selection that this faces a difficult choice is so that the American have to adopt the scheme that is not coated with reflecting material in the detector.
Also having a kind of is that (ice face or below the water surface km) directly hangs in a string photomultiplier with rope in the ice sheet in deep-sea or the South Pole to water Cherenkov light detection method; come the water Cherenkov light is observed; but the structure of this method is too huge; very expensive; and light collection efficiency is also very low, and measurement result is inaccurate.
Therefore at present water Cherenkov photo-detector has to particle time of arrival, the shortcomings such as the measurement out of true of number of particles and particle energy, particularly detector does not possess the ability of distinguishing particle kind, can't distinguish the charged particle that enters detector such as electronics, μ, hadron, and these functions are to detect the technical indicator of the most critical of a detector performance.So we propose a kind of new Detector for High Energy Particles, address the above problem.
Summary of the invention
Water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles of the present invention comprises: water Cherenkov light generating device, light collecting device, photoelectric conversion device, data acquisition facility;
Described water Cherenkov light generating device comprises: airtight water tank or water bag; Has light shield layer at described water tank or water bag outside surface;
Described light collecting device comprises the diffusive reflective film that is attached on the water Cherenkov light generating device inside surface, and light wavelength conversion is fine, and described light wavelength conversion fibre utilizes fixed mount to be fixed on water tank or water bag is inner.
Described photoelectric conversion device is photomultiplier, and it is inner to be fixed in water tank or water bag; The time pole-face of the cut alignment photomultiplier of described light wavelength conversion fibre.
Described diffusive reflective film is tyvek film or other reflecting materials.
After filling with pure water or water purification, described water Cherenkov light generating device is fixed in the water body.
Described photoelectric conversion device also comprises photomultiplier transit tube fixing device, photomultiplier bleeder circuit, high-voltage power supply, hi-line, signal wire; The electric signal of photomultiplier output is transported to data acquisition facility by signal wire; High-voltage power supply provides high pressure by hi-line to photoelectric conversion device on the ground;
Described data acquisition facility comprises flash analog/digital converter (FADC), multi-purpose computer bus (VME), nuclear instrument plug-in unit system (NIM system), triggers and declare choosing and data-storage system.
Described water Cherenkov light generating device also comprises water purification installation, is used to water Cherenkov light generating device that pure water or water purification are provided.
Described light wavelength conversion fibre is even or radial distribution in water tank or water bag.
Described Detector for High Energy Particles is placed in the water to be surveyed.
Also can omit the light wavelength conversion fibre in the described light collecting device, directly adopt the photomultiplier receiving optical signals in the photoelectric conversion device.
Preferably, the height design of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles is 0.3～1m, i.e. thin layer formula detector, thus guarantee the time of arrival of particle and the accuracy of energy measurement;
Preferably, can also with a plurality of described thin layer formula detector arrangement in the vertical directions, form the detecting structure of multiple field.
Described water tank or water bag outside surface are with the light shield layer of one deck black, described light shield layer is in the water tank outside, high speed charged particle is injected water tank inside, in the water of water tank inside, produce photon, so do not need to leave light inlet, the water tank complete shading prevents that the photon of water tank outside from entering water tank, cause interference, and light leakage; Inside surface is with tyvek film or other reflecting materials, and it can the photon of diffuse reflection more than 80%.
Itself can seal pure water or water purification described water tank or water bag, prevents that water quality from degenerating.
Charged particle incides in the water tank or water bag of filling pure water or water purification, and its speed surpasses the phase velocity of light in water, can produce Cherenkov light, about 300/centimetre.Cherenkov light in water tank or water bag communication process by diffuse reflection, can be tending towards even distribution, the light wavelength conversion fibre that is evenly distributed is collected, and the fine photon of collecting of light wavelength conversion incides the time pole-face of photomultiplier (PMT) by Optical Fiber Transmission.Photon is converted to electronics in photomultiplier and multiplication is amplified, and arrives the photomultiplier transit tube anode.The electric signal of photomultiplier transit tube anode output is sent to data acquisition facility by signal wire, through triggering, storing on the disk after declaring choosing, width of cloth number conversion.Generate the experimental data that can be used for analyzing after data process offline calibration on the disk, the reconstruction.
Beneficial effect:
Water Cherenkov light particle detector of the present invention has been done significant improvement at detection principle and structure, has remedied the shortcoming of existing water Cherenkov photo-detector.Its beneficial effect major embodiment the following aspects:
1) at first, this water Cherenkov light particle detector is collected Cherenkov's photon that charged particle produces with wavelength conversion optical fiber first in water in water.In detector, lay equably wavelength conversion optical fiber, change existing detector and only collect the shortcoming of light with photomultiplier, not only can play the effect of even collection to the water Cherenkov light in the detector, also greatly increase the useful area of collecting photon simultaneously.The fine photomultiplier that replaces of light wavelength conversion is collected the water Cherenkov light, has fundamentally got rid of the huge measuring error that causes because of larger position interdependence.Our method has avoided existing detector to the position interdependence of number of particles measurement and energy measurement, has significantly improved the measuring accuracy of population and particle energy.
2) in the lake, directly put into the water tank of built-in water Cherenkov photo-detector or the design of water bag in the water bodys such as reservoir, avoided a large amount of expenses of the construction making of concrete basin or other materials water pot, the cost of manufacture of detector is significantly reduced.
3) secondly, this water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles adopts wavelength conversion optical fiber to collect Cherenkov light.The Cherenkov light of collecting converges to photomultiplier by optical fiber.So small-bore photomultiplier just can reach the experiment demand, needn't re-use the heavy caliber photomultiplier, greatly reduce cost.Simultaneously, this detector uses small-bore photomultiplier, thereby so that also can adopt this technology on the small-sized and slim detector.(heavy caliber PMT diameter reaches more than the 20cm, more than the thickness 30cm, usually is applicable to more than the thickness 1m the large-scale detector of cellar area more than 10 square metres)
4) as shown in Figure 3, water Cherenkov light particle detector is extremely successful equally to substituting of traditional scintillator detector, the present invention can utilize wavelength conversion optical fiber to collect the less water Cherenkov light of number that produces in the thinner detector, reach the purpose that replaces the scintillator of high price with the pure water of cheapness, every square metre of detector cost is saved about 20,000 Renminbi.Certainly, under the cold climate environment, there is the problem of freezing in pure water, we are as long as add the thick cellular insulant of fore-telling 15cm to the detector outside to this, and at automatic heating device of the inner installation of detector, when temperature in the detector begins heating during near zero degree, stopped heating when being higher than the 5 degree left and right sides.
Description of drawings
Accompanying drawing 1: underground muon detector structural representation
Accompanying drawing 2: the structural representation of high height above sea level water Cerenkov detector (HAWC)
Accompanying drawing 3: the synoptic diagram that substitutes scintillator in the detector with pure water or water purification
Accompanying drawing 4: water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles structural representation (embodiment one)
Accompanying drawing 5: water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles structural representation (embodiment two)
Accompanying drawing 6 (a): the synoptic diagram of Calibration experiment
Accompanying drawing 6 (b): the signal that the water Cerenkov detector is measured in the Calibration test
Accompanying drawing 6 (c): the graph of a relation of the signal that the signal that Calibration Water In The Experiment Cerenkov detector is measured and air shower axle core detector (YAC) are measured
Accompanying drawing 7 (a): the measuring error that particle causes when inciding water Cerenkov detector diverse location
Accompanying drawing 7 (b): detector is to the measuring accuracy of particle direction of arrival
Accompanying drawing 7 (c): detector is to the particle energy measuring accuracy
The number in the figure explanation
1 lake, reservoir or artificial water body
The top of 2 water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles
The bottom of 3 water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles
The side of 4 water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles
5 light shield layers
The wall of 6 water tanks or water bag
The 7tyvek film
8 photomultipliers
9 hi-lines
10 signal wires
11 water inlet pipe and water outlet pipes
12 high-voltage power supplies
The electronics equipment of 13 data acquisitions
14 water purification installations
15 gas outlets
16 wavelength that are even or radial distribution transform optical fiber (radial distribution is not showed)
Embodiment:
Embodiment one
The structure of the water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles described in the present invention: as shown in Figure 4: the 1st, lake, reservoir or artificial water body, water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles is placed on wherein the fixed mount.The 2nd, the top of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, the 3rd, the bottom of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, the 4th, the side of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles.
The water tank of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles or the shell of water bag are to be made of three parts: the 5th, and one deck light shield layer prevents the detector light leak; The 6th, the wall of water tank or water bag can seal pure water or water purification, prevents the water quality variation; The 7th, tyvek film or other reflecting materials.The 16th, the light wavelength conversion that is even or radial distribution is fine, and it can cover the most areas in water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles bottom, is used for collecting the water Cherenkov light that water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles produces.The 8th, photomultiplier, its with encapsulate (preventing into water) after a minute hydraulic circuit is connected, only expose the time pole-face and hi-line, signal wire joint (hi-line and signal wire joint need to encapsulate separately) of photomultiplier after the encapsulation.The photomultiplier of encapsulation be fixed on the fixed mount photomultiplier high voltage (1200V～-2500V) lower work, light signal can be converted to electric signal, and electric signal is amplified.The light wavelength conversion fibre is restrainted into the time pole-face of a branch of rear perpendicular alignmnet photomultiplier, the otch of optical fiber and time pole-face spacing be 0.1～1 centimetre.The 9th, hi-line, the 10th, signal wire, the 11st, water inlet pipe and water outlet pipe.The 12nd, high-voltage power supply, it provides operating voltage by hi-line to photomultiplier.The 13rd, the electronics equipment of data acquisition.The electric signal of photomultiplier transit tube anode output is transferred to the electronics equipment of data acquisition through signal wire, declares through its triggering to become digital signal after the processing such as choosing, width of cloth number conversion and store in the disk.The 14th, water purification installation, it produces pure water or water purification, and is injected in water tank or the water bag.The 15th, the gas outlet is used for Exhaust Gas when injected water.
The size of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles overall dimensions all parts inner with it in the present embodiment:
The length of side of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles can be 0.5～10 meter, and length of side optimal size is 1～5 meter; Thickness is 0.3～2 meter.The wall thickness of water tank or water bag is 0.1～2 centimetre.The diameter of optical fiber is the 0.5-3 millimeter, 0.3～10 meter of every length, can adjust the requirement of the measuring accuracy of time of arrival according to detector, optical fiber evenly is placed in water tank or the water bag, its spacing is 1cm～tens cm, can be according to the performances such as enlargement factor of PMT and different and adjust flexibly to incident particle number or energy measurement accuracy requirement.The diameter of photomultiplier can be 1～15cm.The height of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles (being thickness) specially is designed to only have 0.3～2m.Replacing the high water tank of 4.5m in the similar HAWC test with the thin layer formula detector that highly is 0.3～1m is for time of arrival of guaranteeing particle and the accuracy of energy measurement.The high water tank of 4.5m is used in HAWC experiment, in order to improve the precision and without diffuse reflector, the accuracy that has improved like this time measurement has but reduced number and the energy measurement precision of particle time of arrival of measuring particle.Use the thin layer detector among the present invention, the inner diffuse reflector that uses of detector had both guaranteed that the energy measurement precision of particle also can not reduce the time resolution of particle.
Water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles workflow is as follows:
At first assemble water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, must accomplish not light leak, water-tight.After installing, start purifier, produce pure water or water purification.Remove purifier after filling with pure water or water purification in water tank or the water bag, and water inlet is sealed.Starting high-voltage power supply provides operating voltage to photomultiplier, the photomultiplier output electrical signals by electronics equipment with data acquisition and record.High speed charged particle enters in water tank or the water bag, and its speed in water will be above the speed of light in water, and can produce the water Cherenkov light, about 300/centimetre this moment.Because the internal layer of water tank or water bag is tyvek film or other active materials of one deck high reflectance, so the Cherenkov light that produces is through freely irregular propagation in water after the diffuse reflection, until dyingout.The distance that photon passes through in pure water when purer water transmission decays to original number 1/e approximately is more than 15 meters.The light wavelength conversion fibre is even or radial distribution in water tank or water bag, and can cover the area more than 95%.So, Cherenkov light just may evenly touch the surface of light wavelength conversion fibre in the multihop propagation process, and then by the fine absorption of light wavelength conversion.Absorbed photon is converted to the easier photon that transmits of wavelength in optical fiber, its wavelength is about 450～600 nanometers.Photon after the conversion arrives the optical fiber otch through Optical Fiber Transmission, and then is mapped to the time pole-face of photomultiplier.50% left/right rotation in the photon of time pole-face arrival is changed to photoelectron.The photoelectron of time pole-face generation amplifies through the multiplication of each dynode of photomultiplier and forms the anode that a large amount of electronics converges to photomultiplier.This moment photon signal just be converted into can be by the electric signal of electronics measurement.The electric signal of photomultiplier transit tube anode is transported to the electronics equipment of data acquisition through signal wire.In electronics equipment, electric signal is declared through amplification, filtering, triggering and is become digital signal after the processing such as choosing, width of cloth number conversion and store in the disk.Data in the disk can become the data that can be used for physical analysis through offline calibration, data reconstruction.
Embodiment two
In embodiment one, the tyvek film of the internal layer of water tank or water bag has good reflectivity, when the water quality in the detector is enough good (such as optical attenuation length greater than 15 meters), also can not adopt light wavelength conversion fine, and adopt the PMT about diameter 10cm directly in water tank or water bag, to collect Cherenkov light, recall rate can be when adopting light wavelength conversion fine during certainly for single-particle incident 80% is reduced to about 30%, but the measurement for multiparticle or macro-energy particle, impact then is not very large, in view of the consideration of saving cost of manufacture, and the actual experiment requirement, mode two also becomes a feasible selection.
When not adopting light wavelength conversion fine, the structure of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles: as shown in Figure 5: with the difference of embodiment one be that to have saved light wavelength conversion fine.Wherein: the 1st, lake, reservoir or artificial water body, water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles is placed on wherein the fixed mount.The 2nd, the top of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, the 3rd, the bottom of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, the 4th, the side of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles.The water tank of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles or the shell of water bag are to be made of three parts: the 5th, and one deck light shield layer prevents the detector light leak; The 6th, the wall of water tank or water bag can seal pure water or water purification, prevents the water quality variation; The 7th, tyvek film.The 8th, photomultiplier, its with encapsulate (preventing immersion) after a minute hydraulic circuit is connected, only expose the time pole-face and hi-line, signal wire joint (hi-line and signal wire joint need to encapsulate separately) of photomultiplier after the encapsulation.The photomultiplier of encapsulation is fixed on the fixed mount, and the position is in the middle of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles.Photomultiplier high voltage (1200V～-2500V) lower work, light signal can be converted to electric signal, and electric signal is amplified.The 9th, hi-line, the 10th, signal wire, the 11st, water inlet pipe and water outlet pipe.The 12nd, high-voltage power supply, it provides operating voltage by hi-line to photomultiplier.The 13rd, the electronics equipment of data acquisition.The electric signal of photomultiplier transit tube anode output is transferred to the electronics equipment of data acquisition through signal wire, declares through its triggering to become digital signal after choosing, the width of cloth number conversion etc. and store in the disk.The 14th, water purification installation, it produces pure water or water purification, and is injected in water tank or the water bag.The 15th, the gas outlet.
The size of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles overall dimensions all parts inner with it in the present embodiment:
The length of side of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles can be 0.5～10 meter, and length of side optimal size is 1～5 meter; Thickness is 0.3～2 meter.The wall thickness of water tank or water bag is 0.1～2 centimetre.The diameter of photomultiplier is 5～20cm, and quantity is 1～4.
Water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles workflow:
After water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles installs, start purifier, produce pure water or water purification.Remove purifier after filling with pure water or water purification in water tank or the water bag, and water inlet is sealed.Start the electronics equipment of high-voltage power supply and data acquisition, operating voltage is provided and obtains the electric signal that water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles produces to photomultiplier.High speed charged particle is taken in water tank or the water bag, if its speed in water surpasses the phase velocity of light in water, then will produce the water Cherenkov light, about 300/centimetre.Because the internal layer of water tank or water bag is the irreflexive tyvek film of one deck or other reflecting materials, so the Cherenkov light that produces can be at water transmission, and propagates after being reflected the material reflection again, until dyingout.Photon approximately is 15 meters in the distance that water transmission decays to original 1/e.The time pole-face of photomultiplier has 50% may be converted to photoelectron to photon.The photon of Free propagation touches the time pole-face of photomultiplier, so by time pole-face absorb and be converted to photoelectron.Photoelectron amplifies through the multiplication of each dynode and forms the anode that a large amount of electronics converges to photomultiplier.This moment, a large amount of photons was can be by the electric signal of electronics measurement.The electric signal of photomultiplier transit tube anode is transported to the electronics equipment of data acquisition through signal wire.In electronics equipment, electric signal is declared through amplification, filtering, triggering and is become digital signal after the processing such as choosing, width of cloth number conversion and store in the disk.Data in the disk can become the data that can be used for physical analysis through offline calibration, data reconstruction.
Embodiment three
Present embodiment designs mainly for high height above sea level cold climate, adds thermostat on the basis of embodiment one or embodiment two, avoids icing.
The size of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles overall dimensions all parts inner with it in the present embodiment:
The length of side of water Cherenkov light particle detector can be 0.5～several meters; Thickness is 0.1～1 meter.The wall thickness of water tank or water bag is 0.1～2 centimetre.The diameter of optical fiber is the 0.5-3 millimeter, 0.2～2 meter of every length, can adjust the measuring accuracy of time of arrival according to detector, optical fiber evenly is arranged in water tank or the water bag, its spacing is 1cm-tens cm, can reach according to the performances such as enlargement factor of PMT can adjust flexibly incident particle number or energy measurement accuracy requirement difference.The diameter of photomultiplier can be 1～10cm.Quantity is 1～2 (such as the height of configuration different model, low gain PMT has reached larger measurement range).As be used in low temperature environment, and insulation material has been appended in the detector outside, its thickness 5-15cm, and automatic heating device has been appended in inside, when temperature in the detector begins heating during near zero degree, stopped heating when being higher than the 5 degree left and right sides.
For water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles of the present invention, we have finished little, in, large-scale prototype fabrication.We adopt large-scale model machine is embodiment one.It is the length of side * length of side * highly=3 meter * 3 meters * 1 meter that model machine uses water tank, its size, and material is the Polyvinylchloride (pvc) of 1.5 cm thicks.The light shield layer of water tank outside surface is six layers of black plastic film, to guarantee that water tank can light leak.Tyvek film and the entanglement that the scribbles underwater paint rear integral body that is fixed together is placed on the inside surface of water tank.The light wavelength conversion fibre radially distributes inner at water tank, and its spacing is at 1～3 centimetre.Every light wavelength conversion fibre is grown 3.2 meters, 100 altogether.Light wavelength conversion is fine to be fixed on the fixed mount with photomultiplier.Fixed mount is hung in the top of water tank.About 45 centimetres apart from water tank bottom of light wavelength conversion fibres.Photomultiplier links to each other with data gathering system in the laboratory by hi-line, signal wire.Inject about 50 centimetres pure water or water purification in the water tank, then with light shield layer with the water tank integral sealing.
Be to guarantee the accuracy that water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles model machine is measured, before the measurement the high energy particle line with accelerator detector has been done Calibration.The high velocity beam that accelerator produces is through Faraday cup, thick particle chamber, thin particle chamber, air shower axle core detector (YAC), water Cerenkov detector.But the calibrated scale of Faraday cup, thick particle chamber, thin particle chamber is connected rear just absolute calibration air shower axle core detector (YAC) and water Cerenkov detector.
The performance scaling experiment is population, Faraday cup, thick particle chamber, thin particle chamber, air shower axle core detector (YAC), the water Cerenkov detector that accelerator produces shown in accompanying drawing 6 (a) successively.Accompanying drawing 6 (b) is the signal that the water Cerenkov detector is measured.The graph of a relation of the signal that the signal that accompanying drawing 6 (c) water Cerenkov detector is measured and air shower axle core detector (YAC) are measured.
Accompanying drawing 7 (a) is the measuring error that particle causes when inciding water Cerenkov detector diverse location.Measuring error is-35%～+ 40%, and it is very little that this measuring error is compared with HAWC; Accompanying drawing 7 (b) is that detector is to the measuring accuracy of particle direction of arrival.As can be known, the zenith angle of particle incident is when 0～5 spends from accompanying drawing 7 (b), and detector is the most accurate to the orientation measurement that particle arrives.Accompanying drawing 7 (c) is that detector is to the particle energy measuring accuracy.As can be known, particle energy is at 100GeV～10000GeV from accompanying drawing 7 (c), and population sum (Sum ρ) was at 100～1000 o'clock, and the particle energy measuring accuracy is 30%.It is extraordinary that this measuring accuracy is compared with HAWC.
In sum, water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles newly developed is compared with the water Cerenkov detector of American's exploitation with the Japanese, has saved a large sum of expense that Large Underground pond or water pot are built, in number of particles, be greatly improved on the particle measurements of arrival time precision simultaneously.
Claims (10)
1. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles, comprising: water Cherenkov light generating device, light collecting device, photoelectric conversion device, data acquisition facility is characterized in that:
Described water Cherenkov light generating device comprises: airtight water tank or water bag; Has light shield layer at described water tank or water bag outside surface;
Described light collecting device comprises the diffusive reflective film that is attached on the water Cherenkov light generating device inside surface, and light wavelength conversion is fine, and described light wavelength conversion fibre utilizes fixed mount to be fixed on water tank or water bag is inner.
2. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described photoelectric conversion device is photomultiplier, it is inner to be fixed in water tank or water bag; The time pole-face of the cut alignment photomultiplier of described light wavelength conversion fibre.
3. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described diffusive reflective film is the tyvek film, and its reflectivity is more than 80%.
4. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1 is characterized in that: water Cherenkov light generating device is filled with to be fixed in the large water body behind pure water or the water purification and is surveyed.
5. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described photoelectric conversion device also comprises photomultiplier transit tube fixing device, photomultiplier bleeder circuit, high-voltage power supply, hi-line, signal wire; The electric signal of photomultiplier output is transported to data acquisition facility by signal wire.
6. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described data acquisition facility comprises flash analog/digital converter, multi-purpose computer bus, nuclear instrument plug-in unit system, triggers and declare choosing and data-storage system; Described water Cherenkov light generating device also comprises water purification installation, is used to water Cherenkov light generating device that pure water or water purification are provided.
7. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the height design of water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles is 0.3～1m, be thin layer formula detector, thereby guarantee the time of arrival of particle and the accuracy of energy measurement.
8. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described light wavelength conversion fibre is even or radial distribution in water tank or water bag.
9. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 7 is characterized in that: with a plurality of described thin layer formula detector arrangement in the vertical directions, form the detecting structure of multiple field.
10. water Cherenkov light Detector for High Energy Particles according to claim 1 is characterized in that: omit the light wavelength conversion fibre in the described light collecting device, directly adopt the photomultiplier receiving optical signals in the photoelectric conversion device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210532634.2A CN102981180B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210532634.2A CN102981180B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102981180A true CN102981180A (en) | 2013-03-20 |
| CN102981180B CN102981180B (en) | 2015-08-26 |
Family
ID=47855384
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201210532634.2A Active CN102981180B (en) | 2012-12-12 | 2012-12-12 | Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN102981180B (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105629287A (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2016-06-01 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Distributed measuring device for multi-direction radiation dose of satellite |
| CN105676255A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-06-15 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Multi-direction detection device for distributed space high-energy protons |
| CN109492646A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-03-19 | 北京邮电大学 | Water Cerenkov detector array shower case direction is rebuild and noise remove method |
| CN109856666A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-06-07 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Prototyping system for the experiment of high energy particle line |
| CN111221021A (en) * | 2019-10-15 | 2020-06-02 | 南京航空航天大学 | Radiation dose measuring method and device |
| CN111458741A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-07-28 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Method for measuring motion direction of cosmic ray muons |
| RU2755578C1 (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2021-09-17 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Федеральный исследовательский центр "Якутский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук" (ЯНЦ СО РАН) | Ice muon detector |
| CN114887237A (en) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-12 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method and system for enhancing Cerenkov effect dose imaging effect |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10135092A1 (en) * | 2001-07-15 | 2003-01-30 | Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin Gmbh | Cerenkov dosimetry device for detection of high energy particles has a sensor element comprising a single layer of adjacent optical fibers forming a large cross section for detection of the whole cross section of particle beams |
| US20040238749A1 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2004-12-02 | Jean-Marc Fontbonne | Method for measuring a dose of irradiation with a beam of ionizing radiation capable of creating cherenkov radiation |
| CN201212910Y (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2009-03-25 | 清华大学 | Cherenkov probe |
| US20100038547A1 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2010-02-18 | National University Corporation Hokkaido University | Radiation dosimeter and radiation dose computing program |
-
2012
- 2012-12-12 CN CN201210532634.2A patent/CN102981180B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040238749A1 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2004-12-02 | Jean-Marc Fontbonne | Method for measuring a dose of irradiation with a beam of ionizing radiation capable of creating cherenkov radiation |
| DE10135092A1 (en) * | 2001-07-15 | 2003-01-30 | Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin Gmbh | Cerenkov dosimetry device for detection of high energy particles has a sensor element comprising a single layer of adjacent optical fibers forming a large cross section for detection of the whole cross section of particle beams |
| US20100038547A1 (en) * | 2006-09-26 | 2010-02-18 | National University Corporation Hokkaido University | Radiation dosimeter and radiation dose computing program |
| CN201212910Y (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2009-03-25 | 清华大学 | Cherenkov probe |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 徐杰谌等: "水基切伦科夫µ子探测器的研究", 《大学物理》 * |
| 徐杰谌等: "水基切伦科夫µ子探测器的研究", 《大学物理》, vol. 30, no. 6, 30 June 2011 (2011-06-30) * |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105629287A (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2016-06-01 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Distributed measuring device for multi-direction radiation dose of satellite |
| CN105629287B (en) * | 2014-10-29 | 2018-12-04 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | A kind of multi-direction radiation dose rate measuring device of distributed satellites |
| CN105676255A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-06-15 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Multi-direction detection device for distributed space high-energy protons |
| CN105676255B (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2018-12-04 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | The multi-direction detecting device of high energy proton between a kind of distributed space |
| CN109492646A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-03-19 | 北京邮电大学 | Water Cerenkov detector array shower case direction is rebuild and noise remove method |
| CN109492646B (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2022-04-15 | 北京邮电大学 | Method for reconstructing direction of water Cerenkov detector array clustering case and removing noise |
| CN109856666A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-06-07 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Prototyping system for the experiment of high energy particle line |
| CN109856666B (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2020-06-26 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Prototype system for high-energy particle beam experiment |
| CN111221021A (en) * | 2019-10-15 | 2020-06-02 | 南京航空航天大学 | Radiation dose measuring method and device |
| CN111458741A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-07-28 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Method for measuring motion direction of cosmic ray muons |
| RU2755578C1 (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2021-09-17 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Федеральный исследовательский центр "Якутский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук" (ЯНЦ СО РАН) | Ice muon detector |
| CN114887237A (en) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-08-12 | 南京航空航天大学 | Method and system for enhancing Cerenkov effect dose imaging effect |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102981180B (en) | 2015-08-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102981180B (en) | Water Cerenkov light high-energy particle detector | |
| CN103018763B (en) | The sniffer of gamma ray and cosmic ray and method | |
| CN104067112B (en) | Scan method and scanning device | |
| CN105510956B (en) | Anti-Compton scattering detector | |
| KR101291218B1 (en) | Soil radon gas measuring system for uranium exploration | |
| CN203376483U (en) | Fine gamma ray full-spectrum fast radon-measurement apparatus | |
| CN105487100A (en) | Fixed-type plastic crystal potassium tester | |
| US11808719B2 (en) | Device and method for measuring total cross-sectional phase fraction of multiphase flow based on ray coincidence measurement | |
| US20210325220A1 (en) | Device for measuring mass flow rate of multiphase flow based on ray coincidence measurement | |
| CN104849742B (en) | α and β particle activity detection device | |
| RU92970U1 (en) | SCINTILLATION DETECTOR | |
| CN205246888U (en) | Water environment radionuclide activity section measurement system | |
| CN205176286U (en) | Anti - compton scatter detector | |
| CN204945390U (en) | Neutron detector | |
| RU119129U1 (en) | SCINTILLATION DETECTOR | |
| Stowell et al. | Scintillating thermal neutron detectors for cosmic ray soil moisture monitoring | |
| CN207752159U (en) | Array large area always puts detection device | |
| CN115247557A (en) | Energy-measuring device type borehole muon detector | |
| Basset et al. | MGR: An innovative, low-cost and compact cosmic-ray detector | |
| CN208888375U (en) | A kind of detection device of radioactive material | |
| RU2444762C1 (en) | Scintillation detector | |
| CN201518007U (en) | High-efficiency probe of lithium-6 glass scintillator neutron soil moisture meter | |
| CN106324655A (en) | Plastic scintillator doped with neutron-sensitive material uranium and method thereof for measuring thermal neutrons | |
| CN109696701A (en) | Based on radon itself the decay quick detection device and method for inhibiting radon daughter | |
| CN209765061U (en) | Multiphase flow full-section phase fraction measuring device based on ray coincidence measurement |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |